Document.no

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Document.no
Document logo.svg
Type of site
Online magazine
Available inNorwegian
OwnerDocument.no AS
EditorHans Rustad
URLwww.document.no
Launched14 January 2003
Part of a series on
Islamophobia
No mosque
Issues
Status by country
Specific incidents
Organisations
Media
Opposition
  • v
  • t

Document.no is a Norwegian far-right[1] anti-immigration website.[2] It has been described as "a website rife with anti-Muslim and hard right rhetoric."[3] According to Sindre Bangstad, an expert on the far right, the website is permeated by the Eurabia conspiracy theory.[1]  [no] described Document.no as part of a far-right echo chamber[4] and a report on extremism on the Internet published in 2013 by the Ministry of Justice and Public Security described Document.no as an "extremist website."[5] The website received global media attention in connection with the 2011 Norway attacks, due to its association with the perpetrator of the attack Anders Behring Breivik, a contributor to the website.[1][6]

It describes itself as an independent publication focusing on politics, public debate, media criticism and culture.[7] The articles published in Document.no are often critical towards Islam[8][9] and immigration,[10][11] and supportive of Israel[12] and the United States.[13][14] A number of experts and commentators have described the site as Islamophobic;[15] the Norwegian Centre Against Racism considers it to be only sometimes Islamophobic,[16] while others consider it to be within legitimate political debate.[17][18][19][20][10]

Document originally began as a small publishing company,[10] and in addition to books[21] it has also published a printed periodical starting in 2013.[22] The website was launched by its owner Hans Rustad in 2003, and is owned by the limited company with the same name.[23][24][25]

History and impact[]

Document.no began publishing as a blog on 14 January 2003. It moved from having the form of a blog to being a news site, as more authors as Christian Skaug, Nina Hjerpset-Østlie and Hanne Tolg joined the editorial team. Today it is referred to[by whom?] as an online newspaper.[21][26] The editor Hans Rustad was admitted to Norsk Redaktørforening (The Association of Norwegian Editors) in 2018.[citation needed]

By 2011 the website reached an audience of up to 40,000 unique visitors every week.[27] The website reached 145,000 unique monthly visitors in December 2014,[28] and nearly 270 000 unique visitors in September 2016.[29] In january 2020, the monthly number of unique visitors (IP-addresses) surpassed 700.000.

Document.no received global media attention in July 2011 when it became known that terrorist Anders Behring Breivik had contributed comments to the site, attended one of its events and been in contact with its owner Rustad over a possible cooperation.[1][30] In 2015, Wales-based blogger Hanne Tolg was investigated for alleged anti-Muslim posts on the site, and quit her job at a fire service in North Wales as a result of the investigation.[31] In 2016, Tolg's articles twice topped the list of most-shared articles on social media in Norway.[32]

According to Faktisk.no, the website's content is primarily shared by an overlapping far-right echo chamber on social media.[4]

Government blasphemy bill[]

The website has been cited as the main player when for the first time in Norwegian history, in 2009 "bloggers" were credited for successfully setting the national political agenda. Document.no had criticized a government "blasphemy bill", a proposed extension of §185 with regards to "hate speech so that the provision protects the need for a criminal law protection against qualified attack on religions and belief." The proposed bill was met with nearly no exposure in the mainstream media, until close to a month later, although it had been criticizised as an attack on democracy in Danish newspapers. Eventually the bill became criticized as attacking freedom of speech, and an online petition against it was supported by numerous notable figures and organisations in Norway. The pressure caused the government to later retract the proposal.[33][34][35]

NRK "Roma woman" feature[]

Nina Hjerpset-Østlie, writing for document.no was the first to break a scandal regarding an eight-minute news feature about a Roma woman in the public service broadcaster NRK in January 2013. In the NRK-feature, Roma woman Mirela Mustata was presented as a victim of Norwegian law system prejudice against Roma people, however document.no could report that the woman who was presented as a victim had actually been convicted for co-conspiring to the rape of her own 11-year-old daughter, having received payment for it. It was later found that NRK had been aware of this, but chose not to report it in the feature because it, according to them, would make the case too complicated.[36] The case was gradually rolled up by other commentators and gained widespread reporting in mainstream media, causing a major scandal for NRK.[21][19][37][38] NRK later apologized for broadcasting the feature.[39]

Reception[]

Media and commentators[]

The site has been described by Aftenposten as "an Islam-critical and Israel-friendly, so-called blue-blog",[12] and by Dagbladet as "Islam-critical and socially conservative."[40] Klassekampen has described it as a "leading online magazine" and has criticized it for not being transparent about the founding,[20] and among the political right's "most important arenas for debate" around immigration and Islam.[21] The Norwegian Centre Against Racism has described it as "the closest to an intellectual arena of debate" around the same topics for many on the political far right.[16]

Helge Øgrim, editor of Journalisten, the journal of the Norwegian Union of Journalists, in July 2011 described document.no as an "anti-immigrant forum which has evolved into a hotbed of galloping Islamophobia,"[41] but later backtracked in a comment on document.no, stating that he might have gone too far in his criticism of Rustad.[42] Lars Gule described it in The Vancouver Sun as "a far-right web forum" that is "dominated by Islamophobic and anti-immigration commentary",[43] while the conservative Muslim commentator Mohammad Usman Rana has called it "a right-wing populist and Muslimphobic interest group".[44] Writer on right-wing extremism Øyvind Strømmen however rejects that the website is far-right, instead describing the authors as "socially conservative immigration-opponents".[45] The Swedish Expo has described it as "right-wing radical and Islamophobic",[46] but according to the Norwegian Centre Against Racism, although the website includes strong criticism of immigration and Islam, it cannot be labelled far-right or outright Islamophobic even if it on occasion has published texts considered Islamophobic.[16]

According to Klassekampen, others have praised the site for being "a serious and fact-based website" for criticism of Islam.[20] The New York Times has described document.no as "a popular conservative Website."[47] Yvonne Rundberg Savosnick, the former chairman of the Norwegian Union of Jewish Students, mentioned the site in a 2009 feature with the student newspaper at the University of Oslo, Universitas, because of its "critical view of the Norwegian press," although she stateed that she "rarely agreed with everything" on the website.[48] Author and former Aschehoug editor Halvor Fosli has expressed support for many of the website's positions, and has been involved in some limited publishing cooperation.[21] Elin Ørjasæter in 2013 wrote that the site includes "journalistic pearls and fresh revelations".[20] Aftenposten columnist in 2013 described document.no as "one of Norway's most important media", and as "obligatory reading" for everyone wanting to follow the immigration-debate.[19][20]

In 2011, Hans Rustad complained to the Professional Committee of the Press over an article in the local newspaper Eidsvoll Ullensaker Blad, which described Rustad as a chief exponent of the "brown goo", stating that "it does not matter what the spill call themselves, this is very similar to Nazism" and concluding that "we do not want Behring Breivik, Rustad and other nutjobs to set the agenda". The committee criticized the article, emphasizing that it mostly discouraged the use of the term "Nazi" when referring to individuals.[49]

Document has been described as a website that features anti-Muslim[15] and "hard right" rhetoric.[54] A report on extremism on the Internet published in 2013 by the Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Security cites Document.no as an example of an "extremist website".[5] According to Sindre Bangstad, an expert on the far right, the website is permeated by the Eurabia conspiracy theory.[55] In September 2020, the leader of the Norwegian Young Conservatives said Document.no is a "website propagating hate against minorities" and asked that conservatives don't "legitimise" the website by linking to it.[56] The website claimed she was unable to substantiate her allegations when confronted by the publication later that month.[57]

Anders Behring Breivik[]

Anders Behring Breivik, the perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks, posted numerous posts on document.no (mainly in 2009) and praised the founder Hans Rustad.[58] He also attended an open meeting of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), affiliated with the website, in the fall of 2009.[59] Breivik reportedly sought to start a Norwegian version of the Tea Party movement in cooperation with the owners of document.no, who initially expressed interest but ultimately turned down his proposal because he did not have the contacts he promised.[58] Breivik eventually became disaffected with the website because he found it to be too moderate for his views.[21] When Breivik was named as the arrested, the website became unreachable due to an extreme increase in traffic.[60] Rustad expressed bleakness with inevitably having to be associated with Breivik, while maintaining that Breivik had disguised his extremist views through relatively moderate, non-violent user comments (which were compiled and made available on the site).[58]

Guest articles[]

In 2013 , a columnist in Aftenposten, said that the most controversial contents of the website

"are the guest articles. Geert Wilders has had several articles. had an article about African immigrants' low intelligence. Critics use this as evidence that the editorial board of Document are racists and haters of Islam. At the same time there is nothing in the commentaries by the website's permanent writers, which indicate this".[19]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d , Anders Breivik and the Rise of Islamophobia, Zed Books, 2014, ISBN 9781783600083
  2. ^ "Skremmende hat". 23 July 2011.
  3. ^ Ward, Andrew; Wigglesworth, Robin (25 July 2011). "Killings sure to stir immigration debate". Financial Times.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b "Her er ekkokammeret". Faktisk.no. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Inger Marie Sunde, Forebygging av radikalisering og voldelig ekstremisme på internett [Prevention of radicalization and violent extremism on the Internet] (p. 28), Norwegian Police University College, Report 1/2013
  6. ^ "Attacks strike at Norway's values". BBC News. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  7. ^ jandoc. "Om oss". Document (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  8. ^ "Terror in Norwegen - Das Netzwerk der Hass-Blogger". Der Standard. 26 July 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  9. ^ "Norvège: Anders Behring Breivik aurait copié-collé des textes de Kaczynski, dit Unabomber". Slate.fr. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c Lars Akerhaug. "Fortsatt kontrær". Minerva. 7 January 2014.
  11. ^ http://www.information.dk/274168
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b Henmo, Ola (20 February 2009). "Dynamittgubben". Aftenposten, A-magasinet (in Norwegian). p. 20.
  13. ^ Bangstad, Sindre (26 May 2016). "Norwegian Right-Wing Discourses: Extremism Post-Utøya". In Pratt, Douglas; Woodlock, Rachel (eds.). Fear of Muslims?: International Perspectives on Islamophobia. Springer International. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-3-319-29698-2. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  14. ^ "Samles mot islam".
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b [50][51][52][53]
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b c Shoaib Sultan; Rune Berglund Steen (June 2014). "Høyreekstremisme i Norge" (PDF). Norwegian Centre Against Racism: 20. At times, the website can lie close to Islamophobia and publish Islamophobic texts, but the editorial team behind the website has to a large extent attempted to mark a line about where the distinctions between Islam-criticism and Islamophobia goes [...] to label the website as far-right or onesidedly Islamophobic would however be wrong. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. ^ Shakeel Rehman. "«Document er ikke rasister»". Aftenposten. 20 December 2013. [1]
  18. ^ Gunnar Stavrum (editor). "Document.no - elsket og hatet". Nettavisen. 18 December 2013.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b c d (18 December 2013). "Går alene mot strømmen". Aftenposten. p. 41.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "– Vis kortene". Klassekampen. 23 January 2014.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "På vei til Document.no". Klassekampen. 22 January 2014.
  22. ^ http://www.utrop.no/Nyheter/Innenriks/26532
  23. ^ Norge i Dag 21 December 2012, "En ikke-representative elite domminerer nyhetsbildet" Archived 22 February 2013 at archive.today
  24. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. ^ Klassekampen 6 May 2006, "Vil ta friheten i forsvar" Archived 19 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ "Fra blogg til nettavis". Journalisten. 3 September 2008.
  27. ^ Nipen, Kjersti (23 July 2011). "- Han ville organisere det nasjonalkonservative Norge". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  28. ^ "Red.: Document hadde 145.000 unike lesere i desember". 20 January 2015.
  29. ^ "Red.: Document-suksessen fortsetter: 270.000 unike IP-adresser i september". 18 October 2016.
  30. ^ "Breivik lot som han var moderat på nettet".
  31. ^ Jez Hemming: North Wales fire service employee quits amid investigation into alleged posts on far-right website, Daily Post 25 Aug., downloaded 2 Jan 2017
  32. ^ Norway 2016: Daily top stories Hanne Tolg tops the lists on 24 Dec 2016 and 27 May 2016
  33. ^ Thorenfeldt, Gunnar (4 February 2009). "Bloggere senket regjeringens blasfemi-forslag". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  34. ^ "Frykter forbud mot religionskritikk i Norge". 15 January 2009.
  35. ^ "Regjeringen vil verne religioner mot kritikk". 19 December 2008.
  36. ^ "Derfor unnlot NRK å fortelle om barnevoldtekt".
  37. ^ "Dagsrevyens groteske journalistikk". Dagbladet. 25.01.2013.
  38. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  39. ^ "NRK må rydde opp".
  40. ^ Dagbladet 4 February 2009, "Bloggere senket regjeringens blasfemi-forslag"
  41. ^ "Retter krass kritikk mot nettsted". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). 24 July 2011. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  42. ^ "Ikke en gang Åsne Seierstad". Document.no (in Norwegian). 6 September 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  43. ^ Peter O'Neil (27 July 2011). "Expert says he confronted mass murderer Anders Behring Breivik about his views". The Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  44. ^ Brandvold, Åse (13 March 2009). "– Bare Frp som vinner". Klassekampen (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  45. ^ Are Vogt Moum. "Nyttig bok – men det viktigste mangler". Utrop. 15 April 2012.
  46. ^ Expo: Expert: 10 000 kan dela Breiviks världsbild
  47. ^ "Oslo Suspect Cultivated Parallel Life to Disguise 'Martyrdom Operation'". The New York Times. 24 July 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  48. ^ "Pensum". Universitas (in Norwegian). 21 January 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  49. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  50. ^ Eriksen, Thomas Hylland (18 November 2016). "Social Anthropology and the Shifting Discourses about Immigrants in Norway". Engaged Anthropology: Views from Scandinavia. Springer International. p. 105. ISBN 978-3-319-40484-4. Retrieved 22 October 2020 – via Google Books.
  51. ^ Gardell, Mattias (January 2014). "Crusader Dreams: Oslo 22/7, Islamophobia, and the Quest for a Monocultural Europe" (PDF). Terrorism and Political Violence. Taylor & Francis. 26 (1): 132. doi:10.1080/09546553.2014.849930. S2CID 144489939. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  52. ^ Døving, Cora Alexa (20 February 2020). ""Muslims Are..."". In Hoffmann, Christhard; Moe, Vibeke (eds.). The Shifting Boundaries of Prejudice: Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia in Contemporary Norway. Scandinavian University Press. doi:10.18261/978-82-15-03468-3-2019-09.
  53. ^ Ranstorp, Magnus (2013). "'Lone Wolf Terrorism'. The Case of Anders Breivik". Sicherheit und Frieden. Nomos. 31 (2): 89. doi:10.5771/0175-274x-2013-2-87. ISSN 0175-274X. JSTOR 24234145.
  54. ^ Ward, Andrew; Wigglesworth, Robin (25 July 2011). "Killings sure to stir immigration debate". Financial Times.
  55. ^ , Anders Breivik and the Rise of Islamophobia, Zed Books, 2014, ISBN 9781783600083
  56. ^ Falnes, Johan (11 September 2020). "Unge Høyre-lederen ber partifolk slutte å dele saker fra Document.no". Journalisten.no (in Norwegian).
  57. ^ Thuestad, Øyvind (22 September 2020). "Unge Høyre-lederen koblet Document til dødstrusler, hat og hets: Nekter å begrunne anklagene". Document.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  58. ^ Jump up to: a b c NTB (23 July 2011). "Tungt å bli rost av den terrorsiktede". DN.no. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  59. ^ "Som en liten gutt". bt.no. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  60. ^ "Document.no nede for telling". fvn.no. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.

External links[]

Retrieved from ""