Economic Freedom Fighters

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Economic Freedom Fighters
AbbreviationEFF
PresidentJulius Malema
ChairpersonVeronica Mente
Secretary-GeneralMarshall Dlamini
SpokespersonVuyani Pambo
Deputy PresidentFloyd Shivambu
Deputy Secretary-GeneralPoppy Mailola
Treasurer-GeneralOmphile Maotwe
FounderJulius Malema
Founded26 July 2013 (2013-07-26)
Split fromAfrican National Congress
Headquarters82 De Korte Street
Johannesburg
Gauteng
Student wingEFF Students Command (EFFSC)
IdeologyMarxism–Leninism[1][2]
Anti-capitalism[3][4]
Left-wing populism[5]
Pan-Africanism[6]
Anti-white racism[7][8]
Political positionLeft-wing[9][10] to far-left[11][12][13][14]
ColoursRed[3][4][15]
Slogan"Our land and jobs, now!"[16]
National Assembly
44 / 400
National Council of Provinces
11 / 90
Pan-African Parliament
1 / 5
(South African seats)
Provincial Legislatures
50 / 430
City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality (council)
30 / 270
Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality (council)
6 / 120
City of Cape Town (council)
7 / 231
Website
effonline.org Edit this at Wikidata

The Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) is a South African left-wing[17][18] to far-left[19][20][21] pan-Africanist political party. It was founded by expelled former African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) President Julius Malema, and his allies, in 2013.[22] Malema is President of the EFF, heading the Central Command Team which serves as the central structure of the party.[23] The party itself has been accused of fomenting anti-white and anti-Indian racism, and Malema himself was convicted in 2011 for singing the song "Shoot the Boer".[24] It is currently the third-largest party in both houses of the South African Parliament.[25]

History[]

At a 26 July 2013 press briefing in Soweto, Malema announced that the new party had over 1000 members, double the 500 required for registration with the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC).[26] The EFF is now registered with the IEC, after an objection to its registration by the Freedom Front Plus (FF+) was dismissed in September 2013.[27]

Splinters and infighting[]

In 2015, the EFF suspended MP Lucky Twala and expelled three MPs, Mpho Ramakatsa, Andile Mngxitama and Khanyisile Litchfield-Tshabalala.[28] Mngxitama formed his own party, named Black First Land First (BLF),[29] while Litchfield-Tshabalala joined the United Democratic Movement.[30] Malema has been chiefly accused by former members of purging his critics to consolidate his power, thus ruling the party with an iron fist.[31] Malema acknowledged this criticism in a press conference and further went on to say, the party should have expelled more ill-disciplined members.[32]

Policies[]

The small march by the EFF on Mandela Day (18 July) 2014 near the Parliament building in Cape Town protesting in support of land reform in South Africa.

The EFF "draws inspiration from the broad Marxist–Leninist tradition and Fanonian schools of thought in their analyses of the state, imperialism, culture and class contradictions in every society", according to its constitution.[1]

It criticises the African National Congress and their primary opposition, the Democratic Alliance, for their allegedly pro-business stances, which it claims have sold out the black people of South Africa to capitalism as cheap labour. It promises to tackle corruption, provide quality social housing, and provide free primary healthcare and education for all, as well as proposing to expropriate White-owned farmland, nationalise the mining and banking sectors, double welfare grants and the minimum wage, and end the proposed toll system for highways.[33]

The EFF takes significant inspiration from Burkinabe President Thomas Sankara in terms of both style and Marxist ideology.[34] In a May 2014 column, the prominent EFF member Jackie Shandu declared his party a "proudly Sankarist formation".[35]

The EFF has been vocal in its criticism of black business owners and black owners of mining companies in South Africa. In an address at the Oxford Union in November 2015, Malema spoke out against billionaire mining company owner Patrice Motsepe.[36][37] Further protests in 2015, the EFF delivered demands that included the socialisation of the mining sector and called for more explicit targets for the 26% BEE ownership required by law.[38] The EFF is a vocal proponent of expanding the role of South African state-owned enterprises in the national economy.[39][40]

The EFF is a Pan-Africanist party and supports the proposal for a United States of Africa. In respect to this, the EFF and Malema have repeatedly praised former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, promising to implement many of the policies in South Africa that Gaddafi implemented in Libya.[41][42][43]

Malema addressed a crowd in Marikana, Rustenburg in the platinum mining area, blaming mining companies and calling out platinum mining company Lonmin in particular, for poverty in the region.[44]

In 2016, after local elections in South Africa, the EFF has suggested that they will back the Democratic Alliance in hung-metro areas, but would not be entering into a coalition with any political party in South Africa.[45]

The EFF was the only parliamentary party that opposed the 2018 political party funding bill.[46]

High-profile members[]

High-profile members of the Central Command Team include Floyd Shivambu, Fana Mokoena and Mbuyiseni Ndlozi (National Spokesperson).[47] Controversial businessman Kenny Kunene joined the Central Command Team in July 2013 before resigning from the Central Command Team on 20 August 2013 and from the organisation on 26 August 2013.[48][49] On 4 November 2013, it was announced that Dali Mpofu had left the African National Congress (ANC) after 33 years of membership and joined the EFF.[50]

Support base[]

According to a November 2013 Ipsos survey, the party's supporters are younger than average, with 49% being younger than 24, overwhelmingly black (99%) and mostly male, with women representing only 33% of the support base. A disproportionate number of supporters live in Malema's home province of Limpopo (28%), while only 1% live in KwaZulu-Natal, a more populous province.[51] A 2018 survey conducted by social research company Citizen Surveys found that around 70% of EFF supporters were between the ages of 18 to 34, overwhelmingly black (97%), mostly based in major metropolitan cities (48%), predominantly male (62%) with 43% of their support base located in Gauteng Province.[52]

The party was expected to make an impact in the 2014 general election, taking between 4 per cent and 8 per cent of the national vote. This was potentially enough for the party to hold the balance of power in provinces where the governing African National Congress was in danger of losing its absolute majority.[33] The ANC retained is absolute majority whilst the EFF got 6.35% of the vote in the 2014 election.[53]

Student wing[]

The EFF Students Command (EFFSC) is the party's student wing, founded on 16 June 2015.[54][55] It campaigns for free education,[56] universal access to education and the elimination of registration fees,[57] among other things. The EFF Students Command claims a membership of about 100,000 students and has branches across all the nine provinces of South Africa. Its current leader is Mandla Shikwambana.

Election results[]

National elections[]

National Assembly[]

Election Total votes Share of vote Seats +/– Government
2014[58] 1,169,259 6.35%
25 / 400
 Increase 25 in opposition
2019 1,881,521 10.79%
44 / 400
 Increase 19 in opposition

National Council of Provinces[]

Election Total # of
seats won 		+/–
2014
7 / 90
 Increase 7
2019
11 / 90
 Increase 4

Municipal elections[]

Election Votes %
2016[59] 3,202,679 8.31%

Provincial elections[]

Election
[58][60] 		Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng Kwazulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga North-West Northern Cape Western Cape
% Seats % Seats % Seats % Seats % Seats % Seats % Seats % Seats % Seats
2014 3.48% 2/63 8.15% 2/30 10.30% 8/73 1.85% 2/80 10.74% 6/49 6.26% 2/30 13.21% 5/33 4.96% 2/30 2.11% 1/42
2019 7.84% 5/63 12.58% 4/30 14.69% 11/73 9.71% 8/80 14.43% 7/49 12.79% 4/30 18.36% 6/33 9.71% 3/30 4.04% 2/42

Achievements[]

On 6 August 2015, the EFF announced that it has secured a Constitutional Court case for its "#PayBackTheMoney" campaign against Jacob Zuma. The case was heard on 9 February 2016. The judgement was released by Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng and stated that the then-President had violated the Constitution of South Africa, along with the Speaker of the National Assembly Baleka Mbete.[61] The President was given 60 days to fulfill the requirements of the Public Protector Thuli Madonsela.[62]

On 27 February 2018, the EFF tabled a motion in the National Assembly to amend the Constitution so as to allow for the expropriation of land without compensation. The motion, brought by the EFF leader Julius Malema, was adopted with a vote of 241 in support, and 83 against. The only parties who did not support the motion were the Democratic Alliance, Freedom Front Plus, COPE and the ACDP.[63] Land expropriation is one of the EFF's seven cardinal pillars.[64]

In 2018, the party's student wing, the EFF Student Command won many universities across the country. The red berets defeated the ANC-aligned South African Students Congress (SASCO) at the Durban University of Technology, the University of Zululand and Mangosuthu University of Technology.[65] They also won in Cape Town, the District Six, Mowbray and Bellville Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) campuses with landslide victories, meaning they now are in charge of the institution's SRC. They also won the University of Cape Town.[66] Peter Keetse, president of the EFFSC, said the win was a warning shot for what was going to happen in 2019 national general elections. He said the youth were the influencers of the future, "therefore, this is an indication of what is to follow".[67]

Criticisms and controversies[]

The ANC has accused the Zimbabwean ruling party, the Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF), of supporting the EFF in order to destabilise the ANC.[68]

In October 2018, a group of 17 former EFF members and councillors in the Northern Cape accused the party's senior leadership of corruption and sexual exploitation of more junior female party members.[69] Four months later two former female employees of the EFF claimed that party leadership intimidated and engaged in acts of bullying behaviour towards them and other party staff members.[70]

In April 2019, a former member of the EFF's central command, Thembinkosi Rawula, accused senior party leaders of dictatorial leadership practices and of using party finances for personal benefit.[71] The EFF denied Rawula's accusation and stated that they would sue him for defamation as well as make the party's financials public.[72]

The EFF was found guilty of defamation of character in May 2019, by the South Gauteng High Court and ordered to pay R500,000 in damages to former Finance Minister Trevor Manuel.[73] Manuel brought the EFF and its leader, Julius Malema, to court after they alleged that the appointment of Edward Kieswetter as commissioner of SARS by Manuel was the result of nepotism.[73][74] Following the judgement Manuel stated that he would be donating the R500,000 in damages to victims of the VBS Mutual Bank scandal which the EFF is alleged to have participated in.[75]

Following a string of court case losses for inciting supporters to commit acts of either intimidation (against journalist Karima Brown), land invasion (which case was brought by AfriForum) or of defamation of character (against ANC politician Trevor Manuel) the party was left with combined court costs amounting to almost R1 million.[76]

Alleged corruption[]

Tenders[]

A number of articles published by investigative journalists have accused the party of using their influence to earn improper payments from government suppliers in cities where the EFF has significant representative power.[77] An investigation by the amaBhungane centre for investigative journalism stated that the EFF received R500,000 in kickbacks from a company in return for a R1.26 billion contract to manage a fleet of vehicles used by the City of Johannesburg with tacit acquiescence of the Democratic Alliance.[78][79] Another investigation alleges that the party improperly benefited from the awarding of a fuel supply contract for the City of Tshwane netting the party R15 million from successful contractors.[80]

VBS Mutual Bank[]

See also: VBS Mutual Bank

Following the publication of a South African Reserve Bank report[81] into the collapse of VBS Mutual Bank implicating EFF deputy president Floyd Shivambu's brother media reports came out alleging that Shivambu received R10 million in illicit payments from VBS prior to it being placed under curatorship in March 2018.[82][83] Prior to the publication of the Reserve Bank's report the EFF criticised the Reserve Bank for placing VBS under curatorship and accused it of victimising VBS on racial grounds.[84] The EFF stated that it had seen no evidence that Shivambu received the R10 million[85] and called for government to recapitalise VBS Mutual Bank[86] whilst also taking legal action against those mentioned in the Reserve Bank report.[87] A follow up investigation by the Daily Maverick alleged that the EFF illicitly received R1.8 million of VBS money through a network of proxy companies with the party's leadership (notably Shivambu and Malema) also illicitly receiving money though this network.[88] After being approached by the Mail & Guardian for comment on his personal financial expenses Floyd Shivambu admitted that money from VBS, channeled through his brother, was used to buy his Range Rover Sport valued at R680,000.[89] By June 2021 Shivambu's brother had repaid R4.55 million and admitted to taking VBS money.[90]

A follow up investigation by the Daily Maverick found that R454,000 of VBS money was used to pay for the 2017 EFF birthday celebration.[91] It also found that a total of R16.1 million was channeled through a Shivambu associated company largely for the benefit of the EFF.[91] An additional investigation traced financial statements from an account that received VBS funds and allegedly controlled by Julius Malema; leading the author of the investigation to estimate that Malema received and directly benefited from R5.3-million illegally taken from VBS.[92] Additional media reports in October 2019, alleged that the party received R4 million of VBS funds into a slush fund that was channeled to Malema via a company named Santaclara Trading.[93][94][95]

A former member of the EFF's leadership accused the party leadership of accepting donations from VBS Mutual Bank prior to its collapse.[71]

Malema later forwarded a conspiracy theory that the VBS collapse was part of a plot intended to damage the EFF.[96]

Violence and bigotry[]

Vusi Khoza, the party's candidate for Premier of KwaZulu-Natal, has a criminal conviction for his involvement in what was believed to be a xenophobic attack on foreigners at Albert Park, Durban in December 2009.[97]

Feminists have characterised leading members of the party as misogynist.[98][99][100][101]

On 1 July 2014, eight members of the EFF were forcibly removed from the legislature after their attire of red overalls carrying the slogan "asijiki" (meaning "we are not turning back") was found to be inappropriate by presiding officer, Ntombi Mekgwe.[102] Hundreds of EFF members protested against the ruling on 22 July near the legislature building.[103]

In February 2016, during violent university protests characterised by arson and vandalism, EFF Youth leader Omphile Seleke posted instructions for making petrol bombs on social media.[104]

In January 2018, EFF Deputy President Floyd Shivambu congratulated the party supporters for causing damage to various H&M stores[105] across South Africa due to a picture of a young black child wearing a green hoodie reading, "Coolest Monkey in the Jungle".[106][107][108][109][110][111] A Vodacom store in Polokwane was damaged and looted by EFF members following a presentation by Corruption Watch at the 2018 Vodacom Awards which included an image depicting EFF leaders Malema and Shivambu as "abusers of Democracy".[112][113]

In February 2019, after the SONA address in parliament by the SA President, EFF MP Marshall Dlamini physically assaulted a member of the presidential security team after a disagreement between EFF MPs and the security.[114]

Actions against journalists and the media[]

Journalist Ranjeni Munusamy lodged an affidavit in December 2018 detailing threatening remarks, intimidation, harassment and personal attacks made by party members, including Malema, towards her and other journalists[115] targeted by the party. The affidavit was supported by the South African National Editors Forum and other notable South African journalists such as Max du Preez, Pauli VanWyk, Adriaan Jurgens Basson, and Barry Bateman.[115] The EFF denied any involvement in attacks on Munusamy and other journalists.[116]

"We need to ask the IEC how such a party can be on the ballot box. It threatens journalists. It encourages its supporters to make rape threats and sexual assault threats. It wants to dictate what I can do as a journalist."
—Karima Brown[117]

South African political journalist Karima Brown was the target of verbal abuse and threats of violence by EFF supporters following the EFF's publication of her personal contact details. This led charges with the police and Equity Court being laid against the party amidst speculation that this instance might be in breach of South Africa's Electoral Code of Conduct. Parties in breach of the code risk having their registration to run in elections being revoked.[118] Malema stated on the incident that journalists have no privileges whilst accusing Brown of being a state agent and denied that EFF supporters were making threatening remarks.[119] The court found in favour of Brown and ruled that the EFF had contravened the South African electoral code by inciting its supporters to harass Brown.[120]

Following the publication of an article by the amaBhungane Centre for investigative journalism looking into allegations of corruption by the EFF the party controversially announced that it would be banning both amaBhungane and the Daily Maverick from its public events[121][122][123] and announced that they would be treated an enemies of the party.[124]

In January 2020 the EFF was forced to publicly apologies and pay damages following a Gauteng High Court judgment that the party had made and spread false allegations that two journalists, Thandeka Gqubule and Anton Harber, were apartheid era 'StratCom' agents.[125][126]

Racial and ethnic prejudice[]

Since its establishment the EFF has made a number of controversial racially or ethnically based statements about a number of South African minority groups. The EFF is widely criticised for inciting and perpetuating racism.[127][128][129] The EFF is known for staging controversial public protests aimed at increasing political support by driving race division and intolerance. Party practices have been defined as "fascist".[130][131][132][133][134][135][136] This approach has proved persuasive to a largely disenfranchised young black youth in South Africa who are mired by poverty, unemployment and inequality, where all minority groups, in particular whites, are singled out by party propaganda as the sole benefactors and drivers of inequality. As elected officials of Parliament, the EFF work to move the country toward a socialist revolution and a Marxist-Leninist style of governance.

Anti-black racism[]

Anthony Mathumba, an EFF councillor of the Makhado Local Municipality, is currently in court for hate speech. In June 2020, he is alleged to have created a Twitter account where he pretended to be a white woman and made racist comments to black women.[137][138][139]

Anti-Indian racism[]

The South African Minority Rights Equality Movement initiated a court case against Malema for inciting racial sentiment by stating that a "majority of Indians are racist" at an EFF Youth Day rally in 2018.[140]

The EFF was criticised by the South African Council of Churches, the Ahmed Kathrada Foundation,[141] and the ANC[142] for comparing Public Enterprises Minister Pravin Gordhan to a "dog" whilst protesting against the Zondo Commission inquiry into government corruption. The EFF also accused the anti-corruption investigators of being members of an "Indian cabal" commenting on the presence of Indian South African's making up the investigative team.[143][144] The EFF also retaliated against Gordhan by accusing him and his daughter of corruption.[145] The EFF accusations were proven false[146][147] and Gordhan laid charge of defamation against Malema stating that the EFF's "determined defence of corruption and the corrupt, using personal attacks, racism and alleged hate speech is not acceptable and must be challenged."[148] The Equality Court declared that the EFF was not guilty of hate speech in its statements relating to Gordhan.[149][150] EFF leadership and its supporters have been criticised for using Gordhan's second name, Jamnadas, as a racial dog whistle to highlight to his Indian ethnicity in a pejorative way and question his status as a South African on social media.[151]

ANC member and government minister, the late Jackson Mthembu, accused the EFF of being racist and having a "deep-seated hatred" for Indian South Africans whilst criticizing the party's pursuit of Gordhan during a parliamentary debate.[152][153]

Anti-white racism[]

During a 2016 political rally, EFF leader Julius Malema stated, "We are not calling for the slaughter of white people, at least for now." When asked for comment by a news agency, the ANC spokesperson, Zizi Kodwa stated that there will be no comment from the ANC, as "[Malema] was addressing his own party supporters."[154] While still the ANCYL leader, Malema was taken to the Equality Court by AfriForum for repeatedly singing "dubul' ibhunu", meaning "shoot the boer [white farmer]". The ANC supported Malema, though AfriForum and the ANC reached a settlement before the appeal case was due to be argued in the Supreme Court of Appeal.[155]

South Africa's Independent Electoral Commission disqualified EFF councillor Thabo Mabotja from the 2016 local elections due to a tweet by Mabotja calling for the hacking and killing of white South Africans.[156][157] The EFF formally welcomed the commission's decision and renounced Mabotja.[158][159]

Speaking at a political rally in 2018, Malema, told supporters to "go after a white man", a reference to Nelson Mandela Bay mayor Athol Trollip, adding that "we are cutting the throat of whiteness".[160] This led to the Democratic Alliance accusing the EFF's leader, Malema, of racism and not sharing the more tolerant views of South Africans broadly.[161] The EFF later claimed that the reference to the "throat of whiteness" was "a metaphorical reference to destroying white privilege" and was "not referring or advocating harm to white people".[162]

Following the death of former Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe, Malema tweeted a number of controversial quotes from the late Mugabe that were racially prejudiced towards white people, most notably "The only white man you can trust is a dead white man".[163][164] The South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) condemned the quote and stated that they would be taking Malema to court for spreading hate speech.[165]

Ideology[]

Feminists and the National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa have criticised the party's militarism and "military command structure".[166][167]

In mid-June 2016, a group calling themselves "Anonymous Africa", claiming to be associated with the hacktivist group Anonymous, perpetrated a DDoS attack on the EFF's website stating the reason for the attack was the party's "nationalist socialist rhetoric".[128] The South African Communist Party also condemnned the party.[168]

See also[]

References[]

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