Drabant Corps of Charles XII

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Drabant Corps of Charles XII
Drabants fighting at the Düna – Johan Henrik Schildt
Active	1700–1718
Country	Sweden
Branch	Swedish Army
Type	Cavalry
Role	Elite combat and bodyguard unit
Size	100–200 (168)[a]
Garrison/HQ	Östra och Västra boställshuset
Colours	None
Engagements	Great Northern War Narva (1700) Düna (1701) Kliszów (1702) Pułtusk (1703) Thorn (1703) Lemberg (1704) Tillendorf (1704) Grodno (1706) Byerazino (1708) Holowczyn (1708) Rajovka (1708) Opishnia (1709) Khukhra (1709) Gorodnoye (1709) Poltava (1709) Bender (1713) Stresow (1715) Stralsund (1715)
Commanders
Notable commanders	Captain: Charles XII † Captain lieutenants: Arvid Horn (1696–1705) Carl Wrangel (1706–1707) Otto Wrangel † (1707–1708) Gustaf Hård (1710–1717) Johan Giertta (1717–1722)

The Drabant Corps of Charles XII (Swedish: Karl XII:s Drabantkår) was the most prestigious unit in the Swedish Army, commanded by the Swedish king during the time of the Great Northern War. As a result of the reforms of 1700, all personnel in the corps received an officer's rank with increased wages, while its nominal size was eventually set at 168 men. Those serving as Drabants were almost exclusively recruited from the Swedish Empire, with most coming from Sweden. The corps was issued the finest weapons, horses, and clothing of all units, often adorned with gracious gold lacing. It fought according to the cavalry regulations of the Caroleans, emphasizing the cold-steel charge in slight wedge formations, knee behind knee, over the more common caracole. This strategy allowed it to function both as a bodyguard for the king as well as an elite combat unit, often playing a crucial role in the battles despite its relatively small size. During the war, the corps frequently marched with the main army and the king, fighting in most of his battles.

The Drabants participated in the Landing at Humlebæk against Denmark, in 1700, but did not see any action. They were sent to Swedish Livonia and Estonia later the same year along with the main army, and won a decisive victory at Narva over the Russians. The following year, the Drabants participated in the Crossing of the Düna, being instrumental to the Swedish success in the battle over the Saxons. The victory was followed up with the Swedish invasion of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the successful Battle of Kliszów in 1702, where the Drabants fought in the bitter cavalry engagement on the right flank. The Drabants along with the king's army then dealt two heavy blows to Augustus II's cavalry and infantry the following year, in the engagements at Pułtusk and Thorn respectively. In 1704, the corps participated in the storming of Lemberg and, as the Saxons were chased out of Poland, the annihilation of a Russian force at Tillendorf. After having quartered at Rawicz for a longer period, the Drabants fought several skirmishes near Grodno in 1706, as Charles XII was starving the Russians out. The same year, they followed their king during the invasion of Saxony, where Augustus finally saw himself defeated.

The following year, Charles XII launched a campaign against Russia, his last enemy; the Drabants saw some action at Byerazino in 1708, after which they fought heroically at the Battle of Holowczyn, losing their captain lieutenant and many others. Afterward, they saved their king at the Battle of Rajovka. They partook in Charles' February offensive early the next year, which ended in the desperate struggle at Gorodnoye, after having run through both Opishnia and Khukhra. While besieging Poltava, the campaign culminated in the ensuing battle and following surrender, forcing the king to flee to the Ottoman Empire with his Drabants. After a longer stay there, the Drabants hopelessly fought at Bender in 1713, where they were captured. After being released, they marched towards Swedish Pomerania the following year, along with their king; the dwindled corps fought in the defense of Stralsund and the Battle of Stresow in 1715, before once again setting foot in Sweden proper the next year. The remaining Drabants were merged with the newly raised Life Squadron. The formation took part in the invasion of Norway in 1718, which ended abruptly with the death of their king; the Drabants remained somewhat idle for the rest of the war, until peace was finally secured.

Background[]

Drabant outfit issued in 1695

In 1523, following the Swedish War of Liberation, a Drabant corps was created out of the bodyguards which had accompanied Gustav I during the war. The small corps functioned solely as palace guards until the reign of Charles IX, in the early 1600s, when it also became a combat unit. Due to its small size, the corps was later incorporated into the King's Life and Court Regiment (the ) by Gustavus Adolphus, as the foremost company. Following the death of her father at the Battle of Lützen, Christina created an independent company (Compagnie de Guardia) out of the surviving veteran-Drabants, once again serving as palace guards. In 1654, a noble-company in the King's regiment, which had been raised the previous year, seized the role as a Drabant corps meant for combat.^[8]

After the coronation of Charles X, the King's regiment was reorganized into both infantry and cavalry, with the name Royal Majesty's Life Guards of Horse and Foot. The Drabant noble-company (Guardie de Corpus) served as the only cavalry, until 1657 when two Horse Guard companies were also incorporated. After the death of Charles X, in 1660, the Drabant company—albeit still cavalry—was incorporated into the Life company (infantry) of the same regiment, while the remaining cavalry companies were disbanded the year after. In the eve of the Danish invasion of Scania in 1675, Charles XI reorganized the Life Regiment into a formation similar to the times of his father; once again, only one company of cavalry was formed (Royal Majesty's Drabants), of which core composed of the Drabants who had now separated from the infantry. The company, alongside its regiment, participated in all the well-known battles of the war. On 28 July 1700 (18 July according to the Swedish calendar), less than three years after his coronation, Charles XII reformed the Drabant company. The Royal regiment became known as the Royal Majesty's Life Guards of Foot, while the Drabants were made into an independent corps—under the personal command of the king.^[9]

Organization[]

According to the regulations of 1695, the nominal size of the Drabant company was 200 privates, 4 officers, and 8 non-commissioned officers,^[b] split into six corporalships (a body of soldiers under a corporal's command). The Drabant corps was initially garrisoned in Arboga (four corporalships) and Köping (two corporalships), until 1700, when a certain Drabant residence was built in Stockholm (today's Östra och Västra boställshuset)—because of the campaigns of the Great Northern War, however, the residence remained empty from Drabants. Apart from 25 Drabants, who always remained on guard-duty with the king whenever he resided in Stockholm,^[10] the corps was a strict combat unit.^[11] Unlike the provincial regiments, which were often allotted, the Drabant corps was värvat (enlisted).^[12]

Reforms[]

Charles XII's ceremony on 23 December 1697, with the Drabants standing guard

On 1 January 1700, Charles XII dismissed 42 old and weak Drabants in favor of young and healthy lieutenants, second lieutenants, cornets, NCOs and privates from other regiments.^[c][13] On 28 July, he made himself the commanding officer (entitled captain) over the corps, while the previous lieutenant colonel, Carl Nieroth, became the commanding officer over another regiment. Furthermore, the second-in-command (entitled captain lieutenant), Arvid Horn, was promoted to major general over the cavalry.^[15][16] An additional 53 Drabants were dismissed on 18 September,^[17] while the six vice-corporals had been promoted to corporals;^[18] thus the actual nominal size became one commanding officer, one captain lieutenant, two lieutenants, one quartermaster, one adjutant,^[1] and 12 corporalships (each with one corporal and 12 common-Drabants).^[3] In total, 150 common-Drabants and 18 men of higher ranks (including Charles XII).^[4] The corps held no military colours or standards.^[19] Until 1716, the official name for the corps was: "Kongl. Maij:tz Drabanter" (Royal Majesty's Drabants); it was also frequently called the "Guarde de Corps till häst" (Guard Corps of Horse), and less frequently the "Lif-Drabante-Corpsen" (Life Drabant Corps).^[20][21]

On 17 February 1702, it was decided that the corporalships would take turns bodyguarding the king at the headquarters,^[3][22] with at least four Drabants from the corporalship being with him at all times.^[23] The corps normally camped next to and marched with Charles XII and the headquarters during the war.^[24][25][26] On 29 November 1706, the vice-corporals were reintroduced as it was decided that every corporalship would now have one,^[27] with a rank next to that of a captain in the Life Guards of Foot.^[18][28] In 1716, after many years of campaigning and an insufficient amount of recruits, the corps was too small to act independently.^[29] For this reason, Charles created a Life Squadron (360 men, excluding officers and NCOs) which he placed under the command of the Drabants;^[30] its official name was "Kongl. Maij:tz Drabanter och Lif-Escadron" (Royal Majesty's Drabants and Life Squadron),^[31] or the "Kongl. Maij:tz Lif-Guardie till häst" (Royal Majesty's Life Guard of Horse).^[32]

Ranks and wages[]

Charles XII in Altranstädt, in 1706

All Drabants were given an officer ranking:^[33] The rank of the captain lieutenant was made equal to that of a major general, admiral or Landshövding (governor); the Drabant-lieutenants had a rank comparable to a colonel; the Drabant-corporals had a rank next to a major; the adjutant and quartermaster had a rank equal to that of a lieutenant colonel; the commoners had a rank similar to that of a ryttmästare (captain) in the , or a captain in the .^[16][28] Evidently, only the officers from other regiments could be recommended to the corps, as long as they were experienced, capable and brave men.^[34][35] These changes made the corps "unlike anything else seen in Europe", according to Jöran Nordberg.^[14][36]

As per the reforms of 1700, the monthly wages increased often by three times as much, or more: The wage for a common-Drabant, which amounted to 41 copper dollar and 20 öre (almost 14 silver dollars) in 1697, was increased to 60 silver dollars; the captain lieutenant received 400 silver dollars; the two lieutenants received 300 each; the adjutant and quartermaster received 100 each; the 12 corporals received 80 each. However, the ranks below lieutenants now had to pay for their own accouterment, unlike prior to the reforms. Excluding the non-combatants, the monthly cost for 200 commoners and 17 Drabants of higher ranks amounted to 14,160 silver dollars, or 169,920 for a whole year; the cost was 11,160 and 133,920 respectively for 150 commoners and 17 Drabants of higher ranks—which would de facto become the nominal size.^[4][37][38]

Personnel[]

While the nobility of Sweden and Livonia was largely represented in the corps, it did not dominate. From the time when Charles XII seized the command in 1700, until his death in 1718, about 380 men served as Drabants, all coming from different positions and ranks; 150 came from the earlier Drabant-company, of whom 53 were retired already in September 1700 as previously noted. Apart from these, 64 ryttmästare and captains, 14 captain lieutenants or quartermasters, 92 lieutenants, 17-second lieutenants or cornetts, and 19 NCOs or privates are known to have been recruited.^[39]

Almost every Swedish regiment had to release their bravest and most capable soldiers: 19 came from the Life Guards of Foot; 12 from the Life Regiment of horse; 12 came from the Uppland Regiment; 5 came from the Swedish Navy; between one and seven came from the remaining regiments (from within the borders of present-day Sweden). Furthermore, 21 men came from Finland, 40 from Swedish Estonia, Swedish Ingria, Swedish Livonia or Swedish Pomerania, while only 12 came from foreign service. Despite being largely recruited from within the borders of the Swedish Empire, and with strict disciplinary actions by Charles XII, the harmony in the corps was not always perfect; several Drabants died or were dismissed for having duelled, or been involved in such activities. Others were punished after being involved in serious quarrels, even during service; in 1703, two Drabants were sentenced to death by the court-martial for having "engaged in a brawl and exposed their swords during the picket guard"—they were, however, subsequently pardoned to life by the king.^[39]

Tactics[]

Swedish cavalry wedge formation according to the regulations of 1707

At the outbreak of the war, the Drabants fought according to the Swedish cavalry regulation of 1685; contrary to most of Europe, it emphasized on a pistol volley followed by the cold-steel charge, over the use of caracole (even though it was still being exercised). The squadron advanced at a trot and then, when reaching the enemy at a distance of 200–300 steps, exceeded to full gallop. The pistols were fired at 50–75 steps away, after which the squadron promptly struck the enemy in melee: following a successful charge, the squadron would ideally reestablish order and prepare the second pistols, before pursuing the enemy squadron; if the initial charge failed, the squadron would instead withdraw behind its own reserves and prepare for a new engagement. The tactical unit of the Swedish cavalry was the squadron, which consisted of two companies; the riders were formed up in three, and sometimes two ranks.^[40]

After early combat experiences, the usage of pistols during the charge quickly disappeared as the momentum and formation were emphasized even more; instead of firing a pistol volley, the squadron now charged sword in hand at full gallop. Instead of forming up in straight lines, the Swedish cavalry formed up in slight wedge formations, knee behind the knee: The men in the left-wing would have their right knees locked into the kneepits of the comrades obliquely in front of them to the right; the same principle—but opposite leg—was true for the men positioned in the right-wing. Following a successful charge, the outer wings of the squadron would now immediately pursue, while the center followed behind in an orderly gallop, ready to intervene against enemy reserves. With these changes, Charles XII had created the most effective cavalry of the day, largely patterned after the Drabants^[41][42]—who were seen charging only sword in hand already by the time of the Battle of Düna.^[43] The Drabants could temporarily seize the command over other units,^[44] but the corps was not a strict predecessor to the general staff—it was an elite unit, handpicked with only the most capable men who had distinguished themselves in combat.^[45] Despite its small size, the corps held prominent roles in the battles and was often instrumental to the success; it usually functioned similar to that of shock troops, to penetrate and create openings in the enemy lines for friendly units to exploit.^[46] It was equipped with only the finest weapons, horses and equipment available in the army,^[45] and was well-drilled, often by Charles XII personally.^[47][48]

Armament[]

Drabant sword model 1693 (left); Drabant sword model 1701 (right)

The type of weapons used by the Drabants was similar to that of the ordinary cavalry regiments;^[49] a sword, a carbine, as well as a pair of pistols—the Drabant sword and carbine, in particular, were among the finest weapons available at the time; in 1937, the Swedish fencer Nils Hellsten, commented that: "such an excellent sword, equally capable of both thrusting and slashing, has not existed in any army for the past 200 years".^[11]

Sword[]

From 1700 to 1703, the Drabants used a 112 cm long sword of model 1693 (m/1693), with a 95 cm long double-edged straight blade, with blood grooves; the width of the blade was 3,7 cm at the hilt, and 2,4 cm half a metre out from the hilt. The common-Drabants had hilts made out of polished blue tempered wrought iron, with the grip wrapped into gilded brass wire; the ranks above them presumably had gilded brass hilts and wire.^[50] In 1701, Charles XII ordered a new set of swords for his Drabants, to be made with the "finest goods possible"; they arrived in late 1703, during the campaign in Poland, with a cost of 14 and a 1/3 silver dollar for each sword. The m/1701 was about 121,5 cm long (103,9 cm long blade) and weighted around 1,7 kg; the width of the blade was at least 4,1 cm at the hilt, 3,1 cm half a metre out and 0,8 cm near the point.^[d] In contrast to the previous m/1693, there were no blood grooves and all hilts were now made of gilded brass. New swords were ordered in 1711 and 1717, with a similar appearance to that of the m/1701. In 1716, the ranks above the common-Drabants received new hilts.^[54] The sword had a ribbon of yellow and blue silk (possibly adorned with gold). The scabbard was made out of hardwood covered in chamois leather (moose), and was attached to a waist belt made out of blue velvet for the lieutenants (including captain lieutenant), and jagg (a simpler form of velvet) for the ranks below.^[55]

Carbine and pistols[]

Drabant carbine model 1699

At the outbreak of the war, the Drabants were armed with a pair of pistols and a foreign flintlock carbine that was at least 15 years old.^[56] In 1703, a new set of Swedish-produced Drabant carbines arrived along with the new swords, of French flintlock mechanism; m/1699 was 120,5 cm long and weighed 3,28 kg, it had a 86,5 cm long smoothbore barrel with a calibre of 19 mm. In contrast to many other Swedish firearms, it came with a reversible frizzen, as an extra safety measurement during transport.^[57] The new carbine-model, which had an effective range of approximately 30–35 m, cost at least 7 and a 1/3 silver dollar each and would be used throughout the rest of Charles XII's life. The carbine was secured by an iron hook, attached to the carbine belt.^[58]

There is some uncertainty regarding which pistols the Drabants used—if they were equipped with the common cavalry pistols or had one specially designed for them; it is possible that they used a pair of matchlock pistols until they were equipped with two regular flintlock cavalry pistols of model 1699 (if the Drabants used a specially designed model, the main differences would be the overall quality and price, while the specifications would remain mostly the same); it was 54 cm long, of which the smoothbore barrel was 35,8 cm with a caliber of 15,7 mm, and weighted 1,35 kg. The pistol had an effective range of approximately 10 m, and the cost for a pair was 7 silver dollar. Pistol m/1699 was later replaced by m/1704, which had similar specifications.^[59] In 1717, the Drabants were most likely equipped with a new pistol; m/1717 was 54 cm long (the barrel was 35,6 cm), with a caliber of 16,3 mm and a weight of 1,64 kg—the pistol was of very high quality, with the stock being made out of brown-stained birch, and the fittings of brass. The leather holster for the pistols was attached to the bridle or saddle. In addition to the previously mentioned weapons, the lieutenants were also provided with certain regimental rifles, or muskets, carried by their servants.^[60]

Appearance[]

Uniforms of the Drabants in 1701, at the Crossing of the Düna

In the beginning of 1700, the Drabants received new lavish uniforms, replacing the older skin sweaters^{[clarification needed]} and pants, as well as the blue cloth coats. The cloak was not replaced. In total, the price for the new uniforms, accessories, shabracks, and holster caps—which were all richly adorned with golden laces, gallons, and lashes—cost 56,000 silver daler, roughly the same amount required to equip four cavalry regiments (1,000 men each) with pistols and carbines.^[61] As stated in 1942,^{[citation needed]} the Drabant outfit of 1700 outshines everything the Swedish army has ever issued to a unit.^[62]

Uniform[]

The new appearance for the common-Drabants was as follows: Black tricorne hat (the hair was often pulled into an hair pouch or tucked under the hat) with a band, button, and snag, which was edged with 2,5 [Swedish] ells (≈148,5 cm) of gold lacing (galloon)^[63]—the Drabants also frequently carried wigs;^[64] black scarf of a length of 1 ell (≈59,4 cm); blue cloth coat with a lining of light blue rask (textile), which was tightened around the groin and loose at the bottom, with tucked-up tails and arm cuffs. It was adorned with 20,5 ells (≈12,17 m) of gold lacing, and 17,5 ells (≈10,39 m) long layer of gold, over and under the holes for the gilded brass buttons; mid-thigh long camisole (leather vest), adorned with 8 ells (≈4,75 m) of gold lacing and 13,5 ells (≈8 m) of gold across the buttonholes; skin pants that were tight around the knees, with no gold-lacing (only the lieutenants had adorned pants); stiff jackboots with broad cuffs, and polished black spurs with leather; blue cloth-cloak with a lining of boj (textile), rounded blue-collar, and gilded buckles; long gloves with thick collars made out of moose-leather and grips of buckskin, adorned with 2,5 ells (≈148,5 cm) of gold lacing. The uniform-luxury increased with rank: The lacing for the common-Drabants weighted 39 [Swedish] lod (≈0,55 kg); the ranks between the common-Drabants and lieutenants carried 112–132 lod (1,5–1,8 kg), while the lieutenants carried even more (depending on individual).^[63] As the Swedish army camped in Saxony in 1706–1707, foreign visitors reportedly claimed that they had never before seen such fine and warlike troops, referring to the Drabants.^[65] In 1717, once back in Sweden after many campaigns, the Drabants received new uniforms (from what is known of the appearance): The hats were adorned with 11 [Swedish] quarters (163 cm) of gold lacing and had a button similar to the ones in the coat; the coat had 28 gilded buttons while the camisole^{[clarification needed]} had 31 smaller buttons; the collars^{[clarification needed]} of the gloves, which no longer had any gold lacing, were made of thick oxhide while the grip was still being made with buckskin; the waist belts were now also made without any gold lacing.^[66]

Captain lieutenant Arvid Horn, wearing his Drabant-officer uniform and gorget

Armour and accessories[]

As was standard for the Swedish cavalry,^[49] the common-Drabants entered the war with breastplates that were thick enough to sustain musket shots, while the lieutenants also had back pieces that could sustain pistol shots. In 1701, Charles XII ordered 200 cuirasses for his common-Drabants, who would now be protected from both musket shots to the front and carbine shots to the back (thus better protected than the lieutenants); the cuirasses were thoroughly tested during the making. The cost for one cuirass was 20 silver dollars, and 4,000 silver dollars for the complete set. In addition to the cuirass, the lieutenants also carried gorgets with the royal cypher of Charles XII.^[67]

The waist belt for the sword was 6 cm wide and was made out of chamois leather (moose), adorned with blue jagg and 7,75 ells (≈4,6 m) of gold lacing;^[68] the carbine belt (worn over the left shoulder) was 10 cm wide and was made with chamois leather (moose), adorned with blue jagg and 8,25 ells (≈4,9 m) of gold lacing; the patron belt (worn over the right shoulder) was at least 3,5 cm wide and the frame was of iron-sheet, adorned with blue jagg and 2,75 ells (≈163 cm) of gold lacing.^[58] In total, the common-Drabants carried gold-lacing to a weight of 74 lod (≈1 kg), the lieutenants carried 223–320 lod (3,1–4,5 kg), while the ranks in-between carried 158–197 lod (2,1–2,7 kg).^[63] Furthermore, the Drabants were equipped with personal clothing, such as extra shoes, socks, shirts, and pants, etc.^[69]

Horses[]

The Drabants used the very best horses available in the army, all of which were carefully examined, both mentally and physically, and often bought abroad. The requirements for such a purchase was: between 5–7 years of age (if possible); no lower than nine quarters and a half (141 cm) and no higher than 10 quarters (148,5 cm)—measured from behind the saddle; strong and healthy legs with no flat-footed hooves; thick and broad chest and croup; no white, pale-red, or matte colors. In 1697, a purchase of 20 horses in Denmark cost up to 1,300 riksdaler species (2,600 silver dollars). By 1700, the prices for horses were increasing significantly.^[69] Certain stud farms had also been established in Strömsholm, Kungsör and Läckö, where stallions and mares were being imported from Norway, Livonia, Pomerania and France, for breeding purposes; the horses were primarily issued to the two elite cavalry regiments, the Life Regiment of Horse and the Drabants.^[70]

At the outbreak of the Great Northern War, the Drabants were, probably, still using saddles, pistol-holsters, and stirrups from 1695—which most likely resembled the appearance of the saddles later bought in 1717: Simple saddlery and cover (preferably of English leather, otherwise, polished with a double-layer of brass, with clutch belt); no breastplate (tack); pistol-holster of simple leather; halter of iron rings, with a well-grinded coupling hook; bridle and stirrups with gilded fittings and buckles. In 1700, the Drabants received new shabracks and caps for the pistol-holster, of blue cloth, adorned with gold-lashes and 7,75 ells (≈4,6 m) of wide and narrow gold-lacing for the common-Drabants, and even more for the higher ranks. Both corners of the shabrack were adorned with the king's name, under a royal crown embroidered in gold.^[69]

History[]

Unspecified cavalry engagement (possibly portraying the Landing at Humlebæk)

The corps departed for the war on 10 May. On 28 July, as Charles XII seized the command, it counted 198 men.^[71] The Drabants landed on Humlebæk, Zealand by mid-August,^[72] as the Swedish infantry had already secured the beachhead on 4 August. After peace was signed between Denmark and Holstein-Gottorp, the Drabants returned for Sweden, where they arrived on 1 September.^[71][73]

Baltic campaign[]

On 11 October, the Drabants (147 men) set off from Karlshamn towards Pärnu together with the king's army, to relieve the Swedish town of Narva which was besieged by the Russians under Peter I.^[74] On their way, a strong Russian detachment under Boris Sheremetev was defeated at Pühhajoggi Pass.^[75] The Drabants received their real baptism of fire in the ensuing Battle of Narva, on 30 November.^[74] Following the battle, the corps marched towards Laiuse, where they arrived four days later and established winter encampment together with the main army; although strictly forbidden, duels frequently occurred between the Drabants during this time, with five of them being dismissed as a result—dueling within the corps would be a continued problem during the following war-years, and would attribute to losses of about 6% of the total strength (compared to 17% who would be killed in action or die from their wounds).^[76]

The corps would not remain idle between the major battles, however, as they frequently accompanied the king in many of his ventures.^[e] Next, the Drabants followed the main army in the march towards Riga, which had earlier been besieged by the Saxon army; the two armies met at the banks of the Düna on 19 July 1701, where the Drabants significantly contributed to the victory over their enemies.^[76] Charles XII subsequently occupied Courland and, on 12 December, unexpectedly left his headquarters at Virga, to also drive the Lithuanians out of Samogitia. Concerned by these developments, Arvid Horn was sent out with 480 cavalries, of which 40 Drabants, to find him; they met with the king near Kėdainiai followed by a company of only eight people, after which they escorted him back to Virga.^[78] On his arrival there on 9 January 1702, Charles XII ordered the army to proceed further into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, against Warsaw, capturing the city on 25 May after having arrived there with the Drabants.^[79]

Charles XII with Drabants behind him at the Battle of Narva (top); Charles XII and the Drabants at the Crossing of the Düna (bottom)

Narva[]

The corps, which counted 151–158 men in two squadrons,^[74] was led by Arvid Horn and ,^[f] and was formed into the right cavalry-column on the left Swedish wing, under the command of Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld; its task was to cover the left flank of the infantry whilst it attempted to break through the Russian entrenchments near the Rathshof bastion, and to subsequently cut off the Russian escape route west—by securing the bridges (especially the Kamperholm Bridge) going over the Narva river (Narova). The Swedish infantry assault was successful,^[82] and the attack was soon followed by, among others, the Drabants; at this moment, as Charles XII had seized the command over Wrangel's squadron, many Russians could be seen fleeing out of the entrenchment towards the river. Apart from his Drabants, the king took with him a squadron of dragoons to attack fleeing Russians, forcing them back into the entrenchment.^[83][84] Meanwhile, Horn's squadron rode through the created openings in the entrenchments;^[74] once inside, it pressed on towards the Kamperholm Bridge, killing many fleeing Russians in the process.^[83]

The bridge soon collapsed under the weight of the fleeing mob, thus completely isolating the Russian army. A desperate stand was mounted in front of the bridge, with the cover of a wagon fort.^[85] During this time, Charles XII rode down into a moat in front of the entrenchments,^[86] but was assisted by the Drabant Axel Patrik Thomson.^[g][74] and two other soldiers, who dragged him up. He then rode to the Drabants, preparing for them to gå-på the Russian wagon fort, however, as the Life Guards of Foot arrived, he instead ordered them to commence the attack.^[86] After several attacks, all of which were repulsed, the Russians eventually gave in to the pressure and surrendered.^[85][87] The Drabants had sustained a loss of 11 killed and 28 wounded,^[h] of which five later succumbed to their wounds; the corps had an effective strength of 95 men after the battle, excluding 17 men who were sick.^[74] In total, the Swedes had 667 killed and 1,247 wounded, in comparison, between 7,000 and 12,000 Russians had been killed (according to their own estimates).^[89] After the battle, Charles made a victorious entry into Narva with his Drabants.^[90] The following day, a Russian company which had been dispersed during the fighting was captured by the Drabant Axel Patrik Thomson.^[74]

Düna[]

In the battle, the Drabants amounted to 135–140 men formed into one squadron, led by Arvid Horn; they were part of the small contingent of cavalry that was shipped over and positioned on the right Swedish wing,^[76][91] of which line stretched north of the Garras redoubt.^[92] As the Drabants landed, the infantry had already established a foothold,^[43] by which time the Saxon general launched an attack with 2,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry.^[93] The Drabants encountered the outermost cuirassier squadron on the Saxon left wing,^[i] which they charged sword in hand and, notwithstanding their volley, quickly threw back in disarray towards their second line; the same squadron soon rallied and once again attacked, but with the same outcome.^[43][95] The success was replicated along the whole Swedish line which steadily pressed on, pushing the enemy 200 paces inland.^[93]

At this time, with the first attack beaten back, Adam Heinrich von Steinau arrived with reinforcements, seized the command, and prepared for another attack; as the heavily outnumbered Swedes had their left flank anchored to the river, von Steinau instead sent all his cavalry to their unsupported right, where the Drabants stood. Once again, the immediate Saxon squadrons were, without hesitation, charged and then chased away by the Drabants. Because of the great disparity in numbers, additional Saxon squadrons were then able to turn against the flanks of the Swedish infantry, causing disorder among the ranks—the Drabants then canceled their pursuit, turned around, and decisively fell into their rear, allowing the Swedish army to beat back even this attack.^[96][97] At this time, as the Drabants received well-needed reinforcements from the Life Regiment of Horse, a final attack was launched against their flank but was likewise repulsed, after which the Saxons retreated. The Swedes were unable to pursue the Saxons to any larger extent since the floating bridge, meant to transfer over the bulk of cavalry, had not been completed in time.^[98] Despite being instrumental to the Swedish victory,^[96] the Drabants only suffered two men killed and 19 wounded (one mortally),^[j] among them the captain lieutenant.^[99] The Swedes had sustained a loss of 100 killed and 400 wounded in total, against 2,000 killed, wounded and captured of the enemy.^[100]

Polish campaign[]

Drabants at the Battle of Pułtusk; the Saxons can be seen retreating over the river

During the first half of 1702, in the Swedish invasion of the Commonwealth, the Drabants participated in many of the ceremonies in which the king received the Polish and Lithuanian magnates.^[101][102] The corps later fought valiantly against the Saxons under Augustus II at the Battle of Kliszów, on 19 July,^[103] which led to the capture of Kraków. Here, Charles broke his leg as his horse fell over him during a demonstration of horsemanship by Stenbock's newly raised Wallachian-style cavalry; the Drabants brought the king inside the town, where they quartered for some time.^[104] Following his recovery, they fought in the cavalry engagement at Pułtusk in 1703, where the Saxons lost more than 1,200 cavalries to only 20 Swedes.^[105][106] Afterwards, they marched in the vanguard,^[107] which drove the Saxon outposts back into Toruń; the town was taken on 14 October, following a siege which cost the Saxons near 6,000 killed and captured—to only 40 killed Swedes.^[108][109] The Drabants had camped near Charles XII as per usual, and had to endure some enemy artillery fire.^[110] On 17 May 1704 in Lidzbark, the stable master Axel Hård succumbed to his wounds after having been accidentally shot by Charles XII during a Drabant-exercise, two days earlier.^{[k][111][112][114]}

So long as I have ten Drabants by my side I shall always face them, even by the hundreds.^[l]

— Charles XII^[115]

On 6 September, the corps participated in the storming of Lviv in which the Drabant Jöran Silfverhielm personally captured the garrison commander, Franciszek Gałecki, hiding in a Jesuit monastery.^[116][117] The Drabants then witnessed the subsequent Polish surprise attack on the Swedish camp outside the town. When the king received news of Arvid Horn's ,^[m][119] he marched back to expel the Saxons from Poland. When the Swedish army crossed the Vistula river by the end of October, the enemies fled Warsaw, whereas many of them were captured in the pursuit;^[120] at one occasion, three Drabants disarmed and captured 21 Russians and Saxons.^[121] The Drabants, being unable to catch up with the king, instead marched with Otto Vellingk's army; on 1 November, they encountered 300 cavalries in a rearguard, killing most of them while capturing a major and 60 men.^[122] Vellingk, along with his five regiments (including the Drabants), arrived at Poniec the day after the battle and from there marched to Tillendorf, near Wschowa (Fraustadt).^[123][124] Here, on 8 November, they intercepted 600–700 Russians in a wagon fort; the small Russian force after a brave defence—five men were captured and the rest killed,^[125] against 21 killed and 50 wounded Swedes. By the end of the month, Charles and the Drabants went into cantonment around Rawicz.^[126]

In early 1705, was ordered by Charles to raise a 200-man strong Trabant Corps (referred to as Carabiniers) for the newly elected Polish king Stanisław I,^[n] modeled after the Swedish Drabants; the unit, with Stanisław Poniatowski as a colonel and four lieutenants under him, was likewise issued fine clothing and weaponry, while also receiving a high salary.^[129][130] The Swedish Drabants decamped in late July and, after receiving news of the Battle of Warsaw, moved to Błonie, from where Charles could safeguard the coronation of Stanisław Leszczyński.^[131] Once completed, and with peace secured between Sweden and Poland, he marched against the Russian main army at Grodno. Frequent skirmishes occurred, one of which saw 11 Drabants (with their servants) defeat a larger Russian detachment on 15 January, killing 50 of them.^[132] Charles then starved the Russians out of Grodno,^[133] before moving against Saxony, of which main army had been decisively defeated at Fraustadt; the Swedes, with the king and his Drabants up front, went through Silesia (part of the Holy Roman Empire) to Saxony, crossing its border on 6 September.^[134] By this time, the Drabants counted 100 men.^[5] After peace had been established and the regiments rested and replenished,^[o] Charles encamped from Saxony in the beginning of September the next year—launching the campaign against Russia.^[136] On 6 January 1706, Arvid Horn had resigned from his post as captain lieutenant and was replaced by Carl Gustaf Wrangel on 12 July; Carl succumbed to the disease on 8 June 1707 the following year and was, in turn, replaced by on 22 August.^[137]

Charles XII and August I following the Peace of Altranstädt; three Drabants with carbines can be seen standing guard

Kliszów[]

The corps counted 147 men,^[103] and was formed into one squadron led by Carl Gustaf Wrangel. It fought in the first line (which was commanded by Arvid Horn) on the right Swedish wing, under Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld.^[138] To circumvent the advantageous Saxon position, Charles started wheeling his line to the left—until the Polish Crown Army suddenly appeared on the Saxon flank, forcing him to halt.^[139] Instead of awaiting an inevitable Saxon–Polish attack, Charles seized the initiative with his left-wing and marched straight at them; the Poles and the Saxon right was forced to retreat after a fierce struggle, while the Swedish center began traversing the morass between them and the Saxon infantry, to attack.^[140]

During this time, von Steinau, commanding the left Saxon cavalry-wing where the best troops remained, commenced an attack on the unprepared Swedish right cavalry-wing; the Saxons, enjoying a twofold numerical advantage,^[p] attempted to cut the Swedish wing off from their center, by simultaneously attacking them in the front, flank and rear. The Swedish squadrons received the onslaught with their backs "turned into each other", with the Drabants facing the direction of the Swedish center. The Swedes, in contrast to their enemy, charged sword in hand, forcing the Saxons to retire in all directions. The Drabants then pursued the beaten enemy squadrons, but were suddenly attacked in the rear by another one—they then made an about-turn, with the rear rank now forming the front, and quickly threw also this one back in disarray.^[141]

Rehnskiöld then assembled his troops and marched over the morass, where the bulk of the Saxon squadrons had rallied under von Steinau. The Saxon general bravely counter-attacked, but was this time decisively defeated, largely thanks to the efforts of the Drabants; most of his squadrons reached safety on the west bank of the Nida. The Swedish infantry, meanwhile, captured the enemy field artillery and aimed the pieces at the Saxons, forcing them to retreat; straggling Saxon regiments, or those that were stuck in the marshes, were destroyed.^[110][142] The Drabants, who distinguished themselves greatly in the battle,^[143] had lost one or two colonels killed and one wounded,^[q] with an unknown amount of killed and wounded commoners; Arvid Horn had once again been wounded.^[144][145] In total, the Swedes had suffered 300 killed and between 500 and 800 wounded. The Saxons and Poles had lost about 2,000 killed and wounded, and 2,000 captured.^[142] As a reward for their performance in the battle, Charles XII pardoned six Drabants who had previously been dismissed for dueling.^[103]

Battle of Kliszów; the cavalry engagement with the Drabants can be seen in the foreground

Russian campaign[]

Following the winter encampment in Saxony, the invasion of Russia was launched; the Drabants, counting 150 men,^[6][146] marched in the vanguard with the king and encountered fierce guerrilla warfare in the forests of Masuria. Once through, the Drabants stayed at Nowa Wola (until 8 February) while Charles moved on to Grodno, where he defeated 1,000–2,000 Russians at the Neman bridge on 7 February 1708.^{[147][148][149]} On 25 June, the king with the Drabants reached Byerazino, from where they observed 600 Russian dragoons standing across the river; when Charles reconnoitered with his small bodyguard, 200 of them swum over and attacked him, but were soon driven back with a loss of 40 men as Swedish reinforcements arrived.^[150] On 10 July, Charles XII, the Drabants, and the Life Guards of Foot reached the outskirts of Holowczyn, forcing the Russian outposts to retreat over the Vabich (a marshy tributary of the Drut river) without a fight.^[151]

Four days later, the corps fought valiantly at the Battle of Holowczyn, losing its captain lieutenant, Otto Wrangel; Peter I subsequently comforted himself in a letter to Fyodor Apraksin, claiming the Drabants—of which corps he viewed as a role model for every European army—had lost their general along with half of the force.^[152][153] On 10 September, they witnessed the Battle of Malatitze,^[154] and ten days later fought at the Skirmish at Rajovka, being among the first ones to arrive to save the king, who was surrounded by a large enemy force.^[155] By the end of 1708, as the army had turned towards Ukraine, the corps counted 146 men in the lines.^[156] The following year, the Drabants participated in the February-offensive, to dislodge the nearby Russian units and scorch the land west of the Vorskla: At the Battle of Opishnia on 7 February,^[157] 2,500 Swedes routed 6,000 Russians, killing or capturing 266–650 of them while only losing two or three killed (including the Drabant Otto Reinhold Pihlmeijer) and 10–17 wounded;^{[r][158][160][161]} the same force then attacked on 19 February,^[162] killing or capturing 150–200 Russians, out of a force of 1,000–2,000, to merely one or two Swedes;^[163][164] and then Krasnokutsk–Gorodnoye on 21 February, killing above a thousand Russians.^{[s][165][166]}

The Drabants quartered at when Charles XII launched his costly assault on Veprik, on 18 January 1709.^[167] During the night of 11–12 May, the king laid siege to Poltava.^[168] On 18 May, the Russians attempted to force Charles XII to raise the siege by attacking Opishnia; the Drabants, alongside the king, witnessed the ensuing battle in which the Russians were forced back over the Vorskla, losing 200 killed to 150–200 Swedes.^[169] On 26 June, the Russians once again crossed the river and prepared an ambush for the expected Swedish arrival; smaller skirmishes were initially fought against the Cossacks of Ivan Mazepa (allied to Charles since late 1708), until the Drabants arrived, compelling the Russians to retreat without a fight.^[170] The siege culminated in the disastrous Swedish defeat at Poltava on 8 July, where the Drabants sustained heavy casualties; the battle, as well as the following Surrender at Perevolochna, was a devastating blow to Charles, who managed to escape over the river of Dnieper with a small part of the army, including 101 Drabants; apart from the Drabants lost in the battle, four had been captured at Perevolochna.^[t][171] The king arrived at Bender in August, lying on a horse stretcher with the Drabants riding by his side.^[172]

Drabants, among the Swedish cavalry, crosses the marshes at the Battle of Holowczyn

Holowczyn[]

The corps, consisting of 120–134 men,^[u] was formed into one squadron under the command of Otto Wrangel; it was part of the first line of cavalry that would go over the Vabich, under Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld, to deny the Russian right-wing from sending reinforcements to the left. At 03:00, three hours after the infantry, the squadrons started moving under the cover of a Swedish artillery barrage.^[176] The Russian wing, under Anikita Repnin, was caught by surprise and began a general retreat after only vague resistance, pursued by the Swedish infantry.^[177] The Swedish squadrons, meanwhile, progressively traversed the marshes behind the infantry with great difficulty—as two dragoon squadrons were across, Rehnskiöld ordered them to counterattack three regiments of Russian dragoons at Visoki (from command), coming to attack the Swedish infantry in the right flank and rear. About 200 of the foremost Russians were quickly defeated, after which the Swedes turned against the following six and a half squadrons. After a while of fierce fighting, and as defeat seemed imminent, the Drabants suddenly arrived and furiously charged the Russian squadrons.^[v] They split up into corporalships and launched ten subsequent attacks on the enemies, of which squadrons were overthrown and trampled one after another; in their advance, however, they suffered greatly from Kalmuck attacks in the rear, while additional Russian reinforcements (three and a half squadrons) also arrived. After a desperate struggle, the surrounded Swedes were finally saved by two fresh squadrons who fell into the rear of the Russians, defeating them.^{[173][178][179]}

Meanwhile, as five of the remaining Russian squadrons (as well as a company of grenadiers) were beaten not far away by two other Swedish squadrons, Rehnskiöld started pursuing. Subsequently, the fleeing Russians collided into three other dragoon regiments (and three grenadier companies) under Goltz at Gnjasdin, who was in the process of forming into battle formation. Hot on their heels, Rehnskiöld's cavalry—now counting 13 squadrons including the Drabants—promptly charged and defeated also this Russian force. The four remaining regiments of Goltz's command soon met the same faith as, unbeknownst of the previous defeats, they marched straight into Rehnskiöld who defeated them at a forest glade, one km south of Gnjasdin. By this time, Charles XII arrived in person and seized the command over the cavalry, pursuing the Russians for another 16 km under frequent fighting, before halting.^[180] After a brief demonstration by Boris Sheremetev's command against the Swedish baggage train, all Russian forces retreated towards the Dnieper. The Drabants had lost the captain lieutenant, the quartermaster, the adjutant and six others,^[w] while 31–36 were wounded (three mortally). The total Swedish loss was 265–267 killed and 1,018–1,028 wounded, while the Russians had lost more than 3,000 men.^[182][183] The killed Swedish soldiers were honorably buried in the entrenchment-grave, with the Drabants placed in the "poste d'honneur"—furthest out to the right.^[175] Charles XII was so satisfied with the performance of his Drabants that he bought new horses to the ones who had lost theirs in the battle.^[x][34]

Our Drabants always do well, and we shall remember them.^[y]

— Charles XII^[175]

Gorodnoye[]

Drabants and Cossacks near Gorodnoye

The Drabants counted up to 145 men, formed into one squadron under ,^[z] and were part of a cavalry contingent led by Charles XII.^[186] In response to the Swedish winter offensive, Peter ordered the bulk of his infantry to retreat from Okhtyrka as he wanted to save them from a potentially decisive battle; to delay the Swedes, he left a significant force (perhaps 18 regiments) of mostly cavalry around Krasnokutsk and Gorodnoye, under Carl Ewald von Rönne.^[162][187] On 21 February, Charles captured a Russian outpost 10 km northwest of Krasnokutsk which revealed to him the Russian dispositions thereabout,^[188] consisting of seven regiments (or 5,000 men) under .^[163][189] Charles rode in gallop to Krasnokutsk with 2,500 cavalry,^[189] including the Drabants, and attacked the Russians the same day—in what has since been characterized as the "proudest day of the Swedish cavalry."^[165]

The Swedes, with Charles and the Drabants upfront,^[186] achieved total surprise,^[190] as hundreds of Russians were cut down in the streets,^[188] gardens and farms, while others were forced out from the houses by the use of grenades.^[190] As the horses of the enemies were much inferior to their own, the Drabants were able to wreak havoc in their lines.^[186] The Russians, who fled towards Gorodnoye half a mile to the north-east, formed up in order de bataille halfway there,^[188] at a very advantageous position with protected flanks. The Swedes valiantly broke through the Cossacks and Kalmucks who screened their front and then continued towards the dragoons.^[190] Seeing this, they once again retreated; one part past Gorodnoye to the right and the other to the left through its suburbs, with Charles and the Drabants hot on their heels, followed by a Swedish dragoon regiment. The enemies were relentlessly massacred as they were chased through the narrow streets.^{[163][188][190]}

The Swedish pursuit continued through the suburbs, over a height, and past a millpond, until a large Russian force suddenly appeared from Gorodnoye, on their right flank; it consisted of six dragoon regiments and two battalions,^[163] or 10,000 men,^[164] under von Rönne. Because the Swedish cavalry had been dispersed or halted during the long pursuit,^[aa] the king had but 600 men by his side.^[164] The Drabants, of whom some had to dismount their exhausted horses and fight on foot, gallantly charged into their lines. The Swedish dragoons, however, were repulsed after receiving fierce volleys from the Russian infantry, whose numbers increased rapidly. Fruitless attempts were made by Charles to rally them, but their depleted banners fell back towards the height, dragging the king with them. Abandoned, the Drabants soon fell back to the height as well, where the king rallied his few troops.^[163] They had been unable to breakthrough, but their remarkable efforts had temporarily stunned the Russians. After a while, the dispersed Swedish cavalry rallied under , arrived and forced the enemies to retreat from the battle.^[188] The Swedes then scorched the two small towns.^[190] Allegedly, the Drabants had killed 115 Russians at Gorodnoye,^[ab] and many more during the pursuit between the small towns, where 639 bodies had subsequently been counted; the Drabants themselves had up to 10 men killed and one captured,^[ac] with an unknown amount of wounded.^[186][189] In total, the Russians had lost 1,000–1,200 in killed,^[165][166] to only 130 Swedes.^[189]

Poltava[]

Battle of Poltava; Charles XII is highlighted in the background

The corps counted 100–131 men,^[ad] of which one corporalship was bodyguarding the bullet-wounded Charles XII;^[ae] it was formed into one squadron under Gustaf Hård, belonging to the right cavalry-wing, consisting of three columns under Gustaf Creutz.^[194] About 17,000 Swedes would attack at least 60,000 Russians.^[195] The battle began at dawn, as the ten Swedish columns marched for the two coherent lines of Russian redoubts—resembling a 'T' shape—protecting their fortified camp, while the Russians brought up dragoons to support them.^[196] One part of the Swedish infantry assaulted the vertical redoubts, while the rest continued forward to break through the horizontal ones. Creutz's wing, led by the Drabants and two other regiments, simultaneously attacked the Russian dragoons by the redoubts but ended up in confusion at first. As the order was restored, the dragoons were finally pushed past the redoubts out to the open, where they stood no chance against the pursuing Swedish cavalry.^[197][198] As the bulk of the infantry penetrated through the horizontal line, about eight Drabants bodyguarding Charles XII were lost to the crossfire,^[199][200] or Cossacks and Kalmucks launching attacks against the columns.^[201]

During this time, one-third of the Swedish infantry was still bogged down, fighting the vertical redoubts; this isolated contingent was later destroyed when the Russians sent a much superior force against them.^[202] The Swedish cavalry, which was pursuing the dragoons and almost had them trapped against a stream or gulley,^[af] was recalled to rendezvous with the rest of the army.^[201][204] The Drabant squadron was sent back to find the missing third of the infantry, but the Russian presence at the redoubts made this difficult to achieve;^[205] in the forthcoming battle, it seemingly watched over Charles XII, positioned behind the right-wing of the army.^[206] Surprisingly to the Swedes, Peter I seized the initiative and marched on them, who currently stood in a position offering only limited maneuverability; most of the cavalry stood formed up behind respectively infantry wing. To give the cavalry space to maneuver in the forthcoming confrontation, Rehnskiöld ordered a general advance against the approaching Russian army, of which line extended much further than the Swedish one.^{[ag][208][209]}

The infantry on the right wing was initially successful, in that they quickly pushed the first Russian line back and even captured some of their guns,^[210] while the heavily outnumbered battalions on the left began wavering against the devastating artillery fire.^[211] At this crucial moment, cavalry support was needed on both wings. Creutz, being slightly delayed, ran into some uncontested Russian battalions further out to the right, instead of attacking the already shaken ones; after having bounced against their squares, he turned his attention to some Russian squadrons appearing on his right flank, chasing them away—thus abandoning the infantry.^[212][213] As the left cavalry-wing was also unable to coordinate an attack, both infantry-wings were essentially deprived from cavalry support and subsequently collapsed.^[214] During the infantry mass rout, desperate attempts were made by the Swedish cavalry to halt the Russian onslaught.^[215] Charles XII, having his retreat cut off by the Russians, ordered the Drabants to break through at all cost;^[ah] during the ensuing struggle, in which the Drabants successfully cut their way through, not only Charles' litter but then also his horse was shot under him. Lieutenant Johan Giertta then gave him his horse, allowing him to escape.^[216][217] The Drabants lost 17 men killed and at least 6 wounded (including Gustaf Hård), of whom 3 had been captured along with 6 others.^{[ai][171][218]} In total, the Swedes had lost a minimum of 11,200 in killed, wounded and captured, compared to at least 4,500 Russians.^[219]

After Perevolochna[]

Charles XII and his Drabants are being captured at the Skirmish at Bender

While in Bender, Gustaf Hård was appointed the new captain lieutenant on 9 February 1710.^[220] Several Drabants were part of Gustaf Zülich's expedition of 1711, sent out by Charles XII to ease cooperation between the Polish and Cossack armies, during the Russo-Ottoman War;^[221] some of them witnessed Peter's great , later that year.^[222] In December 1712 or January 1713—while still in Bender—a small Swedish commando (including six Drabants) intercepted secret documents, informing Charles of Jan Kazimierz' and Khan Giray's alleged plot to have him handed over to Augustus II.^[223] The corps was quickly neutralized in the upcoming Skirmish at Bender a month later, apart from four Drabants who remained near Charles XII in the defence of the King's house; the Drabant Axel Erik Roos reportedly saved the king several times in the encounter.^[224] Most of the Swedish prisoners were released within a month.^[225]

In the autumn of 1714, as Charles returned to Swedish Pomerania from Turkey, there were 54 Drabants remaining; 20 had died in Turkey, 15 had been transferred to other units, two had been sent home, four had escaped and six had been dismissed. In March the following year, 50 Drabants reunited with the king in Stralsund—four had been left behind in the march. The corps participated in the Siege of Stralsund (1715) and later took part in the failed assault on Stresow, in which they formed the vanguard alongside another regiment; here, four of them were killed or mortally wounded, while two others were captured.^{[aj][220][226]} As Stralsund fell in December, the Drabants were promised safe passage back to Sweden proper and landed, on 16 June 1716, at Ystad. They now counted 37 men, of which 14 had set sail from Karlshamn on 11 October 1700—eleven of these were part of the "old order", who had been Drabants since before the reformation of 1700.^[227][228]

Once back in Sweden, because of the absents of experienced and young officers to recruit, the corps was merged with the newly raised Life Squadron. In 1717, Gustaf Hård stepped down as captain lieutenant and was replaced by Johan Giertta, on 18 December.^[29] The following year, the corps, as well as the Life Squadron, participated in the Norwegian campaign; they departed from Lund on 17 October 1718 and reached Halden on 20 November, during the Siege of Fredriksten. Uncharacteristically, the Drabants were not ordered to stay with the king, but marched to Eidsberg on 22 November.^[229] On 3 December, Charles XII ordered their captain lieutenant to take some thousand cavalries and clear the eastern side of the Glomma from enemies;^[230] however, when the news of Charles' abrupt death arrived on 11 December, the Drabants (of which only 33 remained), as well as the Life Squadron, marched back to Sweden.^[231] They later held a prominent role at his funeral.^[232] After the war, and as a consequence of the cuts in the defense budget, the Life Squadron was dissolved in 1722 while the Drabants went back to the circumstances of 1696—with a lowered wage and social status as a result.^[233] After the war, many of the old Drabants earned high-ranking posts elsewhere: one became field marshal; one became admiral; two became generals; one became the president of the Svea Court of Appeal; three became governors; four became lieutenant generals; ten became major generals; 17 became colonels, while many others were ennobled.^[234]

Notes, citations and sources[]

Notes[]

Citations[]

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