Anti-gender movement

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the conservative or religious anti-gender movement. It is not to be confused with Postgenderism.
"Theory of gender" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Gender studies.
"Gender no more": demonstrators from  [es] during a pro-life march in Lima, 2018
"Gender is death - it kills identity, soul and body": picketing against gender ideology in Warsaw, 2014

The anti-gender movement is an international movement which opposes what it refers to as "gender ideology", "gender theory", or "genderism".[1] These concepts do not have a coherent definition[2] and cover a variety of issues;[1] "gender ideology" has been described as an "empty signifier"[2] or catch-all term "for all that conservative Catholics despise".[3] The movement derives from Catholic theology beginning in the 1990s, but the protests which brought the movement to attention did not start until around 2012–2013. It often includes opposition to same-sex marriage and transgender rights.

The idea of "gender ideology" has been described by scholars as a moral panic[4][5] or conspiracy theory, as it alleges that there is a secret cabal out to undermine society.[6] Historian  [hu] states that the anti-gender movement is not a form of classical anti-feminism but instead "a fundamentally new phenomenon that was launched to establish a new world order".[7]

Terminology[]

The phrase “anti-gender” is seldom used in English-speaking communities; it is primarily used in other language communities to attach a “foreign” label to progressive policies connected to gender or sexuality or reproductive freedom.[8] In English, “gender” tends to refer to gender identity as distinct from sex or sexual orientation, so it would not make sense to call a protest against gay marriage or abortion rights “anti-gender.”

The concept of "gender ideology" does not have a coherent definition[2] and covers a variety of issues;[1] for this reason, it has been described as an "empty signifier"[2] or catch-all term "for all that conservative Catholics despise".[3]

The term gender ideology and related terms gender theory and genderism, used interchangeably, are not equivalent to the academic discipline of gender studies, within which significant controversies and disagreements exist. Anti-gender proponents are often unaware of these debates and disagreements.[9]

Elizabeth Corredor writes: "gender ideology serves as both a political and epistemological counterclaim to emancipatory conceptions of gender, sex, and sexuality".[10] She adds that the anti-gender movement combines "gender ideology" rhetoric with attempts to exploit the existing divisions within LGBT and feminist movements.[10] The movement accuses various actors of being bearers of "gender ideology", including "liberal, green or leftist politicians, women's rights activists, LGBT activists, gender policy officers of public administrations, and gender studies scholars".[11]

Origin theories[]

There are various theories about when and where the anti-gender movement originated.

International conferences in the mid-1990s[]

Most scholars studying the anti-gender movement have dated its origins[12] to 1990s discussions within the Catholic Church to counter the results of the United Nations' 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the 1995 World Conference on Women, following which the UN began to recognize sexual and reproductive rights.[13][14][15] The Holy See feared that this recognition would lead to abortion as a human right, delegitimization of motherhood, and the normalization of homosexuality. The term gender "was understood by the Holy See as a strategic means to attack and destabilize the natural family".[13] In 1997, American anti-abortion journalist Dale O’Leary wrote a book titled The Gender Agenda: "the Gender Agenda sails into communities not as a tall ship, but as a submarine, determined to reveal as little of itself as possible".[16] In Catholic thought, the concept of "gender ideology" emerged from John Paul II's theology of the body, in which the sexes are held to be different and complementary.[17][18] Although the ideas of the anti-gender movement were developed by 2003, protests related to the movement first emerged in most European countries around 2012–2013.[19] Although it is still promoted by Catholic actors, the anti-gender movement spread more generally throughout the right-wing by 2019.[10]

1980s Church origin[]

Alternately, the anti-gender movement is dated to the early 1980s when Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, the later Pope Benedict XVI, noticed that feminist books arguing that gender was socially constructed were bestsellers in Germany and noticed changes in German law allowing transgender people to legally change their gender. Researcher Mary Anne Case therefore argues that "Trans rights claims were, together with feminist claims, thus a foundational component, not a recent addition, to the Vatican’s sphere of concern around 'gender' and to the focusing of that concern on developments in secular law."[12]

Central figures and issues[]

Key proponents of the anti-gender movement include Dale O'Leary, Michel Schooyans, Tony Anatrella, Gabriele Kuby, and .[17][20] According to Łukasz Wawrowski, it is not possible to have a scientific discourse between gender studies scholars and anti-gender proponents, because for the former gender is a scientific concept that can be researched and falsified, whereas anti-gender proponents derive their arguments from transcendent truths handed down by God, which are not subject to empirical verification.[21]

Members of the anti-gender movement oppose some reproductive rights, particularly abortion, as well as some LGBT rights, especially same-sex marriage, along with some campaigns against gender-based violence.[1][22] They may also campaign against anti-bullying[23] and sex education in schools and gender studies in higher education.[1] According to Kováts, not all the movements fitting under the "anti-gender" label (by opposing "gender" or "gender ideology") are overtly anti-feminist or anti-LGBT,[11] and the anti-gender movement is a novel phenomenon distinct from previous anti-feminism and homophobia.[24] The anti-gender movement is not synonymous with the far-right, as not all far-right movements espouse anti-gender views, and anti-gender themes extend beyond the far-right.[25]

Opposition to gender ideology[]

Proponents present themselves as the defenders of the freedoms of speech, thought, and conscience against the "totalitarian" gender ideology.[26][27]

Some in the anti-gender movement consider "gender ideology" to be a totalitarian ideology worse than Communism or Nazism.[28][26][27] This is allegedly pushed by a secret cabal[28][29] or foreign entities (such as the European Union, World Health Organization, or United Nations) for the purpose of weakening, undermining, or destroying families, the Catholic Church, the nation, or Western civilization.[30][11][31] Anti-gender activists may portray the EU and international organizations as manipulated by lobbies, such as American billionaires, Freemasons, feminists, or Jews. To promote the idea that "gender" is a foreign concept imposed by corrupt elites, they often use the English word "gender" rather than a translation into the local language.[8]

Related concepts[]

According to sociologists and , "the invention of 'gender ideology' is closely connected to debates within the Catholic Church".[32] Pope Francis has stated that "gender ideology" would undermine the Catholic Church's position on gender complementarity,[30] comparing it to nuclear weapons, and said it was one of the "Herods that destroy, that plot designs of death, that disfigure the face of man and woman, destroying creation".[33] In 2019, the Catholic Church released the first major document dealing specifically with "gender ideology", which states that there are only two biologically determined genders or sexes.[29] According to Corredor,

the Holy See’s perspective deeply depends on a stable and predictably correlated relationship between biological sex, gender identity, and heterosexual orientation, which is expressed in the Church’s terms as the one and only natural unity of mind, body, and soul. Because this unity is believed to be rooted within natural and divine law—as a direct creation of God—it transcends political, historical, and social arrangements shaped by man.[34]

The anti-gender movement is closely related to right-wing populism, nationalism, and the Christian right.[35] According to Kuhar and Paternotte, "anti-gender campaigns are [not] the direct consequence of the right-wing populist wave, but the shift towards the Right reinforces these campaigns and provides them with new supporters who took over a concept of 'gender ideology' which shares some ideological structures with right-wing populist ideology".[36] In line with their populist framing, referendums are often used to secure the outcomes desired by the anti-gender movement.[37]

Analyses and responses[]

It is disputed the extent to which the anti-gender movement is a reaction to events and other movements, or a proactive movement attempting to create social change.[22]

According to Marta Rawłuszko, the anti-gender movement is, in part, a backlash against the devolution of power from democratically elected national governments to unelected equality bodies and international organizations, such as the European Union, which demand changes. Because these policies are not approved by voters or their elected representatives, they generate a democratic deficit.[38] She notes that "gender equality policies have been implemented without engaging a wider audience or public debate".[39]

However, Paternotte rejects that the anti-gender movement is a backlash, writing that the idea is "conceptually flawed, empirically weak and politically problematic", because comparative research has shown that in different countries, the anti-gender activism is "sparked by extremely different issues".[40]

The emergence and success of anti-gender movements is considered by political scientist Eszter Kováts to be a symptom of a deeper underlying socioeconomic, political, and cultural crisis of liberal democracy and a reaction to neoliberalism.[41] Similarly, political scientist Birgit Sauer refers to these movements as, among other things, a reaction to deregulation, precarization of labor, the erosion of the welfare state and the widening of the gap between the rich and poor.[42] In the journal LuXemburg in 2018, sociologist Weronika Grzebalska and political scientists Eszter Kováts and Andrea Pető analyze the term "gender" as the "symbolic glue" of the anti-gender movement, which unites different political and religious actors who would otherwise not cooperate with each other. They view the "gender ideology" that these actors mobilize against as a metaphor for the insecurity and unfairness produced by the neoliberal socioeconomic order.[43]

Those said to support "gender ideology" are delegitimized, negating pluralism and undermining liberal democracy, in a similar way to the far-right.[14] Lorena Sosa, assistant professor at the (SIM), states that the anti-gender movement has challenged human rights, such as protection from violence against women, and contributed to democratic erosion.[44]

Pető argues that "The anti-gender movement is not merely another offshoot of centuries-old anti-feminism... The anti-gender movement is a fundamentally new phenomenon that was launched to establish a new world order." She also argues that the movement "is saturated with hatred"—citing online harassment against gender researchers—and argues that it "attacks liberalism and therefore democracy".[7]

In August 2021, the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights Dunja Mijatović released a statement: "By permeating the political scene, the anti-gender movements are increasingly well-placed to erode the protection of human rights in Europe."[45]

Moral panic[]

The idea of "gender ideology" has been described as a moral panic[4][5] or conspiracy theory.[28] According to two writers for The Conversation, the conspiracy theory contributed to a debate in Poland in 2020 about "whether the coronavirus pandemic is a punishment for gender theory".[29] An Ipsos survey in October 2019 found that a plurality of Polish men under 40 believe that "the LGBT movement and gender ideology" is the "biggest threat facing them in the 21st century".[46]

By region[]

March against "gender ideology" in Chile, 27 October 2018

The anti-gender movement emerged in Europe in the early 2010s and, as of 2019, is making headway in Latin America.[47] The movement is transnational, with campaigns in different countries borrowing strategies and rhetoric from other countries.[48] However, in individual countries the anti-gender movement overlaps with appeals to nationalism and national sovereignty.[49]

Besides Catholicism, anti-gender rhetoric is used by other Christians, Confucians, Hindus, Muslims, and Jews.[50]

Europe[]

Before the emergence of the anti-gender movement, activists and scholars believed that Europe was on an inexorable course towards complete gender equality and full LGBT rights, serious opposition to which was deemed a holdover from the past or else a phenomenon confined to Eastern Europe and Catholic countries. The anti-gender movement proved this perception to be incorrect.[49] Since the 1990s, the European Commission has made eligibility for funding from the Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund conditional on local gender equality policies, which led to rapid changes after Poland joined the European Union in 2004.[51]

In February 2019, the European Parliament passed a resolution against the "backlash in women’s rights and gender equality in the EU".[40][52]

France[]

La Manif pour tous demonstration, 26 May 2013 in Paris.

The anti-gender movement in France is spearheaded by Farida Belghoul[53] and La Manif pour tous (LMPT), a protest movement which originated in early 2013 to oppose same-sex marriage in France and pivoted to opposing equality curricula after same-sex marriage was legalized in May 2013.[54] The anti-gender movement spreads false rumors and hoaxes, such as the claim that masturbation is being taught in French kindergartens.[55][56][53] Professor analyzes LMPT as a populist, post-truth movement.[54]

Germany[]

In Germany, right-wing extremists and right-wing populists mobilized against the bogeyman of "gender madness,"[a] which as was characterized as a "weapon" against "the German people" in a 2013 call by neo-Nazis.[who?][57]

Even outside the extreme right, there has been critical discussion of gender mainstreaming since 2006, when Eva Herman commented on the role of women in society and the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung debated "political gender reassignment." Right-wing extremists used this as a prelude to a targeted campaign against gender mainstreaming.[57]

Additionally, since 2013, the fundamentalist Christian protest alliance " [de]"[b] has mobilized against same-sex marriage and gender mainstreaming. [59]

Hungary[]

According to Eszter Kováts and Andrea Pető, writing in 2017, there was "no significant anti-gender movement" in the country, but "a palpable anti-gender discourse", especially in the later 2010s, which to date had only sporadically intersected with the national public debate.[60] They write that the Hungarian anti-gender discourse emerged in 2008, when a textbook was published not to the liking of a Fidesz MP. The politician said that the textbook contained "gender ideology" and that "the greatest danger of this trend is that society will lose its sexual identity".[61] In politics, the anti-gender discourse first attained prominence in 2010, when the left-wing government inserted a sentence into the national curriculum stating that early childhood educators should "deliberately avoid any strengthening of gender stereotypes and facilitate the dismantling of the prejudices concerning the social equality of genders".[62] Right-wing media gave the change much coverage; it was alleged to promote "gender ideology".[63]

Italy[]

Anti-gender in Italy has been sponsored by Lega Nord party[64] as well as the groups and .[65] In the 2018 Italian general election, Lega Nord placed Catholic representatives on its electoral lists, sealing an anti-gender alliance.[66]

Poland[]

See also: LGBT-free zones
Catholic anti-gay protesters during the 2018 equality march in Rzeszów

In late 2013, "gender", which had been confined to academic discourse, became popularized as part of an anti-gender campaign by the right-wing and the Catholic Church.[67] The campaign against "gender ideology" is promoted by the ruling, national-conservative PiS party, by the Catholic Church's hierarchy, and more radically nationalist groups with which PiS has a fluid boundary: All-Polish Youth, the National Rebirth of Poland, and the National-Radical Camp.[68] Sociologists  [pl] and Pavel Żuk write that: "The right in Poland perceives both feminist and homosexual circles as a threat to the national identity associated with the Catholic religion and as a threat to the traditional family model and social order."[69] Anti-LGBT rhetoric from the Polish right increased following the conclusion of the 2015 European migrant crisis, during which anti-migrant rhetoric was prominent.[70] With anti-gender rhetoric, the LGBT community served as the scapegoat or demonized enemy required by populist politics.[71]

A 2020 survey of a representative sample of 1,000 Poles found that 30% believed in the existence of a gender conspiracy, "defined as a secret plan to destroy Christian tradition partly by taking control over public media".[29] The survey found that belief in the gender conspiracy did not correlate with religiosity; it was strongly associated with the belief that the Catholic Church should occupy a privileged position in society and rejection of LGBT people as neighbors.[29][72] Marta Rawłuszko suggests that Polish people may be prone to finding conspiracies because of the actual plots during communist rule.[73] In June 2020, Polish president Andrzej Duda of PiS drew attention when he called LGBT an "ideology" and a form of "neo-Bolshevism", ahead of the 2020 Polish presidential election.[74][75]

North America[]

United States[]

In 2021, Puerto Rico experienced a march of against the introduction of a "Gender Perspective curriculum" in public schools that was created under former governor Alejandro García Padilla and being enacted under Governor Pedro Pierluisi. The marchers, who numbered in the tens of thousands, described the march as being aganist "Geneder Ideology". Speakers included Bishop Daniel Fernández Torres, political scientist , along with other religious leaders.[76]

Latin America[]

Colombia[]

During the 2016 Colombian peace agreement referendum, evangelical Christian pressure groups and right-wing politicians that opposed the peace agreement argued that protections for LGBT people in the treaty were "an instrument to impose gender ideology".[23][49][77] This helped motivate much of the evangelical electorate to oppose the agreement, which was ultimately rejected by voters,[77] 50.22% (No) to 49.78% (Yes).

See also[]

References[]

Notes
  1. ^ Gender madness: In German: Genderwahns, rendered in numerous English sources as "gender madness".
  2. ^ Demo für Alle was named after the French group La Manif pour tous ("protest for all"), which in turn was named after the expression mariage pour tous ("mariage for all") used in France as a popular name for same sex marriage.[58]
Footnotes
  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kováts 2016, p. 175.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Mayer & Sauer 2017, p. 23.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Graff 2016, p. 268.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Careaga-Pérez 2016, p. 251.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Żuk & Żuk 2019, p. 1.
  6. ^ Sternisko, Anni; Cichocka, Aleksandra; Van Bavel, Jay J (2020). "The dark side of social movements: social identity, non-conformity, and the lure of conspiracy theories" (PDF). Current Opinion in Psychology. 35: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.02.007. PMID 32163899.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b Pető 2021, p. 42.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b Kuhar & Paternotte 2017, p. 14.
  9. ^ Kováts 2018, pp. 2, 8.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c Corredor 2019, p. 617.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c Kováts 2016, p. 176.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b Case, Mary Anne (2019). "Trans Formations in the Vatican's War on 'Gender Ideology'". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. University of Chicago Press. 44 (3): 639–664. doi:10.1086/701498. ISSN 0097-9740. S2CID 149472746.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b Kuhar & Paternotte 2017, p. 9.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b Kováts 2016, p. 178.
  15. ^ Careaga-Pérez 2016, pp. 251–252.
  16. ^ Kuhar & Paternotte 2017, pp. 7, 9–10.
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b Kuhar & Paternotte 2017, p. 10.
  18. ^ Kováts 2016, pp. 178–179.
  19. ^ Kuhar & Paternotte 2017, p. 12.
  20. ^ Kováts 2016, p. 179.
  21. ^ Wawrowski 2017, p. 16.
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b Rawłuszko 2019, p. 2.
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b Corredor 2019, p. 614.
  24. ^ Kováts 2020, p. 76.
  25. ^ Kováts 2016, p. 184.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b Kuhar & Paternotte 2017, pp. 2, 6.
  27. ^ Jump up to: a b Corredor 2019, pp. 628–629.
  28. ^ Jump up to: a b c Marchlewska et al. 2019, p. 766.
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Cichocka, Aleksandra; Marchlewska, Marta (23 March 2020). "How a gender conspiracy theory is spreading across the world". The Conversation. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  30. ^ Jump up to: a b Kuhar & Paternotte 2017, p. 5.
  31. ^ Marchlewska et al. 2019, p. 767.
  32. ^ Kuhar & Paternotte 2017, p. 8.
  33. ^ "Pope Francis compares arguments for transgender rights to nuclear arms". The Independent. 21 February 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  34. ^ Corredor 2019, p. 621.
  35. ^ Dahl & kennedy-macfoy 2020, p. 1.
  36. ^ Kuhar & Paternotte 2017, p. 13.
  37. ^ Kuhar & Paternotte 2017, p. 15.
  38. ^ Rawłuszko 2019, pp. 1, 2–3.
  39. ^ Rawłuszko 2019, p. 3.
  40. ^ Jump up to: a b Paternotte, David (30 March 2020). "Backlash: A misleading narrative". London School of Economics. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  41. ^ Kováts, Eszter (2017), Köttig, Michaela; Bitzan, Renate; Petö, Andrea (eds.), "The Emergence of Powerful Anti-Gender Movements in Europe and the Crisis of Liberal Democracy", Gender and Far Right Politics in Europe, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 175–189, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43533-6_12, ISBN 978-3-319-43532-9
  42. ^ Sauer, Birgit (2019). "Anti-feministische Mobilisierung in Europa. Kampf um eine neue politische Hegemonie?". Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft (in German). 13 (3): 339–352. doi:10.1007/s12286-019-00430-8. ISSN 1865-2646.
  43. ^ "Gender as symbolic glue. How 'gender' became an umbrella term for the rejection of the (neo)liberal order". Zeitschrift LuXemburg (in German). 2018-09-26. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
  44. ^ Sosa 2021, p. 3.
  45. ^ Pride vs. indignity: political manipulation of homophobia and transphobia in Europe 16/08/2021 Dunja Mijatović
  46. ^ Walker, Shaun; Tait, Christian Davies Robert (2019-10-25). "Anti-LGBT rhetoric stokes tensions in eastern Europe". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
  47. ^ Corredor 2019, pp. 613–614.
  48. ^ Kuhar & Paternotte 2017, p. 2.
  49. ^ Jump up to: a b c Kuhar & Paternotte 2017, p. 3.
  50. ^ Corredor 2019, p. 620.
  51. ^ Rawłuszko 2019, pp. 9–10.
  52. ^ 2018/2684(RSP), Experiencing backlash in women’s rights and gender equality in the EU
  53. ^ Jump up to: a b Caldini, Camille (28 January 2014). ""Masturbation", "théorie du genre" à l'école... Décryptage de cinq folles rumeurs". Franceinfo (in French). Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  54. ^ Jump up to: a b Harsin 2018, pp. 37–38.
  55. ^ Harsin 2018, p. 43.
  56. ^ Gallot & Pasquier2018.
  57. ^ Jump up to: a b Lang, Juliane (20 November 2017). ""Gender" und "Genderwahn"" ["Gender" and "Gender madness" – latest bogeyman of the extreme right]. BPB (in German). Federal Agency for Civic Education. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  58. ^ Ball, Sam (5 October 2014). "Protesters take to streets over French govt's 'familyphobia'". France 24. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
  59. ^ Schlegel, Theresa. Deutungsmuster des Geschlechterverhältnisses im "anti-genderistischen" Diskurs am Beispiel der Proteste ("Demo für Alle") gegen den Bildungsplan von Baden-Württemberg 2015 [Patterns of interpretation of gender relations in "anti-genderist" discourse using the example of protests ("Demo für Alle") against the 2015 Baden-Württemberg education plan.] (Master's) (in German). University of Potsdam. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  60. ^ Kováts & Pető 2017, pp. 117–118.
  61. ^ Kováts & Pető 2017, p. 118.
  62. ^ Kováts & Pető 2017, p. 119.
  63. ^ Kováts & Pető 2017, pp. 119–120.
  64. ^ Donà 2020, p. 161.
  65. ^ Bellè & Poggio 2018, p. 120.
  66. ^ Donà 2020, p. 162.
  67. ^ Graff 2014, p. 431.
  68. ^ Żuk & Żuk 2019, p. 2.
  69. ^ Żuk & Żuk 2019, p. 3.
  70. ^ Santora, Marc (7 April 2019). "Poland's Populists Pick a New Top Enemy: Gay People". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  71. ^ Żuk & Żuk 2019, pp. 19–20.
  72. ^ Marchlewska et al. 2019, pp. 775–776.
  73. ^ Rawłuszko 2019, p. 17.
  74. ^ Hoffman, Steven (20 June 2020). "What is 'LGBT ideology,' and why are Polish people talking about it?". The Krakow Post. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  75. ^ Dellanna, Alessio (15 June 2020). "LGBT campaigners denounce President Duda's comments on "communism"". euronews. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  76. ^ "March against gender ideology in schools held in Puerto Rico".
  77. ^ Jump up to: a b William Mauricio Beltrán, Sian Creely, Gender Ideology and the Peace Plebiscite: Colombia 2016, in Religions (2018), volume 9, issue 10

Sources[]

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External links[]

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