East Asian hip-and-gable roof

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The Longxing Temple — built in 1052 and located at present-day Zhengding, Hebei Province, China — has a hip-and-gable xieshan-style roof with double eaves.[1]

The East Asian hip-and-gable roof (Xiēshān (歇山) in Chinese, Irimoya (入母屋) in Japanese, Paljakjibung (팔작지붕) in Korean) consists of a hip roof that slopes down on all four sides and integrates a gable on two opposing sides.[2][3] It is usually constructed with two large sloping roof sections in the front and back respectively, while each of the two sides is usually constructed with a smaller roof section.[4]

The style is Chinese in origin, and has spread across much of Asia. The original style and similar styles are found in the traditional architectures of India, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Mongolia, Tibet, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Kalmykia. It also influenced the style of the bahay na bato of the Philippines.

Etymology[]

It is known as xiēshān (歇山) in Chinese,[5][6] irimoya (入母屋) in Japanese,[3] and paljakjibung (팔작지붕; 八作--) in Korean.[7]

Xieshan in China[]

In China, the hip-and-gable roof style, also known as the xieshan roof style, originated in the Eastern Han dynasty as an adaptation of the hip roof. It was mainly applied in the construction of palaces, temples, gardens and other buildings with official functions. In contemporary times, it is still widely used in Buddhist and Taoist temples and shrines in China.[8]

The style is generally characterized by the presence of nine ridges and a hipped roof encircled with a peristyle. The nine ridges typically consists of one horizontal ridge on the top, known as the main ridge, which is connected to four vertical ridges and four diagonal ridge. 

There are typically two types of eaves associated with the xieshan style: single eaves (单檐) and double eaves (重檐). Single eaves refer to the edges of a basic xieshan rooftop, while double eaves consist of an additional layer of eaves below the basic xieshan rooftop. Examples of the double eave type can be found on the xieshan roofs of structures such as Cining Palace, the Gate of Supreme Harmony and the Hall of Preserving Harmony in the Forbidden City, as well as the Grand Hotel in Taipei. Examples of the single eave type can be found on buildings such as Zhihua Temple, the shanmen of Miaoying Temple, and the North Gate of the Walls of Taipei.

Irimoya in Japan[]

Irimoya arrived from China to Japan in the 6th century.[3] The style was originally used in the main and lecture halls of a Buddhist temple compound. It started to be used for the honden at shrines and also in palaces, castles, and folk dwellings later during the Japanese Middle Ages.[9] Its gable is usually right above the moya, or core, while the hip covers the hisashi, a veranda-like aisle surrounding the core on one or more sides.[3]

It is still in wide use in the construction of Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines in Japan. It is also often called moya-zukuri (母屋造).[3]

Kandyan roof of Sri Lanka[]

In Sri Lanka, a style known as the kandyan roof bears many similarities to the original East Asian hip-and-gable roof. The kandyan roof is primarily used for religious, and historically, royal buildings. Its roots however lie in the traditions of the "Sri Lankan village".[10][11]

Gallery[]

  • Xieshan roof with single eaves on Hualin Temple in Fujian, China

  • Xieshan roof with multiple eaves on the Mahavira Hall of Xiantong Temple on Mount Wutai, Wutai County, Shanxi, China

  • Xieshan roof with single eaves on the Hall of the Three Pure Ones in Xuanmiao Temple in Suzhou, Jiangsu, China

  • Xieshan roof with double eaves on the Guanyin Pavilion in Dule Temple in Tianjin, China

  • One of the oldest existing structure exhibiting a Xieshan roof — The Great Buddha Hall in Nanchan Temple on Mount Wutai, Wutai County, Shanxi, China, dating back to the Tang dynasty (618-907).

  • A hip-and-gable is seen in the Tiananmen, Beijing.[4]

  • National Concert Hall in Taipei, Taiwan

  • Nan Tien Temple in Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia

  • Yakushi-ji's (Dai)kō-dō

  • A hip-and-gable roof at Shimogamo Shrine

  • A shikoro-yane

  • Shitennō-ji main gate and its shikoro-yane

  • The Tamamushi Shrine has a shikoro-yane

  • A haiden of Shinto shrine in East Asian Hip-and-Gable roof style architecture.

  • The Byodo-In Temple on Oahu island in Hawaii, United States

  • The Kandyan roof style of the Temple of the Tooth in Kandy, Sri Lanka

  • The Mahamevnawa Buddhist Monastery in Polgahawela, Sri Lanka

  • A Bahay na bato in Cebu, Philippines

  • Iringol Kavu Temple, Kerala, India

  • Mannar Thrikkuratti Mahadeva Temple, Kerala, India

  • Padmanabhapuram Palace, Kerala, India

  • Sree Madiyan Koolom Kshethrapalaka Temple, Kerala, India

See also[]

  • Gablet roof

References[]

  1. ^ Chung, Anita (2004). Drawing boundaries : architectural images in Qing China. Honolulu: Univ. of Hawai'i Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 9780824826635.
  2. ^ Guo, Qinghua (2010). The mingqi pottery buildings of Han Dynasty China, 206 BC-AD 220 : architectural representations and represented architecture. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. p. 138. ISBN 9781845193218.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Irimoya-zukuri". JAANUS: Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Deqi, Shan (25 August 2011). Chinese vernacular dwellings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9780521186674.
  5. ^ Chen, Congzhou; Pan, Hongxuan; Lu, Bingjie (2008). Chinese houses : a pictorial tour of China's traditional dwellings. Pleasantville: Reader's Digest Association. p. 331. ISBN 9781606520017.
  6. ^ Chung, Anita (2004). Drawing boundaries : architectural images in Qing China. Honolulu: Univ. of Hawai'i Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 9780824826635.
  7. ^ "Naver Dictionary". Retrieved 2013-03-10.
  8. ^ Li, Xianda; liu, Yu (April 2017). "The "shape" and "meaning" of the roof arts in Chinese classical architecture". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 61: 012110. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/61/1/012110. ISSN 1755-1307.
  9. ^ Iwanami Nihonshi Jiten (岩波日本史辞典), CD-ROM Version. Iwanami Shoten, 1999-2001.
  10. ^ Herrle, Peter; Wegerhoff, Erik (2008). Architecture and Identity. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 978-3-8258-1088-7.
  11. ^ Paranavitana, Senarat; Prematilleka, Leelananda; Leeuw, Johanna Engelberta van Lohuizen-De (1978). Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-05455-4.
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