LGBT-affirming religious groups

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) affirming religious groups (also called gay-affirming) are religious groups that welcome LGBT members, do not consider homosexuality to be a sin or negative, and affirm LGBT relationships. They include entire religious denominations, as well as individual places of worship. Some are composed mainly of non-LGBT members and also have specific programs to welcome LGBT people, while others are composed mainly of LGBT members.

Abrahamic religions[]

The Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, have traditionally forbidden non-heterosexual and non-vaginal sexual intercourse (both of which have been variously labeled as sodomy), believing and teaching that such behavior is sinful and derived from the behavior of the residents of Sodom and Gomorrah.[1][2][3] However, the status of LGBT-rights in early Christianity is debated.[4][5] In modern times, LGBT affirming Christian denominations cite several reasons for their support of LGBT rights. Some argue that passages in the Bible never discuss LGBT relationships as they are known today.[6][7][8][9] Others reject biblical inerrancy citing translation errors, bias, and other modern reinterpretations of Bible passages such as those seemingly supportive of slavery.[10][11][9][12][13] Others argue that God created LGBT people, LGBT relationships produce good-fruit, and those relationships are therefore good or the fact that Jesus never mentioned homosexuality but focused on messages of love.[11][14][15] Similar interpretations have been applied to LGBT rights within Islam[16][17] and Judaism.[18][19]

United Church of Christ Motto in Support of LGBT Rights

Christianity[]

See also: LGBT-Affirming Christian Denominations, Christianity and homosexuality

Several denominations with Christianity accept LGBT members, affirm LGBT relationships, and permit the ordination of openly LGBT candidates for their ministries. In addition to denominations many independent churches support LGBT members.

The following denominations accept same-sex unions to some degree:

  • Anglicanism (See Homosexuality and Anglicanism): The Anglican Communion is divided over the issue of homosexuality. "The more liberal provinces that are open to changing Church doctrine on marriage in order to allow for same-sex unions include Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, Scotland, South India, South Africa, the US and Wales."
    • Anglican Church in New Zealand: In 2014, the "General Synod passe[d] a resolution that will create a pathway towards the blessing of same-gender relationships, while upholding the traditional doctrine of marriage...It therefore says clergy should be permitted [while the blessings are being developed] 'to recognise in public worship' a same-gender civil union or state marriage of members of their faith community..." On a diocesan level, the Dunedin Diocese already permits a blessing for relationships irrespective of the partners' gender. "Blessings of same-sex relationships are offered in line with [Dunedin] Diocesan Policy and with the bishop’s permission." In the Diocese of Auckland, a couple was "joined in a civil union at the inner-Auckland Anglican church of St Matthews in the City in 2005."
    • Anglican Church of Australia: The church does not have an official position on homosexuality. In 2013, the Diocese of Perth voted to recognise same-sex relationships. The Social Responsibilities Committee of the Anglican Church Southern Queensland supported "the ability for same-sex couples to have a legally recognised ceremony to mark their union." The Diocese of Gippsland has appointed clergy in a "same-sex partnership." St. Andrew's Church in Subiaco, in Perth, has publicly blessed a same-sex union.
    • Anglican Church of Canada: In 2016, the Anglican Church of Canada voted to permit same-sex marriage after a vote recount. The motion must pass a second reading in 2019 to become church law. The dioceses of Niagara and Ottawa announced that same-sex marriages could begin in their churches immediately. Several other dioceses allow same-sex blessing ceremonies.
      Church indicating support for LGBT rights
      Anglican Church of Southern Africa: Clergy are not permitted to enter in same-sex marriages or civil unions, but the church "tolerates same-sex relationships if they are celibate." Archbishop Thabo Makgoba, the current Anglican Primate, is "one among few church leaders in Africa to support same-sex marriage..." The Diocese of Saldanha Bay has proposed a blessing for same-sex unions.
    • Church in Wales: Clergy are allowed to enter into same-sex civil partnerships, and there is no requirement of sexual abstinence. In 2015, a majority of the General Synod of the Church in Wales voted for same-sex marriage. Also, the "Church has published prayers that may be said with a couple following the celebration of a civil partnership or civil marriage."
    • Church of England: Since 2005, clergy are permitted to enter into same-sex civil partnerships, but are requested to give assurances of following the Bishops' guidelines on human sexuality. In 2013, the House of Bishops announced that priests in same-sex civil unions may serve as bishops. As for ceremonies in church, "clergy in the Church of England are permitted to offer prayers of support on a pastoral basis for people in same-sex relationships; many priests already bless same-sex unions on an unofficial basis. Some congregations may offer "prayers for a same-sex commitment" or may "offer services of thanksgiving following a civil marriage ceremony."
    • Church of Ireland: In 2008, the Church of Ireland Pensions Board confirmed that it would treat civil partners the same as spouses. In 2011, a minister of the Church of Ireland publicly entered into a same-sex civil partnership.
    • Episcopal Church (United States): At its 2015 triennial General Convention, the Episcopal Church voted overwhelmingly to allow religious weddings for same-sex couples. Many dioceses had previously allowed their priests to officiate at civil same-sex marriage ceremonies, but the church had not yet changed its own laws on marriage. The church law replaced the terms "husband" and "wife" with "the couple". Individual members of the clergy may still decline to perform same-sex weddings Previously, the Episcopal Church had voted to allow a "generous pastoral response" for couples in same-sex civil unions, domestic partnerships, and marriages.
    • Scottish Episcopal Church: Since 2008, St. Mary's Cathedral in Glasgow has offered blessing services for same-sex civil partnerships. The Scottish Episcopal Church agreed to bless same-sex marriages in 2015. In 2016, the General Synod voted to amend the marriage canon to include same-sex couples. The proposal was approved in a second reading in 2017, and same-sex marriages may be legally performed in the Scottish Episcopal Church.
  • Baptists (See: Homosexuality and Baptist churches): Because some Baptist churches operate on a congregational level, some individual churches may recognize same-sex unions. Baptist churches which recognize same-sex unions include:
  • Latter Day Saint movement
    • Community of Christ: In 2013, the Community of Christ officially decided to extend the sacrament of marriage to same-sex couples where gay marriage is legal, to provide covenant commitment ceremonies where it is not legal, and to allow the ordination of people in same-sex relationships to the priesthood. However, this is only in the United States, Canada, and Australia. The church does have a presence in countries where homosexuality is punishable by law, even death, so for the protection of the members in those nations, full inclusion of LGBT individuals is limited to the countries where this is not the case. Individual viewpoints do vary, and some congregations may be more welcoming than others. Furthermore, the church has proponents for support of both traditional marriage and same-sex marriages. The First Presidency and the Council of Twelve will need to approve policy revisions recommended by the USA National Conference.
  • Lutheranism (See Homosexuality and Lutheranism):
    • Church of Norway: In 2013, the bishops announced that they would allow "gay couples to receive church blessings for their civil unions..." In 2017, the Church of Norway decided to allow same-sex marriages to be performed in churches.
    • Church of Sweden: On 22 October 2009, the governing board of the Church of Sweden voted 176–62 in favour of allowing its priests to wed same-sex couples in new gender-neutral church ceremonies, including the use of the term marriage. Same-sex marriages in the church will be available starting 1 November 2009.
    • Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD): The EKD is a federation of twenty Protestant churches in Germany. The blessing of same-sex unions is allowed in 18 of the 20 constituent member churches.
    • Evangelical Lutheran Church in America: During its 2009 Churchwide Assembly the ELCA passed a resolution by a vote of 619–402 reading "Resolved, that the ELCA commit itself to finding ways to allow congregations that choose to do so to recognize, support and hold publicly accountable lifelong, monogamous, same-gender relationships."
    • Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark: In 2012, the Danish parliament voted to make same-sex marriages mandatory in all state churches. Individual priests may refuse to perform the ceremony, but the local bishop must organize a replacement.
    • Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland: The church does not currently allow same-sex marriages to be legally officiated in churches. However, couples may enter in a civil partnership and "the couple may organise prayers with a priest or other church workers and invited guests. This may take place on church premises – but practice varies from parish to parish." After a civil same-sex marriage, couples may request the same prayers in church. "All of the bishops have taken the position that it is possible to hold prayer services to bless same-sex couples."
    • Federation of Swiss Protestant Churches: This is a group of 26 member churches. Several of its member churches permit prayer services and blessings of same-sex civil unions.
    • Protestant Church in the Netherlands: The church has allowed the blessing of same-sex unions since 2001. This has included the blessing of same-sex unions as well as marriages.
    • The United Protestant Church of France authorised the blessing of same-sex unions by pastors in May 2015, two years after the government legalized same-sex marriages. Individual vicars may refuse to perform same-sex marriage ceremonies.[citation needed]
  • The Metropolitan Community Church perform same-sex marriages. The MCC was founded to support LGBT Christians. In 1968, MCC founder Rev. Troy Perry officiated the first public same-sex marriage ceremony in the United States, though it was not legally recognized at the time.
  • Methodism
    • Methodist Church of Great Britain: In 2005, the Methodist Church voted to bless same-sex unions; while the word 'blessing' was not ultimately used, the Methodist Church did confirm that, for same-sex unions, "prayers of thanksgiving or celebration may be said, and there may be informal services of thanksgiving or celebration." Clergy are allowed to enter into same-sex civil partnerships or marriages.
    • Methodist Church of New Zealand: Clergy may enter into same-sex unions.
    • Methodist Church of Southern Africa: In Southern Africa, the Methodist Church has allowed clergy in same-sex relationships, but they are not permitted to be in a same-sex marriage. The Methodist "Church allowed [clergy] to be in a homosexual relationship whilst being a minister, and allowed [clergy] to stay in the Church’s manse with [their] partner, but drew the line at recognising [their] same-sex marriage." "The Methodist Church 'tolerates homosexuals' and even accepts same-sex relationships (as long as such relationships are not solemnised by marriage)..."
  • National Council of Churches in India leadership has expressed support for LGBT rights.[20][21][22][23]
  • Old Catholic Church: A group of churches which separated from Roman Catholicism over the issue of papal authority.
    • Many American Old Catholic churches perform same-sex marriage ceremonies.
    • The Union of Utrecht of the Old Catholic Churches is a federation of six European Old Catholic organizations, four of which allow same-sex marriage ceremonies.[citation needed]
  • Presbyterianism (See Homosexuality and Presbyterianism):
    • Church of Scotland: In 2015, the Kirk voted to allow congregations to ordain clergy who enter into same-sex civil partnerships. The General Assembly voted to allow clergy in same-sex marriages in 2016. Then, the General Assembly approved a report requesting churches to be able to perform same-sex marriages in church.
    • The Presbyterian Church (USA), the largest Presbyterian group in the United States, voted to allow same-gender marriages on 19 June 2014. This vote allows pastors to perform marriages in jurisdictions where same-sex marriages are legally recognized. Additionally, the Assembly voted to send out a proposed amendment to the Book of Order, changing the description of marriage from "between a man and a woman" to "between two people, traditionally between a man and a woman." This amendment needed to be approved by a majority of the 172 Presbyteries to take effect. On 17 March 2015, the New Jersey-based Presbytery of the Palisade became the 87th presbytery to approve the ratification, making the change official.
  • Quakerism (See Homosexuality and Quakerism)
    • The Canadian Yearly Meeting supports the right of same-sex couples to marry.[citation needed]
    • Several American Quaker groups bless same-sex marriages.[citation needed]
  • Rainbow Catholics India now has representation at Mumbai, Goa, and Bangalore[24][25]
  • United Church of Canada: The General Council of the church accepts same-sex marriages. However, each individual congregation is free to develop its own marriage policies.
  • United Church of Christ: In 2005, the General Synod adopted a resolution supporting equal access to marriage for all couples, regardless of gender. This resolution encouraged (but did not require) individual congregations to adopt policies supporting equal marriage rights for same-sex couples.

A number of Christian ministries seek to create officially sanctioned "Safe-spaces" in a similar vein as gay-straight alliances in various schools. LGBT ministries differ from lay-lead movements for the inclusion of LGBT parishioners in that most lay movements do not receive open and official support from clergy. They also differ from LGBT-oriented congregations (such as those of the Metropolitan Community Church) formed explicitly for LGBT parishioners in that the clergy of such congregations are not historically motivated toward opposition to LGBT dignity and equality upon establishment of the denomination.[citation needed]

Judaism[]

A halachic egalitarian Pride minyan in Tel Aviv on the second Shabbat of Hanukkah.

See also: LGBT-affirming denominations in Judaism, Homosexuality and Judaism, Same-sex marriage and Judaism

The American branch of Conservative Judaism formally approves of same-sex marriage ceremonies.[26] As of 1992 with the Report of the Reconstructionist Commission on Homosexuality, the Reconstructionist Movement of Judaism has expressed its support for same-sex marriages as well as the inclusion of gay and lesbian people in all aspects of Jewish life. The Jewish Reconstructionist Federation leaves the choice of whether or not to perform same-sex marriages to individual rabbis but the procedure is included in the Reconstructionist Rabbi's Manual and many choose to use the traditional language and symbols of kiddushin.[27][28] Reform Judaism, the largest Jewish denomination in the United States, is generally supportive of LGBT rights and marriage.[29][30]

Istanbul LGBT pride parade in 2013, Taksim Square, Istanbul, Turkey.

Islam[]

See also: Liberalism and progressivism within Islam, LGBT in Islam

In France there was an Islamic same-sex marriage on February 18, 2012.[31] In Paris in November 2012 a room in a Buddhist prayer hall was used by gay Muslims and called a "gay-friendly mosque",[32] and a French Islamic website[33] is supporting religious same-sex marriage.

The Ibn Ruschd-Goethe mosque in Berlin is a liberal mosque open to all types of Muslims, where men and women pray together and LGBT worshippers are welcomed and supported.[34]

Muslims for Progressive Values, based in the United States and in Malaysia, is "a faith-based, grassroots, human rights organization that embodies and advocates for the traditional Qur'anic values of social justice and equality for all, for the 21st Century."[35] MPV has recorded "a lecture series that seeks to dismantle the religious justification for homophobia in Muslim communities." The lectures can be viewed at MPV Lecture Series.[36]

Buddhism[]

Main article: Buddhism and sexual orientation

Views on LGBT rights differ even within the same Buddhist tradition however many Buddhist leaders and groups have been historically supportive and continue to be supportive of LGBT people.[37][38][39][40]

Shunkō-in (春光院, Temple of the Ray of Spring Light) in Kyoto Japan that performs same-sex marriage ceremonies

Some modern Buddhist leaders were active in the movement for same-sex marriage rights in Taiwan which legalized same-sex marriages in 2019.[41][42][43][44]

In Thailand, some leaders in the Theravada tradition including Phra Payom Kalayano have expressed support for LGBT rights.[45][46] The Dalai Lama, the leader of the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism, has repeatedly "voiced his support for the full recognition of human rights for all people, regardless of sexual orientation."[47] In the most recent interview with the Dalai Lama on this topic (March 10, 2014), the Dalai Lama said gay marriage is "OK", provided it's not in contradiction with the values of one's chosen religion.[48][49] Also in the Tibetan tradition, the Nalandabodhi sangha has stated that they are welcoming of all sexual orientations and well-known Bhutanese lama Khyentse Norbu has expressed support for LGBT rights in Bhutan.[50][51]

Some members of the Navayana (Ambedkarite) Buddhists are supporting LGBT rights within their larger activist activities.[52]

Japan's culture and major religions do not have a history of hostility towards homosexuality.[53] Same-sex marriages are performed at Shunkō-in, a Rinzai Zen Buddhist temple in Kyoto, Japan.[54]

In western traditions, there is widescale support for LGBT rights including the European Buddhist Union,[55] the Buddhist Churches of America,[56][57][58] many Shin Buddhist groups,[59] and Zen leaders such as Thich Nhat Hanh.[60][61] The Federation of Australian Buddhist Councils (FABC), representing Buddhist laypeople, and the Australian Sangha Association vocally supported same-sex marriage in Australia.[62] Soka Gakkai International-USA (SGI-USA) is the most diverse Buddhist community in the United States with more than 500 chapters and some 100 centers throughout the country supports LGBT rights.[63] American Soka Gakkai Buddhists have performed same-sex union ceremonies since the 1990s.[64] In a PEW research poll, 88% of American Buddhists stated that homosexuality should be accepted.[65] This was a higher level of support than any other religious group studied.[65]

Chinese folk religion[]

Main article: Chinese folk religion

Tu'er Shen, also known as the Rabbit God, is a gay Chinese deity. In 2006, Lu Wei-ming founded a temple for Tu'er Shen in Yonghe District in the New Taipei City in Taiwan.[66] About 9,000 pilgrims visit the temple each year praying for a suitable (same-sex) partner.[67] The Wei-ming temple also performs love ceremonies for gay couples.[68] It is the world's only religious shrine for homosexuals.[69]

Shinto[]

Main article: Homosexuality in Japan

While Shinto beliefs are diverse, generally Japanese Shinto does condemn homosexuality and the formally organized Konkokyo sect is fully affirming.[70][71][72] Multiple Shinto leaders advocated in support of gay marriage in Hawaii.[73]

Epicureanism[]

Homosexuality was generally seen as normal in Ancient Greece and is today accepted in Epicureanism, as in other forms of secular humanism.[citation needed]

Pre-Colonial Religions of the Americas[]

Drawing by George Catlin (1796–1872) while on the Great Plains among the Sac and Fox Nation. Depicting a group of male warriors dancing around a male-bodied person in a woman's dress, non-Native artist George Catlin titled the painting Dance to the Berdache.

Among the Indigenous peoples of the Americas prior to European colonization, many Nations had respected ceremonial, religious, and social roles for homosexual, bisexual, and gender-nonconforming individuals in their communities and in many contemporary Native American and First Nations communities, these roles still exist.[74][75][76][77] Homosexual and gender-variant individuals were also common among other pre-conquest civilizations in Latin America, such as the Aztecs, Mayans, Quechuas, Moches, Zapotecs, and the Tupinambá of Brazil and were accepted in their various religions.[78][79]

Ancient Mesopotamian Religion[]

Individuals who went against the traditional gender binary were heavily involved in the cult of Inanna, an ancient Mesopotamian goddess.[80][81] During Sumerian times, a set of priests known as gala worked in Inanna's temples, where they performed elegies and lamentations.[80] Men who became gala sometimes adopted female names and their songs were composed in the Sumerian eme-sal dialect, which, in literary texts, is normally reserved for the speech of female characters. Some Sumerian proverbs seem to suggest that gala had a reputation for engaging in anal sex with men.[82] During the Akkadian Period, kurgarrū and assinnu were servants of Ishtar who dressed in female clothing and performed war dances in Ishtar's temples.[82] Several Akkadian proverbs seem to suggest that they may have also had homosexual proclivities.[82] Gwendolyn Leick, an anthropologist known for her writings on Mesopotamia, has compared these individuals to the contemporary Indian hijra.[80] In one Akkadian hymn, Ishtar is described as transforming men into women.[82] Some modern pagans include Inanna in their worship.[83]

Hinduism[]

Bahuchar Mata is sometimes considered a patron goddess of the Hijras.
Main article: Hinduism and LGBT topics

There is no central authority to speak on behalf of all Hindus and, therefore, each Sampradaya, temple, and religious leader may have differing opinions. The Gay & Lesbian Vaishnava Association, is a nonprofit religious organization offering positive information and support to LGBTQI Vaishnavas and Hindus more generally[84] The Hindu American Foundation (HAF) states that one of Hinduism's core teachings is that every being is Divine or a reflection of Divine qualities, regardless of one's outer attributes.[85] HAF states that this and other fundamental and ancient Hindu teachings may allow Hindus to more openly embrace LGBT rights and marriage equality.[85] HAF supports marriage equality for all Americans and submitted amicus briefs in various U.S. courts, including the U.S. Supreme Court, to this end.[85] Anil Bhanot, general secretary of The United Kingdom Hindu Council said: "The point here is that the homosexual nature is part of the natural law of God; it should be accepted for what it is, no more and no less. Hindus are generally conservative but it seems to me that in ancient India, they even celebrated sex as an enjoyable part of procreation, where priests were invited for ceremonies in their home to mark the beginning of the process."[86] Many queer-affirming Hindus look to LGBT themes in Hindu mythology and LGBT content in pre-modern Indian as reasons to support and celebrate LGBT people.[87][88][89]

Raëlians[]

The Raëlian Movement looks positively on sexuality including homosexuality. Raël recognised same-sex marriage, and a Raëlian press release said that sexual orientation is genetic and likened discrimination against gays to racism.[90] Some Raëlian leaders have performed licensed same-sex marriages.[91]

Santa Muerte[]

The cult of Santa Muerte is a new religious movement[92] centered on the worship of Santa Muerte, a cult image, female deity, and folk saint which is popularly revered in Mexican neo-paganism and folk Catholicism.[93] A personification of death, she is associated with healing, protection, and safe delivery to the afterlife by her devotees.[94] Santa Muerte is also revered and seen as a saint and protector of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) communities in Mexico,[95][96][97][98] since LGBTQ+ people are considered and treated as outcasts by the Catholic Church, evangelical churches, and Mexican society at large.[95][98] Many LGBTQ+ people ask her for protection from violence, hatred, disease, and to help them in their search for love. Her intercession is commonly invoked in same-sex marriage ceremonies performed in Mexico.[99][100] The Iglesia Católica Tradicional México-Estados Unidos, also known as the Church of Santa Muerte, recognizes gay marriage and performs religious wedding ceremonies for homosexual couples.[101][102][103][104]

Satanism[]

In both of the two primary mainstream satanic denominations, sex is viewed as an indulgence, but one that should only be freely entered into with consent. The Satanic Temple appears to be more vocally supportive of the LGBTQIA+ community. Satanists from The Satanic Temple are pluralists, accepting bisexuals, lesbians, gays, transgender people, BDSM, and polyamorists. On July 14, 2013, The Satanic Temple travelled to the Mississippi gravesite of the mother of Westboro Baptist Church founder, Fred Phelps. They performed a 'pink mass' ritual, aiming to make Phelps believe that The Satanic Temple had "turned his mother gay".[105]

LaVeyan Satanism is critical of Abrahamic sexual mores, considering them narrow, restrictive and hypocritical. The Eleven Satanic Rules of the Earth which are specific to the Church of Satan, only give two instructions regarding sex: "Do not make sexual advances unless you are given the mating signal" and "Do not harm little children", though the latter is much broader and encompasses physical and other abuse.[106] This has been a consistent part of Church of Satan policy since its inception in 1966.[107]

In a 2004 essay supporting same-sex marriage:

The Church of Satan is the first church to fully accept members regardless of sexual orientation and so we champion weddings/civil unions between adult partners whether they be of opposite or the same sex. So long as love is present and the partners wish to commit to a relationship, we support their desire for a legally recognized partnership, and the rights and privileges which come from such a union.

— Magister Peter H. Gilmore[108]

However, the Church of Satan began marketing an anti-equality polo shirt in March 2015, just 3 months before the Supreme Court legalized gay marriage.[109]

Theistic Satanists also oppose homophobia.[110]

Sikhism (Sikhi)[]

Main article: Sikhism and sexual orientation

As individuals, many Sikhs support LGBT rights, civil partnerships, and same sex marriage because of the religion's emphasis on justice and equality.[111][112][113][114] Civil partnerships and same sex marriage are not banned in the Guru Granth Sahib.[111] LGBT-affirming Sikhs point to the Sikh belief that marriage is a union of souls.[115] In Sikhism, the soul is seen as genderless, and the outward appearance of human beings (man, woman) is a temporary state.[116]

While not a denomination, the organization Sarbat is a mixture of both practicing and non-practicing Sikhs with a focus on LGBT rights.[117] The core ethics of the group include the concept of Seva (selfless service), treating others with equality and respect, acknowledgement of the five fundamental human qualities Gurus extensively advocated of Sat (truth), Daya (compassion), Santokh (contentment), Nimrata (humility), and Pyaar (love), and confidentiality and discretion.[117]

Unitarian Universalism[]

Main article: Unitarian Universalism and LGBT people

Unitarians and the Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA) have a long-standing tradition of welcoming LGBTQ+ people. The UUA position states that, "Each of us has worth and dignity, and that worth includes our gender and our sexuality. As Unitarian Universalists (UUs), we not only open our doors to people of all sexual orientations and gender identities, we value diversity of sexuality and gender and see it as a spiritual gift. We create inclusive religious communities and work for LGBTQ justice and equity as a core part of who we are. All of who you are is sacred. All of who you are is welcome."[118]

The first ceremony of union performed by a UU minister for a same-gender couple was reportedly done in the late 1950s. It became more commonplace in the late 1970s and early 1980s.[119] The UUA has been ordaining people regardless of sexual orientation since the 1970s, and the first openly transgender person was ordained in 1988.[119] The UUA expects all ministers to show ministerial competency in the area of human sexuality before being approved for ordination.[119] In 2004 the UUA President's Freedom to Marry Fund was launched.[119] In 2009 Standing on the Side of Love was launched, a public advocacy campaign that seeks to harness love's power to stop oppression.[119] The campaign provides a platform for freedom to marry efforts, among other causes.[119]

African Diasporic Religions[]

Main article: Haitian Vodou and sexual orientation

Within Candomblé, a syncretic religion founds primarily found in Brazil, there is widespread (though not universal) support for gay rights, many members are LGBT, and have performed gay marriages.[120][121][122][123] Practitioners of Santería, primarily found in Cuba, generally (though not universally) welcome LGBT members and include them in religious or ritual activities.[124][125] Also a Brazilian syncretic religion, Umbanda houses generally support LGBT rights and have performed gay marriages.[126][127][128][129] Homosexuality is religiously acceptable in Haitian Vodou.[130][131][132] The lwa or loa (spirits) Erzulie Dantor and Erzulie Freda are often associated with and viewed as protectors of queer people.[133][134] The lao Ghede Nibo is sometimes depicted as an effeminate drag queen and inspires those he inhabits to lascivious sexuality of all kinds.[135][136]

Wicca[]

Main article: Modern Pagan views on LGBT people

Many Wiccans are generally welcoming of LGBTQ+ people. Wiccans tend to view sex in a positive light without guilt.[137] Some strands of Wicca go beyond welcoming queer people and actively celebrate gay relationships.[138]

See also[]

References[]

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