Daniel Kahneman

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Daniel Kahneman
Daniel Kahneman (3283955327) (cropped).jpg
Kahneman in 2009
Born (1934-03-05) March 5, 1934 (age 87)[1]
Tel Aviv, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel)
NationalityUnited States, Israel
Education
  • Hebrew University (BA)
  • University of California, Berkeley (MA, PhD)
Known for
Spouse(s)
  • Irah Kahneman;
  • Anne Treisman (1978–2018, her death)
Awards
  • APA Lifetime Achievement Award (2007)
  • Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (2002)
  • Presidential Medal of Freedom (2013)
  • Tufts University Leontief Prize (2010)
  • APS Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award (1982)
  • University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award (2003)
Scientific career
Fields
  • Psychology
  • Economics
Institutions
  • Princeton University 1993–
  • University of California, Berkeley 1986–93
  • University of British Columbia 1978–86
  • Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences 1972–73
  • Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1961–77
ThesisAn analytical model of the semantic differential (1961)
Doctoral advisorSusan M. Ervin-Tripp
Doctoral students
Websitescholar.princeton.edu/kahneman/

Daniel Kahneman (/ˈkɑːnəmən/; Hebrew: דניאל כהנמן‎; born March 5, 1934) is an Israeli psychologist and economist notable for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision-making, as well as behavioral economics, for which he was awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (shared with Vernon L. Smith). His empirical findings challenge the assumption of human rationality prevailing in modern economic theory.

With Amos Tversky and others, Kahneman established a cognitive basis for common human errors that arise from heuristics and biases, and developed prospect theory.

In 2011, he was named by Foreign Policy magazine in its list of top global thinkers.[2] In the same year, his book Thinking, Fast and Slow, which summarizes much of his research, was published and became a best seller.[3] In 2015, The Economist listed him as the seventh most influential economist in the world.[4]

He is professor emeritus of psychology and public affairs at Princeton University's Princeton School of Public and International Affairs. Kahneman is a founding partner of TGG Group, a business and philanthropy consulting company. He was married to cognitive psychologist and Royal Society Fellow Anne Treisman, who died in 2018.[5]

Early life[]

Daniel Kahneman was born in Tel Aviv, Mandatory Palestine, in 1934, where his mother, Rachel, was visiting relatives. He spent his childhood years in Paris, France, where his parents had emigrated from Lithuania in the early 1920s. Kahneman and his family were in Paris when it was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1940. His father, Efrayim, was picked up in the first major round-up of French Jews, but he was released after six weeks due to the intervention of his employer, Eugène Schueller.[6]:52 The family was on the run for the remainder of the war, and survived, except for the death of Kahneman's father due to diabetes in 1944. Kahneman and his family then moved to British Mandatory Palestine in 1948, just before the creation of the state of Israel (Kahneman, 2003).

Kahneman has written of his experience in Nazi-occupied France, explaining in part why he entered the field of psychology:

It must have been late 1941 or early 1942. Jews were required to wear the Star of David and to obey a 6 p.m. curfew. I had gone to play with a Christian friend and had stayed too late. I turned my brown sweater inside out to walk the few blocks home. As I was walking down an empty street, I saw a German soldier approaching. He was wearing the black uniform that I had been told to fear more than others – the one worn by specially recruited SS soldiers. As I came closer to him, trying to walk fast, I noticed that he was looking at me intently. Then he beckoned me over, picked me up, and hugged me. I was terrified that he would notice the star inside my sweater. He was speaking to me with great emotion, in German. When he put me down, he opened his wallet, showed me a picture of a boy, and gave me some money. I went home more certain than ever that my mother was right: people were endlessly complicated and interesting. (Kahneman, 2003, p. 417)

Education and early career[]

Kahneman received his Bachelor of Science degree with a major in psychology, and a minor in mathematics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1954.

He served in the psychology department of the Israeli Defense Forces. One of his responsibilities was to evaluate candidates for officer's training school, and to develop tests and measures for this purpose.

In 1958, he went to the United States to study for his PhD in Psychology from the University of California, Berkeley. His 1961 dissertation, advised by Susan Ervin, examined relations between adjectives in the semantic differential and allowed him to "engage in two of [his] favorite pursuits: the analysis of complex correlational structures and FORTRAN programming."[5]

Academic career[]

Cognitive psychology[]

Kahneman began his academic career as a lecturer in psychology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1961.[5] He was promoted to senior lecturer in 1966. His early work focused on visual perception and attention. For example, his first publication in the prestigious journal Science was entitled "Pupil Diameter and Load on Memory" (Kahneman & Beatty, 1966). During this period, Kahneman was a visiting scientist at the University of Michigan (1965–66) and the Applied Psychology Research Unit in Cambridge (1968/1969, summers). He was a fellow at the Center for Cognitive Studies, and a lecturer in cognitive psychology at Harvard University in 1966/1967.

Judgment and decision-making[]

This period marks the beginning of Kahneman's lengthy collaboration with Amos Tversky. Together, Kahneman and Tversky published a series of seminal articles in the general field of judgment and decision-making, culminating in the publication of their prospect theory in 1979 (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979). Following this, the pair teamed with Paul Slovic to edit a compilation entitled "Judgement Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases" (1982) that proved to be an important summary of their work and of other recent advances that had influenced their thinking. Kahneman was ultimately awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 2002 for his work on prospect theory.

In his Nobel biography, Kahneman states that his collaboration with Tversky began after Kahneman had invited Tversky to give a guest lecture to one of Kahneman's seminars at Hebrew University in 1968 or 1969.[5] Their first jointly written paper, "Belief in the Law of Small Numbers," was published in 1971 (Tversky & Kahneman, 1971). They published seven articles in peer-reviewed journals in the years 1971–1979. Aside from "Prospect Theory," the most important of these articles was "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases" (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974), which was published in the prestigious journal Science and introduced the notion of anchoring.

Kahneman left Hebrew University in 1978 to take a position at the University of British Columbia.[5]

Behavioral economics[]

Kahneman and Tversky were both fellows at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University in the academic year 1977–1978. A young economist named Richard Thaler was a visiting professor at the Stanford branch of the National Bureau of Economic Research during that same year. According to Kahneman, "[Thaler and I] soon became friends, and have ever since had a considerable influence on each other's thinking" (Kahneman, 2003, p. 437). Building on prospect theory and Kahneman and Tversky's body of work, Thaler published "Toward a Positive Theory of Consumer Choice" in 1980, a paper which Kahneman has called "the founding text in behavioral economics" (Kahneman, 2003, p. 438).

Kahneman and Tversky became heavily involved in the development of this new approach to economic theory, and their involvement in this movement had the effect of reducing the intensity and exclusivity of their earlier period of joint collaboration. They would continue to publish together until the end of Tversky's life, but the period when Kahneman published almost exclusively with Tversky ended in 1983, when he published two papers with Anne Treisman, his wife since 1978.

Hedonic psychology[]

In the 1990s, Kahneman's research focus began to gradually shift in emphasis towards hedonic psychology.

According to Kahneman and colleagues,

Hedonic psychology...is the study of what makes experiences and life pleasant or unpleasant. It is concerned with feelings of pleasure and pain, of interest and boredom, of joy and sorrow, and of satisfaction and dissatisfaction. It is also concerned with the whole range of circumstances, from the biological to the societal, that occasion suffering and enjoyment.[7]

(This subfield is closely related to the positive psychology movement, which was steadily gaining in popularity at the time.)

It is difficult to determine precisely when Kahneman's research began to focus on hedonics, although it likely stemmed from his work on the economic notion of utility. After publishing multiple articles and chapters in all but one of the years spanning the period 1979–1986 (for a total of 23 published works in 8 years), Kahneman published exactly one chapter during the years 1987–1989. After this hiatus, articles on utility and the psychology of utility began to appear (e.g., Kahneman & Snell, 1990; Kahneman & Thaler, 1991; Kahneman & Varey, 1991).

In 1992, Varey and Kahneman introduced the method of evaluating moments and episodes as a way to capture "experiences extended across time". While Kahneman continued to study decision-making (e.g., Kahneman, 1992, 1994; Kahneman & Lovallo, 1993), hedonic psychology was the focus of an increasing number of publications (e.g., Fredrickson & Kahneman, 1993; Kahneman, Fredrickson, Schreiber & Redelemeier, 1993; Kahneman, Wakker & Sarin, 1997; Redelmeier & Kahneman, 1996), culminating in a volume co-edited with Ed Diener and Norbert Schwarz, scholars of affect and well-being.[8]

Focusing illusion[]

With David Schkade, Kahneman developed the notion of the focusing illusion (Kahneman & Schkade, 1998; Kahneman, Krueger, Schkade, Schwarz & Stone, 2006) to explain in part the mistakes people make when estimating the effects of different scenarios on their future happiness (also known as affective forecasting, which has been studied extensively by Daniel Gilbert). The "illusion" occurs when people consider the impact of one specific factor on their overall happiness, they tend to greatly exaggerate the importance of that factor, while overlooking the numerous other factors that would in most cases have a greater impact.

A good example is provided by Kahneman and Schkade's 1998 paper "Does living in California make people happy? A focusing illusion in judgments of life satisfaction".[9] In that paper, students in the Midwest and in California reported similar levels of life satisfaction, but the Midwesterners thought their Californian peers would be happier. The only distinguishing information the Midwestern students had when making these judgments was the fact that their hypothetical peers lived in California. Thus, they "focused" on this distinction, thereby overestimating the effect of the weather in California on its residents' satisfaction with life.

Happiness and life satisfaction[]

Kahneman has defined happiness as "what I experience here and now",[10] but said that in reality humans pursue life satisfaction, which "is connected to a large degree to social yardsticks–achieving goals, meeting expectations."[11][12]

Peak–end rule and remembered pleasure[]

One of the cognitive biases in hedonic psychology discovered by Kahneman is called the peak–end rule. It affects how we remember the pleasantness or unpleasantness of experiences. It states that our overall impression of past events is determined for the most part not by the total pleasure and suffering it contained but by how it felt at its peaks and at its end.[13] For example, the memory of a painful colonoscopy is improved if the examination is extended by three minutes in which the scope is still inside but not moved anymore, resulting in a moderately uncomfortable sensation. This extended colonoscopy, despite involving more pain overall, is remembered less negatively due to the reduced pain at the end. This even increases the likelihood for the patient to return for subsequent procedures.[14] Kahneman explains this distortion in terms of the difference between two selves: the experiencing self, which is aware of pleasure and pain as they are happening, and the remembering self, which shows the aggregate pleasure and pain over an extended period of time. The distortions due to the peak–end rule happen on the level of the remembering self. Our tendency to rely on the remembering self can often lead us to pursue courses of action that are not in our best self-interest.[15][16][17][18]

Teaching[]

Kahneman is a senior scholar and faculty member emeritus at Princeton University's Department of Psychology and Princeton School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a fellow at Hebrew University and a Gallup Senior Scientist.[19]

Personal life[]

Kahneman's first wife was Irah Kahneman,[20] an Israeli educational psychologist, with whom he had two children. His son has schizophrenia, and his daughter works in technology.[21]

His second wife was the cognitive psychologist Anne Treisman from 1978 until her death in 2018. As of 2014, they lived part-time in Berkeley, California.[22][23] As of 2021, he lives with Barbara Tversky, Amos Tversky's widow.[24]

In 2015 Kahneman described himself as a very hard worker, as "a worrier" and "not a jolly person". But, despite this, he said, "I'm quite capable of great enjoyment, and I've had a great life."[25]

Awards and recognition[]

  • In 2001, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences[26]
  • In 2002, Kahneman received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, despite being a research psychologist, for his work in prospect theory. Kahneman states he has never taken a single economics course – that everything that he knows of the subject he and Tversky learned from their collaborators Richard Thaler and Jack Knetsch.
  • Kahneman, co-recipient with Tversky, earned the 2003 University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Psychology.[27]
  • In 2005, he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society.[28]
  • In 2007, he was presented with the American Psychological Association's Award for Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to Psychology.[29]
  • On November 6, 2009, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the department of Economics at Erasmus University in Rotterdam, Netherlands. In his acceptance speech Kahneman said, "when you live long enough, you see the impossible become reality." He was referring to the fact that he would never have expected to be honored as an economist when he started his studies into what would become Behavioral Economics.[30]
  • In both 2011 and 2012, he made the Bloomberg 50 most influential people in global finance.[31]
  • On November 9, 2011, he was awarded the Talcott Parsons Prize by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[32]
  • His book Thinking, Fast and Slow was the winner of the 2011 Los Angeles Times Book Award for Current Interest[33] and the National Academy of Sciences Communication Award for the best book published in 2011.[34]
  • In 2012 he was accepted as corresponding academician at the Real Academia Española (Economic and Financial Sciences).[35]
  • On August 8, 2013, President Barack Obama announced that Daniel Kahneman would be a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom.[36]
  • On June 1, 2015, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Arts at McGill University in Montreal.[37]
  • December 2018, Kahneman was named a Gold Medal Honoree by The National Institute of Social Sciences.[38]
  • In 2019, Kahneman received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[39][40]

Notable contributions[]

Books[]

  • Kahneman, Daniel (1973). Attention and Effort. Prentice-Hall.
  • Kahneman, Daniel; Slovic, Paul; Tversky, Amos (1982). Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kahneman, Daniel; Diener, E.; Schwarz, N. (1999). Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology. Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Kahneman, Daniel; Tversky, Amos (2000). Choices, Values and Frames. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kahneman, Daniel; Gilovich, Thomas; Griffin, Dale (2002). Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. ISBN 978-0521792608.
  • Kahneman, Daniel (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0374275631. (Reviewed by Freeman Dyson in New York Review of Books, 22 December 2011, pp. 40–44.)
  • Kahneman, Daniel; Sibony, Olivier; Sunstein, Cass R. (2021). Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment. William Collins. ISBN 978-0008308995.

Interviews[]

  • "Can We Trust Our Intuitions?" in Alex Voorhoeve Conversations on Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-921537-9 (Discusses Kahneman's views about the reliability of moral intuitions [case judgments] and the relevance of his work for the search for "reflective equilibrium" in moral philosophy.)

Radio interviews

Online interviews

  • Thinking about Thinking – An Interview with Daniel Kahneman (2011) [2]
  • Conversation with Tyler – Daniel Kahneman on Cutting Through the Noise (2018) [3]
  • The Knowledge Project Podcast – Daniel Kahneman: Putting Your Intuition on Ice (2019) [4]
  • Lex Fridman Podcast #65 – Daniel Kahneman: Thinking Fast and Slow, Deep Learning, and AI (2020) [5]
  • The Jordan Harbinger Show #518 - Daniel Kahneman: When Noise Destroys Our Best of Choices (2021)[6][41]

Television interviews

  • How You Really Make Decisions – Horizon (BBC TV series) – Series 2013–2014 No. 9

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2002". NobelPrize.org.
  2. ^ "The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers. 71 Daniel Kahneman". foreignpolicy.com. November 28, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2012.
  3. ^ "The New York Times Best Seller List – December 25, 2011" (PDF). www.hawes.com. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
  4. ^ "Influential economists – That ranking". The Economist. January 2, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kahneman, Daniel (2002). "Autobiography". nobelprize.org. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  6. ^ Lewis, Michael (2017) [1st pub. in the USA by W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2016]. The Undoing Project: A Friendship That Changed Our Minds. New York: Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-0-14-198304-2.
  7. ^ Kahneman, Diener & Schwarz 1999, p. ix.
  8. ^ Kahneman, Diener & Schwarz 1999.
  9. ^ Schkade, David A.; Kahneman, Daniel (May 6, 2016). "Does Living in California Make People Happy? A Focusing Illusion in Judgments of Life Satisfaction" (PDF). Psychological Science. 9 (5): 340–346. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00066. ISSN 1467-9280. S2CID 14091201.
  10. ^ "People don't want to be happy the way I've defined the term – what I experience here and now. In my view, it's much more important for them to be satisfied, to experience life satisfaction, from the perspective of 'What I remember,' of the story they tell about their lives."https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-why-nobel-prize-winner-daniel-kahneman-gave-up-on-happiness-1.6528513 Archived 2018-10-08 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Mandel, Amir (October 7, 2018). "Why Nobel Prize Winner Daniel Kahneman Gave Up on Happiness" – via Haaretz.
  12. ^ Livni, Ephrat. "A Nobel Prize-winning psychologist says most people don't really want to be happy". Quartz.
  13. ^ Do, Amy M.; Rupert, Alexander V.; Wolford, George (February 1, 2008). "Evaluations of pleasurable experiences: The peak–end rule". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 15 (1): 96–98. doi:10.3758/PBR.15.1.96. ISSN 1531-5320. PMID 18605486.
  14. ^ Redelmeier, Donald A.; Katz, Joel; Kahneman, Daniel (July 2003). "Memories of colonoscopy: a randomized trial". Pain. 104 (1–2): 187–194. doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(03)00003-4. hdl:10315/7959. ISSN 0304-3959. PMID 12855328. S2CID 206055276.
  15. ^ Kahneman, Daniel (2011). "35. Two Selves". Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
  16. ^ Lazari-Radek, Katarzyna de; Singer, Peter (2014). The Point of View of the Universe: Sidgwick and Contemporary Ethics. Oxford University Press. p. 276.
  17. ^ Chernoff, Naina N. (May 6, 2002). "Memory Vs. Experience: Happiness is Relative". Aps Observer. 15 (5).
  18. ^ Lex Fridman Podcast #65 – Daniel Kahneman: Thinking Fast and Slow, Deep Learning, and AI (2020) [1]
  19. ^ "Daniel Kahneman, Ph.D." The Gallup Organization. 2012. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2012.
  20. ^ "Daniel Kahneman Facts". In January of 1958, my wife, Irah, and I landed at the San Francisco airport, where the now famous sociologist Amitai Etzioni was waiting to take us to Berkeley, to the Flamingo Motel on University Avenue, and to the beginning of our graduate careers.
  21. ^ "Daniel Kahneman: 'What would I eliminate if I had a magic wand? Overconfidence'". July 18, 2015.
  22. ^ "How do we really make decisions?". Horizon. Series 2013-2014. Episode 9. February 24, 2014. Event occurs at 00:20:13. BBC. BBC Two. Retrieved February 19, 2019. I live in Berkeley during summers and I walk a lot.
  23. ^ Shariatmadari, David (July 15, 2015). "A life in ... Interview Daniel Kahneman: 'What would I eliminate if I had a magic wand? Overconfidence'". The Guardian. He has been married since 1978 to the perceptual psychologist Anne Treisman.
  24. ^ Levitt, Steven D. "Daniel Kahneman on Why Our Judgment is Flawed — and What to Do About It (26:20)". People I (Mostly) Admire. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  25. ^ "Daniel Kahneman: 'What would I eliminate if I had a magic wand? Overconfidence' | Science and nature books | the Guardian".
  26. ^ "Daniel Kahneman". www.nasonline.org.
  27. ^ "2003- Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky". Archived from the original on July 23, 2015.
  28. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  29. ^ Cynkar, Amy (April 4, 2007). "A towering figure". Monitor on Psychology. American Psychological Association. Retrieved November 26, 2008. Daniel Kahneman will receive APA's lifetime contributions award at convention for his work challenging human rationality and decision-making.
  30. ^ "Daniel Kahneman". Erasmus University Rotterdam. Archived from the original on January 7, 2013. Retrieved November 3, 2012.
  31. ^ "The 50 Most Influential People in Global Finance". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2012.
  32. ^ "Talcott Parsons Prize Ceremony and Address: Two Systems in the Mind". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. November 9, 2011. Archived from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2012.
  33. ^ "Alex Shakar, Stephen King win Times Book Prizes". Los Angeles Times. April 20, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2012.
  34. ^ "And the Winners Are …". Keck Futures Initiative. National Academy of Sciences. October 12, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2013. An outstanding and accessible book that brings to the public key scientific insights about how we think and make decisions.
  35. ^ "His Excellency Dr. Daniel Kahneman". www.racef.es. June 14, 2012. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
  36. ^ "President Obama Names Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients". Office of the Press Secretary, The White House. August 8, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
  37. ^ McGill to award 16 honorary degrees : McGill Reporter
  38. ^ "Gold Medal Honorees". The National Institute of Social Sciences. Archived from the original on July 2, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
  39. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  40. ^ "2019 Summit Highlights Photo: Anthony D. Romero, Executive Director of the American Civil Liberties Union, presenting the Golden Plate Award to Dr. Daniel Kahneman, a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics, at the 2019 International Achievement Summit". American Academy of Achievement.
  41. ^ "Daniel Kahneman | When Noise Destroys Our Best of Choices". Jordan Harbinger. June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2021.

Further reading[]

External links[]

Awards
Preceded by
George A. Akerlof
A. Michael Spence
Joseph E. Stiglitz 		Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
2002
Served alongside: Vernon L. Smith 		Succeeded by
Robert F. Engle III
Clive W.J. Granger
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