Detransition

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Detransition is the cessation or reversal of a transgender identification or gender transition, whether by social, legal, or medical means. Some individuals detransition on a temporary basis. Desistance is a related term used to describe the cessation of transgender identity or gender dysphoria and has a higher occurrence.

Estimates of the rate at which detransitioning occurs vary. Reasons for detransitioning also vary, and may include health-related concerns, an unaffirming social environment, financial concerns, or the realization that the patient's gender dysphoria was a manifestation of another condition.

Academic research into detransition is underdeveloped. Professional interest in the phenomenon has been met with contention, and some scholars have argued there is censorship around the topic.[1] In politics and popular culture, detransitioning is a contentious topic. Many who detransition report feeling a loss of support by their LGBT friends and family as well as harassment from other individuals.[2][3][4]

Background and terminology[]

Transition is the process of a transgender person changing their gender presentation and/or sex characteristics to accord with their internal sense of gender identity.[5] Transition commonly involves social changes (such as clothing, personal name, and pronouns), legal changes (such as legal name and legal gender), and medical/physical changes (such as hormone replacement therapy and sex reassignment surgery).

Detransition (sometimes called retransition) is the process of halting or reverting a transgender identification or gender transition.[6] Like transition, detransition is not a single event. Methods of detransitioning can vary greatly among individuals, and can involve changes to one's gender expression, social identity, legal identity documents, and/or anatomy.[7] Desistance is a general term for any cessation,[8] and it is commonly applied specifically to the cessation of transgender identity or gender dysphoria.[9] Those who undertake detransition are known as detransitioners.[10] Detransition is commonly associated with transition regret, but regret and detransition do not always coincide.[11]

Occurrence[]

Formal studies of detransition have been few in number,[12] of disputed quality,[13] and politically controversial.[14] Frequency estimates for detransition and desistance vary greatly, with notable differences in terminology and methodology.[15][16] Detransition is more common in the earlier stages of transition, particularly before surgeries.[17] It is estimated that the number of detransitioners ranges from less than one percent to as many as five percent.[18][15] A 2015 survey of transgender people in the United States found that eight percent had detransitioned at some point, with the majority of those later living as a gender other than the one assigned to them at birth.[19]

Studies have reported higher rates of desistance among young children. A 2016 review of 10 prospective follow-up studies from childhood to adolescence found desistance rates ranging from 61% to 98%, with evidence suggesting that they might be less than 85% more generally.[20][21] These studies have been criticized on the grounds that they count as 'desistance' cases where the child met the criteria for gender identity disorder as defined in the DSM-III or DSM-IV, but would not have met the updated criteria for gender dysphoria in the DSM-5, established in 2013.[22] Prior to the DSM-III in 1980, there was no diagnostic criteria for gender dysphoria, so research on desistance rates published prior to 2000 might report inflated numbers of desistance, as gender-nonconforming children without gender dysphoria may have been included in studies.[23] Most childhood desisters go on to identify as cisgender and gay or lesbian.[23]

A 2019 poster presentation examined the records of 3398 patients who attended a UK gender identity clinic between August 2016 and August 2017. Davies and colleagues searched for assessment reports with keywords related to regret or detransition. They identified 16 individuals (0.47%) who expressed regret or had detransitioned. Of those 16, 3 (0.09%) had detransitioned permanently.[24] 10 (0.29%) had detransitioned temporarily, to later retransition.[24]

A 2019 clinical assessment found that 9.4% of patients with adolescent-emerging gender dysphoria either ceased wishing to pursue medical interventions or no longer felt that their gender identity was incongruent with their assigned sex at birth within an eighteen-month period.[25]

A 2003 German study found evidence for an increase in the number of demands for detransition, blaming poor practice on the part of "well-meaning but certainly not unproblematic" clinicians who—contrary to international best practices—assumed that transitioning as quickly as possible should be the only correct course of action.[26]

Studies of regret or detransition in different populations have found different (average or median) elapsed times before these occurred: a 2018 study[27] found 10 years and 10 months on average to regret (but not necessarily detransition) from start of hormonal therapy, and a 2014 study[15] of those who had surgery found a median lag of 8 years before requesting a reversal of legal gender status.

According to social worker Lisa Marchiano, detransitioners commonly cite trauma, isolation, dissociation, inadequate mental healthcare, and social pressure as motivations for pursuing transition.[28] Informed consent and affirmation of self-diagnosis (both newer but increasingly employed models for transgender healthcare) have been criticized for failing to meet the needs of those who eventually detransition.[29] Based on blog posts by detransitioners, Marchiano states that transition can magnify, rather than remedy, gender dysphoria. Sufferers may fixate on passing (being perceived as their preferred gender), says Marchiano, leading them to pursue further steps in medical transition.[28]

Criticisms have been made regarding the "persistence-desistance" dichotomy as ignoring reasons why a person's gender identity may desist outside of simply being cisgender in the first place. For example, an assertion of a cisgender identity may be treated with validity and as an invalidation of a previously stated transgender identity; however, an assertion of a transgender identity may only be treated with the same validity if it is held throughout one's life. An individual may repress or realize their identity at any point in their life for a variety of reasons; some individuals' gender identities are fluid and/or may change throughout their lifetime, and some individuals whose identities are non-binary are effectively excluded due to the studies' assumption of a gender binary.[22]

Reasons[]

In a 2021 study of 237 detransitioners, recruited via online detransitioner communities and who no longer identify as transgender, the most prevalent reasons to detransition were the realization that gender dysphoria was related to other issues (70%), health concerns (for 62%), and that transitioning didn’t help their gender dysphoria (50%).[30] In a 2021 study of 2,242 individuals recruited via community outreach organizations who detransitioned and who continue to identify as transgender or gender diverse, the vast majority said detransition was in part due to external factors, such as pressure from family, sexual assault, and nonaffirming school environments; another highly cited factor was "it was just too hard for me."[31] Motives for detransitioning commonly include financial barriers to transition, social rejection in transition, depression or suicidality due to transition, and discomfort with sexual characteristics developed during transition. Additional motives include concern for lack of data on long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy, concern for loss of fertility, complications from surgery, and changes in gender identity.[32] Some people detransition on a temporary basis, in order to accomplish a particular aim, such as having biologically related children, or until barriers to transition have been resolved or removed.[33] Transgender elders may also detransition out of concern for whether they can receive adequate or respectful care in later life.[34] A qualitative study comparing child desisters to persisters (those with persisting gender dysphoria) found that while persisters related their dysphoria primarily to a mismatch between their bodies and their identity, desisters' dysphoria was more likely to be, at least retroactively, related to a desire to fulfill the other gender role.[35]

Individual accounts[]

Mike Penner, a sportswriter for the Los Angeles Times, publicly identified as transsexual in April 2007 under the name Christine Daniels and wrote of his experience with transition until October 2008, when he resumed his male identity. He killed himself in November 2009.[36]

Since 2011, Walt Heyer has written several books and a USA Today editorial on his experience of regret and detransition.[37]

Carey Callahan began speaking openly about her detransition in 2016. Callahan identified as trans for four years. Her employment at a gender clinic led her to seek alternatives to transition. She advocates for detransitioners and gender-nonconforming people while working as a licensed therapist. She was profiled by The Atlantic in 2018.[38]

Longtime New York performance artist Brian Belovitch (formerly known as Tish Gervais) transitioned in 1972, following social pressure to conform his feminine personality to binary gender norms. He lived as a trans woman for fifteen years before "retransitioning", as he terms it, in 1987. Belovitch cites his changed views on his own gender identity (referring to himself now as "genderqueer or gender nonconforming") for prompting his reversal. He was profiled by Paper magazine in 2018; he published his memoir later that year.[39]

In March 2019, James Shupe, the first American to win legal recognition of having a nonbinary gender, criticized his transition and publicly re-identified as a man. Shupe had lived as a trans woman for two years and as a nonbinary person for three.[40]

In 2020 in the United Kingdom, 23-year-old Keira Bell joined a lawsuit against the NHS Gender Identity Development Service.[41] Bell was prescribed puberty blockers at age 16 and testosterone a year later, and had her breasts removed before stopping hormone treatments and reidentifying as a woman. She states that she should have been "challenged more" by the gender clinic, criticising the lack of therapy or questioning she received before being prescribed the puberty blockers.[41] The High Court ruled "It is highly unlikely that a child aged 13 or under would be competent to give consent to the administration of puberty blockers", also "It is doubtful that a child aged 14 or 15 could understand and weigh the long-term risks and consequences of the administration of puberty blockers" and "In respect of young persons aged 16 and over, the legal position is that there is a presumption that they have the ability to consent to medical treatment".[42]

Transitioning after detransitioning[]

The 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey collected responses from individuals who identified as transgender at the time of the survey. 8% of respondents reported having ever detransitioned; 62% of that group were living as a gender other than the one assigned to them at birth at the time of the survey.[43] About 36% reported having detransitioned due to pressure from parent, 33% because it was too difficult, 31% due to discrimination, 29% due to difficulty getting a job, 26% pressure from family members, 18% pressure from a spouse, and 17% due to pressure from an employer.[44]

Marissa Dainton surgically transitioned to a woman in 1993. Four years after that, she had joined an evangelical church, and decided to resume a male identity, because she viewed her first transition as sinful. When she married a woman from the congregation, she had her surgically-constructed vagina removed, leaving her without genitalia. However, she continued to crossdress in secret, and in 2003 decided to transition again. She obtained breast implants, but decided against constructing a new vagina due to possible complications from the type of procedure it would require the second time.[45]

Sam Kane surgically transitioned to a woman in 1997, but seven years later had found life as a woman "shallow" and stated that men did not take her seriously in business as a woman. She transitioned back to a male gender role and had a new penis surgically constructed in 2004. She did not consider herself to have successfully returned to being a man, and stated, "Having become Samantha, I should have stayed Samantha." She again transitioned into a female gender role, this time non-surgically, in 2017.[46]

Ky Schevers transitioned to male in college, but later detransitioned and documented the process under the name CrashChaosCats. She was interviewed for The Outline in 2016 and The Stranger in 2017.[47] She later began to identify as transmasculine and in a 2021 Slate interview compared her experiences in detransition communities to the ex-gay movement.[47]

Cultural and political impact[]

There are no legal, medical, and psychological guidelines on the topic of detransition.[48] The Standards of Care by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) do not mention detransition,[49] though 37 WPATH surgeons have expressed a desire for detransition guidelines to be included,[50] and former WPATH president and longtime chair of WPATH's SOC revision team, Eli Coleman, has listed detransition among the topics that he would like to see included in the eighth edition.[51]

Some researchers perceive there to be an atmosphere of censorship around studying the phenomenon.[1] Detransitioners say they have been harassed,[3][2] and that they have been treated as a political threat to transgender rights.[2][52] A study in 2021 involving detransitioners found that many of them felt they lost support from the LGBT+ community and friends.[4]

Controversy surrounding detransition within trans activism primarily arises from how the subject is framed as a subject of moral panic in mainstream media and right-wing politics.[53] Detransition has attracted interest from both social conservatives on the political right and radical feminists on the political left. Activists on the right have been accused of using detransitioners' stories to further their work against trans rights.[54] On the left, some radical feminists see detransitioners' experiences as further proof of patriarchal enforcement of gender roles and medicalized erasure of gays and lesbians.[55] Other feminists have expressed disagreement with this opinion, referring to those who hold these beliefs as trans-exclusionary radical feminists.[56] This attention has elicited in detransitioners mixed feelings of both exploitation and support.[55][57]

In August 2017, the Mazzoni Center's Philadelphia , which is an annual meeting of transgender people, advocates, and healthcare providers, canceled two panel discussions on detransition and alternate methods of working with gender dysphoria.[58] The conference organizers said, "When a topic becomes controversial, such as this one has turned on social media, there is a duty to make sure that the debate does not get out of control at the conference itself. After several days of considerations and reviewing feedback, the planning committee voted that the workshops, while valid, cannot be presented at the conference as planned."[59]

In September 2017, Bath Spa University revoked permission for James Caspian, a Jungian psychotherapist[60] who works with transgender people and is a trustee of , to research regret of gender-reassignment procedures and pursuit of detransition. Caspian alleged the reason for the university's refusal was that it was "a potentially politically incorrect piece of research, [which] carries a risk to the university. Attacks on social media may not be confined to the researcher, but may involve the university. The posting of unpleasant material on blogs or social media may be detrimental to the reputation of the university."[61] The university stated that Caspian's proposal "was not refused because of the subject matter, but rather because of his proposed methodological approach. The university was not satisfied this approach would guarantee the anonymity of his participants or the confidentiality of the data."[62] In May 2017, he took the matter to the High Court, which concluded his application for a judicial review was "totally without merit".[62] The outcome was also considered by the Office of the Independent Adjudicator for Higher Education, who determined the university's conclusion was reasonable.[62] Caspian appealed to the High Court for judicial review again in 2019; the judge ruled against him, saying, "I entirely accept that there are important issues of freedom of expression. I just do not accept that, on the facts of this particular case, there is an arguable case made out," and adding that the application was too late.[63] Caspian claimed that he was "refused permission for a Judicial Review on points of procedure" and that the judge "was clearly sympathetic to the case but felt that his hands were tied by legal procedure;"[62] in February 2021, he appealed to the European Court of Human Rights.[64]

See also[]

  • Category:People who detransitioned
  • Healthcare and the LGBT community
  • LGBT rights by country or territory
  • LGBT social movements

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b Shute 2017; BBC 2017; Borreli 2017; Stein 2009; Veissière 2018
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c "This has ignited a contentious debate both in and outside the trans community, with various sides accusing each other of bigotry, harassment, censorship, and damaging the fight for trans rights. It's such a fraught issue that many people I interviewed requested anonymity. (All the names of detransitioners have been changed.) Others refused to speak on the record, afraid of the potential fallout." Herzog 2017a
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b "'The complexity of our viewpoint is pretty inconvenient to people on all sides of the political spectrum,' Carey says in the film. For her, detransitioning has resulted in the most harassment she has ever faced in her life." Pollock 2018
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Vandenbussche, Elie (2021-04-30). "Detransition-Related Needs and Support: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey". Journal of Homosexuality. 0: 1–19. doi:10.1080/00918369.2021.1919479. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 33929297.
  5. ^ Fenway Health 2010; Human Rights Campaign n.d.
  6. ^
  7. ^ Clark-Flory 2015; Herzog 2017a; Graham 2017; Tobia 2018
  8. ^ Merriam-Webster n.d.; Collins n.d.
  9. ^ Marchiano 2017; Steensma et al. 2013; Wallien and Cohen-Kettenis 2008
  10. ^ Herzog 2017a; Graham 2017; Singal 2018
  11. ^
    • "Not everyone who detransitions regrets transitioning in the first place, and, like transitioning, the process of deciding to detransition is a very individual and personal choice." Yarbrough 2018, p. 130. See also Graham 2017; Herzog 2017a.
  12. ^
    • "There is a paucity of literature." Danker et al. 2018
    • "We urgently need systematic data on this point in order to inform best practice clinical care." Zucker 2019
  13. ^ "The research on outcomes post-transition is mixed at best." Marchiano 2017
  14. ^ "[R]esearch in this field is extremely controversial." Danker et al. 2018
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c Detransition estimates:
    • "Detransitioning after surgical interventions ... is exceedingly rare. Research has often put the percentage of regret between 1 and 2% ... Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options. 'There are people who take hormones and then decide to go off hormones,' says Randi Ettner, a therapist who has served on the board of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. 'That is not uncommon.'" Clark-Flory 2015
    • "There were 15 (5 [female-to-male] and 10 [male-to-female]) regret applications corresponding to a 2.2% regret rate for both sexes. There was a significant decline of regrets over the time period." (Dhejne et al. define "regret" as "application for reversal of the legal gender status among those who were sex reassigned" which "gives the person the right to treatment to reverse the body as much as possible."), "the median time lag until applying for a reversal was 8 years." Dhejne et al. 2014
  16. ^ Desistance estimates:
    • "There is a wealth of replicated research that tells us that 80–95% of children who experience a cross-sex identification in childhood will eventually desist and come to identify with their natal sex as adults." Marchiano 2017
    • "Only very few trans- kids still want to transition by the time they are adults. Instead, they generally turn out to be regular gay or lesbian folks. The exact number varies by study, but roughly 60–90% of trans- kids turn out no longer to be trans by adulthood." Cantor 2016
  17. ^ "Detransitioning after surgical interventions ... is exceedingly rare....Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options." Clark-Flory 2015
  18. ^ Goldberg, Michelle (2014-07-28). "What Is a Woman?". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2019-11-06. Expert estimates of the number of transitioners who abandon their new gender range from fewer than one per cent to as many as five per cent.
  19. ^
    • "Eight percent of respondents to the 2015 [U.S. Transgender] Survey reported detransitioning at some point, that is, returning to living as the gender they were assigned at birth; however, most detransitioned only temporarily, and 62 percent of those who had once detransitioned reported living in their felt gender identity." Boslaugh 2018, p. 43
    • "Eight percent (8%) of respondents had de-transitioned temporarily or permanently at some point, meaning that they went back to living as the gender they were thought to be at birth for a period of time. The majority of respondents who de-transitioned did so only temporarily, and 62% were currently living full time in a gender different than the one they were thought to be at birth." James, p. 108
  20. ^ Kaltiala-Heino, Riittakerttu; Bergman, Hannah; Työläjärvi, Marja; Frisén, Louise (2018-03-02). "Gender dysphoria in adolescence: current perspectives". Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics. 9: 31–41. doi:10.2147/AHMT.S135432. ISSN 1179-318X. PMC 5841333. PMID 29535563. Evidence from the 10 available prospective follow-up studies from childhood to adolescence (reviewed in the study by Ristori and Steensma 28) indicates that for ~80% of children who meet the criteria for GDC, the GD recedes with puberty. Instead, many of these adolescents will identify as non-heterosexual.
  21. ^ Ristori, Jiska; Steensma, Thomas D. (2016). "Gender dysphoria in childhood". International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England). 28 (1): 13–20. doi:10.3109/09540261.2015.1115754. ISSN 1369-1627. PMID 26754056. S2CID 5461482. As is shown in Table 1 there is much variation in the reported persistence rates between the studies, ranging from 2% to 39%. ", " Based on this information, it seems reasonable to conclude that the persistence of GD may well be higher than 15%. However, desistence of GD still seems to be the case in the majority of children with GD.
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b Temple Newhook, Julia; Pyne, Jake; Winters, Kelley; Feder, Stephen; Holmes, Cindy; Tosh, Jemma; Sinnott, Mari-Lynne; Jamieson, Ally; Pickett, Sarah (2018-04-03). "A critical commentary on follow-up studies and "desistance" theories about transgender and gender-nonconforming children". International Journal of Transgenderism. 19 (2): 212–224. doi:10.1080/15532739.2018.1456390. ISSN 1553-2739. S2CID 150338824. Due to such shifting diagnostic categories and inclusion criteria over time, these studies included children who, by current DSM-5 standards, would not likely have been categorized as transgender (i.e., they would not meet the criteria for gender dysphoria) and therefore, it is not surprising that they would not iden- tify as transgender at follow-up. Current criteria require identification with a gender other than what was assigned at birth, which was not a necessity in prior versions of the diagnosis.
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b Butler, Catherine; Hutchinson, Anna (2020). "Debate: The pressing need for research and services for gender desisters/Detransitioners". Child and Adolescent Mental Health. 25 (1): 45–47. doi:10.1111/camh.12361. PMID 32285632.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b Davies, Skye; McIntyre, Stephen; Rypma, Craig (April 2019). Detransition rates in a national UK Gender Identity Clinic (PDF). 3rd Biennial EPATH Conference: Inside Matters, On Law, Ethics and Religion. p. 118.
  25. ^ Churcher Clarke & Spiliadis 2019
  26. ^ "In jüngster Zeit gibt es jedoch einige Hinweise für die Zunahme von Rückumwandulungsbegehren und es stellen sich zunehmend Patienten vor, bei denen schondie erste diagnostische Exploration Hinweise auf übergreifende Identitätsstörungen, u. U. auch auf transvestitisch-fetischistische Neigungen, auf unrealistische Erwartungen hin-sichtlich eines „völlig neuen Lebens", jedoch nicht auf eine gelebte und innerlich fixierteGeschlechtsrollentransposition gibt. In Anbetracht derartiger Verläufe besorgt die zwarwohlmeinende, aber keinesfalls unproblematische Einstellung einiger Behandler, die annehmen, dass das möglichst schnelle Bedienen der vehement vorgetragenen Patienten-wünsche die einzig richtige Vorgehensweise wäre,„da man da sowieso nichts anderes machen kann." Dies widerspricht eklatant den Erfahrungen internationaler Gender-Zentren" Bosinski 2003
  27. ^ Wiepjes, Chantal M.; Nota, Nienke M.; de Blok, Christel J. M.; Klaver, Maartje; de Vries, Annelou L. C.; Wensing-Kruger, S. Annelijn; de Jongh, Renate T.; Bouman, Mark-Bram; Steensma, Thomas D.; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy; Gooren, Louis J. G. (April 2018). "The Amsterdam Cohort of Gender Dysphoria Study (1972-2015): Trends in Prevalence, Treatment, and Regrets". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 15 (4): 582–590. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.01.016. ISSN 1743-6109. PMID 29463477. In addition, in our population the average time to regret was 130 months, so it might be too early to examine regret rates in people who started with HT in the past 10 years.
  28. ^ Jump up to: a b Marchiano 2017
  29. ^ Graham 2017; Marchiano 2017; Yoo 2018
  30. ^ Vandenbussche, Elie (2021-04-30). "Detransition-Related Needs and Support: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey". Journal of Homosexuality: 1–19. doi:10.1080/00918369.2021.1919479. ISSN 1540-3602. PMID 33929297. “The most common reported reason for detransitioning was realized that my gender dysphoria was related to other issues (70%). The second one was health concerns (62%), followed by transition did not help my dysphoria (50%), found alternatives to deal with my dysphoria (45%), unhappy with the social changes (44%), and change in political views (43%). At the very bottom of the list are: lack of support from social surroundings (13%), financial concerns (12%) and discrimination (10%) (see Figure 1).”
  31. ^ Turban, Jack L.; Loo, Stephanie S.; Almazan, Anthony N.; Keuroghlian, Alex S. (May 2021). "Factors Leading to "Detransition" Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in the United States: A Mixed-Methods Analysis". LGBT Health. 8 (4): 273–280. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437. ISSN 2325-8306. PMC 8213007. PMID 33794108. "Because the USTS only surveyed currently TGD-identified people, our study does not offer insights into reasons for detransition in previously TGD-identified people who currently identify as cisgender." "The vast majority of participants reported detransition due at least in part to external factors,such as pressure from family, nonaffirming school environments, and sexual assault." "iIt was just too hard for me" is shown in table 2.
  32. ^ * "Six persons clearly ventilated their feelings of regret about the decision; three of them accused their clinician of incompetence. Four others respectively gave as primary reasons: social isolation, disappointing surgical results and a sudden vanishing of the urge to live as a woman." Kuiper and Cohen-Kettenis 1998. See also Bowen 2007; Clark-Flory 2015; Danker et al. 2018; Herzog 2017a; McFadden 2017; Sarner 2017; Turban et al. 2018a.
  33. ^ Americo 2018; Kanner 2018
  34. ^ Witten 2015
  35. ^ Steensma, Thomas D.; Biemond, Roeline; De Boer, Fijgje; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T. (2011). "Desisting and persisting gender dysphoria after childhood: A qualitative follow-up study". Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 16 (4): 499–516. doi:10.1177/1359104510378303. PMID 21216800. S2CID 1789558.
  36. ^ Pieper 2015; Friess 2009; Herman 2011
  37. ^ Heyer n.d.; Dumas 2015
  38. ^ Pollock 2018; Singal 2018; Graham et al. 2017; Murphy 2018; Graham et al. 2017
  39. ^ Tobia 2018; Belovitch 2018
  40. ^ Showalter 2019; Christian Today 2019; Shupe 2019
  41. ^ Jump up to: a b Holt, Alison (March 1, 2020). "NHS gender clinic 'should have challenged me more' over transition". BBC. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  42. ^ "Puberty blockers: Under-16s 'unlikely' to be able to give informed consent". BBC News. 1 December 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  43. ^ Boslaugh 2018, p. 43; James et al. 2016, pp. 111, 292–294
  44. ^ Boslaugh, Sarah (2018-08-03). Transgender Health Issues. ABC-CLIO. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-1-4408-5888-8.
  45. ^ Batty, David (30 July 2004). "Mistaken identity". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  46. ^ "Top London lawyer changed gender three times". NZ Herald. The New Zealand Herald. 1 April 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  47. ^ Jump up to: a b Urquhart, Evan (2021-02-01). "An "Ex-Detransitioner" Disavows the Anti-Trans Movement She Helped Spark". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
  48. ^ Graham 2017
  49. ^ "There are currently no professional guidelines or resources for providers who encounter patients who experience regret and/or seek detransition." Danker et al. 2018
  50. ^ "88% of respondents feel that WPATH SOC 8 should include a chapter on detransition" Danker et al. 2018
  51. ^ "Miscellaneous suggestions ... detransition." Coleman 2017
  52. ^ ""[T]he trans community does our best to pretend that retransitioning never happens ... trans people who have retransitioned are often treated as outcasts, as aberrations or as an embarrassment to our community's goals. They are assumed to be failures, traitors to the cause of trans liberation." Tobia 2018
  53. ^ Slothouber, Van (2020). "(De)trans visibility: Moral panic in mainstream media reports on de/Retransition". European Journal of English Studies. 24: 89–99. doi:10.1080/13825577.2020.1730052. S2CID 219079388.
  54. ^ Ford 2018; Herzog 2017a; Bowen 2007; Tobia 2018
  55. ^ Jump up to: a b Herzog 2017a; Bowen 2007
  56. ^ Parker, Charlie. "JK Rowling compares trans treatment to gay conversion therapy". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
  57. ^ Urquhart, Evan (2021-02-01). "An "Ex-Detransitioner" Disavows the Anti-Trans Movement She Helped Spark". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
  58. ^ Rodriguez 2017; Herzog 2017b
  59. ^ Mazzoni Center 2017
  60. ^ Caspian
  61. ^ BBC 2017; Weale 2017; Hurst 2017
  62. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Petherick, Sam (February 20, 2019). "Ex-Bath Spa student James Caspian fails in court fight against university". Somerset Live. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  63. ^ Johnson, Jamie (February 19, 2019). "Proposal to research 'trans regret' rejected by university for fear of backlash, claims psychotherapist". The Telegraph. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  64. ^ Swerling, Gabriella (February 5, 2021). "Psychotherapist blocked from studying 'trans regret' takes case to the European Court". The Telegraph. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved February 19, 2021.

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