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Ebrahim Raisi

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Hujjat al-Islam[1][2]

Ebrahim Raisi
ابراهیم رئیسی
Raisi in 2021-02 (cropped).jpg
Raisi in 2021
8th President of Iran
Assumed office
3 August 2021
Supreme LeaderAli Khamenei
Vice PresidentMohammad Mokhber
Preceded byHassan Rouhani
Chief Justice of Iran
In office
7 March 2019 – 1 July 2021
Appointed byAli Khamenei
First ViceGholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
Preceded bySadeq Larijani
Succeeded byGholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
Prosecutor-General of Iran
In office
23 August 2014 – 1 April 2016
Appointed bySadeq Larijani
Preceded byGholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
Succeeded byMohammad Jafar Montazeri
Member of the Assembly of Experts
Assumed office
24 May 2016
ConstituencySouth Khorasan Province
Majority325,139 (80.0%)[3]
In office
20 February 2007 – 21 May 2016
ConstituencySouth Khorasan Province
Majority200,906 (68.6%)
First Vice Chief Justice of Iran
In office
27 July 2004 – 23 August 2014
Chief JusticeMahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi
Sadeq Larijani
Preceded byMohammad-Hadi Marvi[4]
Succeeded byGholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
Chairman of General Inspection Office
In office
22 August 1994 – 9 August 2004
Appointed byMohammad Yazdi
Preceded byMostafa Mohaghegh Damad
Succeeded byMohammad Niazi
Personal details
Born
Sayyid Ebrahim Raisol-Sadati

(1960-12-14) 14 December 1960 (age 60)
Mashhad, Imperial State of Iran
Political partyCombatant Clergy Association[5]
Other political
affiliations		Islamic Republican Party (until 1987)[5]
Spouse(s)Jamileh Alamolhoda[6]
Children2[7]
RelativesAhmad Alamolhoda (father-in-law)
Alma materShahid Motahari University[5]
Qom Seminary[5]
WebsiteGovernment website
Personal website (Persian)

Sayyid Ebrahim Raisolsadati (Persian: سید ابراهیم رئیس‌الساداتی‎; born 14 December 1960), commonly known as Ebrahim Raisi (Persian: ابراهیم رئیسی‎, About this soundpronunciation), is an Iranian conservative Islamist,[8] principlist politician, Muslim jurist, and the 8th and current president of Iran since 3 August 2021, having been elected to the presidency in the 2021 Iranian presidential election.[9]

Raisi has served in several positions in Iran's judicial system, such as Deputy Chief Justice (2004–2014), Attorney General (2014–2016), and Chief Justice (2019–2021). He was also Prosecutor and Deputy Prosecutor of Tehran in the 1980s and 1990s. He was Custodian and Chairman of Astan Quds Razavi, a bonyad, from 2016 until 2019.[10] He is a member of Assembly of Experts from South Khorasan Province, being elected for the first time in the 2006 election. He is the son-in-law of Mashhad Friday prayer leader and Grand Imam of Imam Reza shrine, Ahmad Alamolhoda.

Raisi ran for president in 2017[11] as the candidate of the conservative Popular Front of Islamic Revolution Forces,[12] losing to moderate incumbent President Hassan Rouhani, 57% to 38.3%. He was one of the four people on the prosecution committee, which was responsible for the execution of thousands of political prisoners in Iran in 1988 and is hence labeled the "death committee" by the government's opponents and some in the western media.[13][14][15][16] He is sanctioned by the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control[17][18] in accordance with Executive Order 13876. He is accused of crimes against humanity by international human rights organizations and United Nations special rapporteurs.[19] Raisi successfully ran for president a second time in 2021 with 62.9% of the votes, succeeding Hassan Rouhani.[20] According to many observers, the 2021 Iranian presidential election were rigged in favour of Raisi, who is considered a hardline ally of Ali Khamenei.[21][22][23][24][25][26]

Early life

Childhood
Ebrahim Raisi in 1980

Ebrahim Raisi was born on 14 December 1960 to a Persian clerical family in the Noghan district of Mashhad. His father, Seyed Haji, died when he was 5.[5][27][28]

Ancestry

Ancestrally, Ebrahim Raisi is among Husayn ibn Ali (Hussaini) Sayyids, and he is connected to Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin Sayyids.[29]

Academic education

Raisi passed his primary-education in "Javadiyeh school"; then started studying in the Hawza (Islamic-seminary). In 1975, he went to "Ayatollah Boroujerdi School" in order to continue his education in Qom Seminary.[30][31] He has claimed to have received a doctorate degree in Private law from Motahari University; however, this has been disputed.[32] After the dispute, Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting showed the mentioned degree image.[33]

Ebrahim Raisi in Iran-Iraq war era (1980s)

Clerical credentials

He began his studies at the Qom Seminary at the age of 15.[5][34] He then decided to study in the Navvab school for a short time. After that, he went to Ayatollah Sayyed Muhammad Mousavi Nezhad school where he studied while also teaching other students. In 1976, he went to Qom to continue his studies at the Ayatollah Borujerdi school. He was a student of Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi, Morteza Motahhari, Abolghasem Khazali, Hossein Noori Hamedani, Ali Meshkini and Morteza Pasandideh.[35][36] Raisi also passed his "KharejeFeqh" (external-Fiqh) to Seyyed Ali Khamenei and Mojtaba Tehrani.[37] According to Alex Vatanka of the Middle East Institute, Raisi's "exact religious qualification" is a "sore point". "For a while" prior to investigation by the Iranian media, he "referred to himself" as "Ayatollah" on his personal website. However, according to Vatanka, the media "publicized his lack of formal religious education" and credentials, after which Raisi ceased claiming to hold the aforementioned rank. After this investigation and criticism he "refer[ed] to himself as hojat-ol-eslam", a clerical rank immediately beneath that of Ayatollah.[38] Raisi subsequently again declared himself an Ayatollah shortly before the 2021 presidential election.[39] The decree by Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei appointing him as President, also refers to him as a hojat-ol-eslam.[40]

Judicial career

Early years

In 1981, he was appointed the prosecutor of Karaj. Later on, he was also appointed as Prosecutor of Hamadan and served both positions together. He was simultaneously active in two cities more than 300 km away from each other.[41] After four months, he was appointed as Prosecutor of Hamadan Province.[5]

Tehran deputy prosecutor

He was appointed as Deputy prosecutor of Tehran in 1985 and moved to the capital.[42] After three years and in early 1988, he was placed in the attention of Ruhollah Khomeini and received special provisions (independent from judiciary) from him to address legal issues in some provinces like Lorestan, Semnan and Kermanshah.

1988 executions

Main article: 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners

Hussein-Ali Montazeri named Raisi as one of the four persons involved in the 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners.[43] Other persons were Morteza Eshraghi (Prosecutor of Tehran), Hossein-Ali Nayeri (Judge) and Mostafa Pourmohammadi (MOI representative in Evin). Names of first two persons are mentioned in Khomeini's order. Pourmohammadi has denied his role but Raisi has not commented publicly on the matter yet.[44][45]

The 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners were a series of state-sponsored executions of political prisoners across Iran, starting on 19 July 1988 and lasting for approximately five months.[46][47][48][49][50][51] The majority of those killed were supporters of the People's Mujahedin of Iran, although supporters of other leftist factions, including the Fedaian and the Tudeh Party of Iran (Communist Party), were executed as well.[52][53] According to Amnesty International, "thousands of political dissidents were systematically subjected to enforced disappearance in Iranian detention facilities across the country and extrajudicially executed pursuant to an order issued by the Supreme Leader of Iran and implemented across prisons in the country. Many of those killed during this time were subjected to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in the process."[54]

The killings have been described as a political purge without precedent in modern Iranian history, both in terms of scope and coverup.[55] However, the exact number of prisoners executed remains a point of contention. Amnesty International, after interviewing dozens of relatives, puts the number in thousands;[56] and then-Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini's deputy, Hussein-Ali Montazeri put the number between 2,800 and 3,800 in his memoirs,[57] but an alternative estimation suggests that the number exceeded 30,000.[58] Because of the large number, prisoners were loaded into forklift trucks in groups of six and hanged from cranes in half-hour intervals.[59][better source needed]

Senior positions

After Khomeini's death and election of Ali Khamenei as the new Supreme Leader, Raisi was appointed as Tehran prosecutor by newly appointed Chief-Justice Mohammad Yazdi. He held the office for five years from 1989 to 1994. In 1994, he was appointed as head of General Inspection Office.

From 2004 until 2014, Raisi served as First Deputy Chief Justice of Iran, being appointed by Chief Justice Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi. He kept his position in Sadeq Larijani's first term as Chief Justice. He was later appointed as Attorney-General of Iran in 2014, a position that he held until 2016, when he resigned to become Chairman of Astan Quds Razavi.[60] He has also served as Special Clerical Court prosecutor by the order of the Supreme Leader, Seyyed Ali Khamenei since 2012.[61]

Other positions

Raisi was a member of the board of trustees of Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order for ten years by order of Seyyed Ali Khamenei. He was also a member of the "Supreme Selection Board". He is the founder of "Fatemeh Al-Zahra Seminary" (in Tehran) and the first secretary of the headquarters for reviving the enjoining good and forbidding wrong in the country.[62][63] He was appointed as the prosecutor of Hamedan province, and was active there for three years since 1982 to 1984.[64]

His other executive and oversight responsibilities include the positions such as: membership in the "Supreme Council of Cyberspace", "the Monetary and Credit Council", and "the Anti-Corruption Headquarters".[65]

Astan Quds chairmanship

He became Chairman of Astan Quds Razavi on 7 March 2016 after the death of his predecessor Abbas Vaez-Tabasi.[66][67] He is the second person to serve this office from 1979. Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei enumerated serving the pilgrims of the holy shrine, especially poor people and also serve nearby, especially the poor and dispossessed as two important responsibilities of Raisi in his appointment order.[68]

2017 presidential election

Main article: Ebrahim Raisi presidential campaign, 2017
Raisi speaking at a presidential campaign rally in Tehran's Shahid Shiroudi Stadium

Raisi was named as one of the Popular Front of Islamic Revolution Forces (JAMNA)'s presidential candidates in February 2017.[69] His candidacy was also supported by the Front of Islamic Revolution Stability.[70][71] He officially announced his nomination in a statement published on 6 April, and called it his “religious and revolutionary responsibility to run”, citing the need for a “fundamental change in the executive management of the country” and a government that “fights poverty and corruption.”[72] He registered on 14 April 2017 at Ministry of Interior with saying it's time to perform citizenship rights, not only writing act.[73]

On 15 May 2017, conservative candidate Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf withdrew his candidacy in favor of Raisi.[74] It was speculated that Ghalibaf would be Raisi's first vice president if he was elected.[75] They also joined in a campaign rally in Tehran with each other.

Raisi has been described as "a favorite and possible successor" to Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, by several sources,[38][76][77] (at least before his electoral defeat).[78]

After election results were announced, Raisi received 15,786,449 out of 42,382,390 (38.30% of the votes). He lost to Incumbent President Rouhani and ranked second. He did not congratulate Rouhani on his re-election as the president,[79] and asked the Guardian Council to look into "violations of the law" before and during the elections, with 100 pages of attached documentation.[80]

Presidency

2021 presidential election

In 2021, Raisi ran again for the presidency and won the election.[81] The election had a 48.8% turnout, and 62% went to Raisi.[citation needed]

Out of 28.9 million votes, around 3.7 million votes were not counted, likely because they were blank or otherwise invalid protest votes.[82]

Almost 600 candidates, 40 of which were female, registered in the election, of which 7 men were approved a month before the election by the 12 jurists and theologians on the Guardian Council (an unelected body that has the final decision on candidate validity based on the strength of 'the candidates' qualifications'). Three of those seven candidates were subsequently pulled out before polling day. Before he withdrew, reformist candidate Mohsen Mehralizadeh hinted that the vote would be a foregone conclusion, saying during a candidates' TV debate that the ruling clerics had aligned "sun, moon and the heavens to make one particular person the president," according to The Economist. Former President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, among those barred from running, said in a video message that he would not vote, declaring: "I do not want to have a part in this sin."[83]

Tenure

Raisi was appointed as the incumbent President of Iran on 3 August 2021, through a decree issued by the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. During his inauguration speech, Raisi stated that his government would seek to lift the sanctions on Iran imposed by the United States, but added that it would not let foreigners dictate how its economy is run.[40]

Raisi was sworn-in before the Islamic Consultative Assembly on 5 August during a ceremony attended by around 260 officials, both from Iran and other countries. In his speech, he stated that Iran was actually responsible for stabilising the Middle East, that he would resist foreign pressure on Iran but widen its external relations, especially with Iran's neighbours, promised to support any diplomatic move to lift the American sanctions and assured that Iran's nuclear programme was only meant for peaceful purposes. He also promised that he would try to improve the quality of life for Iranians and defend human rights.[84]

Raisi appointed Mohammad Mokhber, the head of the Execution of Imam Khomeini’s Order foundation, as the First Vice President of Iran on 8 August.  [fa], a former spokesman for the judiciary, was also appointed as Raisi's chief of staff. [85]

Raisi appointed Ahmad Vahidi as minister of the interior. The move was quickly strongly condemned by both Argentina and Israel, with the former having requested his arrest through a red notice of Interpol for his alleged involvement in the 1994 AMIA bombing in Buenos Aires. The Argentine foreign ministry that Vahidi's designation was an "affront to the Argentine justice and the victims of the terrorist attack".[86]

Possible successor as Supreme Leader

Further information: Next Supreme Leader of Iran election

In 2019, Saeid Golkar of Al Jazeera called Raisi "the most likely successor of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei" as Supreme Leader of Iran.[87] In 2020, Dexter Filkins described him as "frequently mentioned" as a successor to Khamenei.[88]

Political views

Raisi supports sex segregation. He said in a 2014 interview about a planned segregation in Tehran Municipality that "I think this is a good move because the majority of women do a better job in a totally relaxed atmosphere and fit are required."[89] He is also a supporter of Islamization of universities, revision of the Internet and censorship of Western culture.[90][91][92] Raisi claims he sees economic sanctions as an opportunity.[93] Raisi said: "We will have guidance patrols, but for managers." He also said: "If the government does well, the people will do well."[94] He has said that the amputation of thieves' hands, which is based on a very strict interpretation of Sharia,[95] is one of "our honours" and that such punishments will not be limited to now and will be continued in the future.[96][97] He has said that he should be honoured and esteemed for his role in the 1988 Iranian mass executions of political prisoners.[98]

Economy

In 2017, Raisi reported "I see the activation of a resistance economy as the only way to end poverty and deprivation in the country."[99] He supports development of the agricultural sector over commercial retail, which "will eventually benefit foreign brands."[100]

In 2017, he promised to triple the monthly state benefits, currently 450,000 rials per citizen, in order to tackle corruption and create six million jobs.[101] He said (about Sanctions against Iran): "Sanctions should be seen as an opportunity for economic empowerment, and we should strengthen ourselves instead of falling short."[102]

Raisi said in regards to the issue of lifting sanctions: "every government that takes office (to be elected), should lift the oppressive sanctions, and it must be pursued seriously; and the neutralization of sanctions should be on the agenda and we should not condition the economy; Neither the corona nor the flood nor the sanctions should have an impact."[103]

In 2021, he said: Our country has many assets and the most important asset is efficient and dense manpower; With efficient manpower, we can move the country forward.[104]

Cultural

According to Ebrahim Raisi: No one has the right to violate the freedom and rights of girls and women; he said: "It is incomplete to talk about culture and economy without the role of women"; "Women's rights are God-given, and the government should not only not lose this right, but it should also create the conditions for it to flourish." He mentioned: in many spaces, women's role-playing is empty and women's talent, creativity, initiative and innovation can be used a lot.[105][106]

Raisi stated: "The intellectual of the society understands before the others and watches the threats of the society and soon warns the society with his poetry and art and saves the society from falling asleep like a muezzin"; According to him, supporting the people of culture and art should not be verbal and should lead to action.[107] He said: Teachers are the true intellectuals of society and must observe and warn of harm; Teachers are the identifiers and civilizers of society.[104]

Electoral history

Year Election Votes % Rank Notes
2006 Assembly of Experts 200,906 68.6% 1st Won[3]
2016 Assembly of Experts Increase 325,139 Increase 80.0% 1st Won[108]
2017 President 15,835,794 38.28% 2nd Lost[109]
2021 President 18,021,945 62.90% 1st Won[110]

Personal life

Raisi in 2019

Raisi is married to Jamileh Alamolhoda, daughter of Mashhad Friday Prayers Imam, Ahmad Alamolhoda. She is an associate professor at Tehran's Shahid Beheshti University and also president of the university's Institute of Fundamental Studies of Science and Technology.[111] They have two daughters and two grandchildren.[7] One of their daughters studied at Sharif university and the other one at Tehran university.[7][112]

Sanctions

Raisi is one of nine Iranian officials listed in November 2019 subjected to sanctions by the United States Department of State due to alleged human rights abuses.[113]

Works

Among Raisi's works are as follows: The books of "Lectures on the rules of jurisprudence" including 3 volumes (in judicial, economic and religious sections); Erse-Bi-Wares (Inheritance without heirs); Conflict of principle and appearance in jurisprudence and law.[114][115]

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External links

Legal offices
Preceded by
Mostafa Mohaghegh Damad 		Chairman of General Inspection Office
1994–2004 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
 First Vice Chief Justice of Iran
2004–2014 		Succeeded by
Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
Preceded by
 Special Prosecutor of Clergy
2012–present 		Incumbent
Preceded by
Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i 		Prosecutor-General of Iran
2014–2016 		Succeeded by
Mohammad Jafar Montazeri
Preceded by
Sadeq Larijani 		Chief Justice of Iran
2019–2021 		Succeeded by
Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
Assembly seats
Preceded by
Hassan Rouhani 		Administrative Clerk of Assembly of Experts's Presidium
2009–2019 		Succeeded by
Mohsen Qomi
Preceded by
Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi 		First Deputy Chairman of the Assembly of Experts
2019–present 		Incumbent
Media offices
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Hossein Mozaffar 		Chairman of IRIB Supervisory Council
2012–2016 		Succeeded by
Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
Religious titles
Preceded by
Abbas Vaez-Tabasi 		Custodian of Astan Quds Razavi
2016–2019 		Succeeded by
Ahmad Marvi
Political offices
Preceded by
Hassan Rouhani 		President of Iran
2021–present 		Incumbent

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