Electoral history of William Lyon Mackenzie King

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Mackenzie King in 1942.

This article is the Electoral history of William Lyon Mackenzie King, the tenth Prime Minister of Canada. A Liberal, he was Canada's longest-serving Prime Minister, with three separate terms as Prime Minister (1921–1926, 1926–1930 and 1935–1948), for a total of 21 years and 154 days. He defeated Prime Ministers Arthur Meighen and R.B. Bennett at different times, and was succeeded by Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent in 1948.

King was elected to the House of Commons of Canada twelve times (1908, 1909, 1919, 1921, 1922, 1926 (twice), 1930, 1935, 1940, and 1945).

He was elected leader of the Liberal Party of Canada in 1919, by the first leadership convention for a federal party in Canada.

Summary[]

Mackenzie King in 1919.
Mackenzie King at the end of his career.

King was the longest-serving Prime Minister, in office for a total of 21 years, 154 days. He led the Liberal Party of Canada in seven consecutive general elections, winning six times (1921, 1925, 1926, 1935, 1940, 1945) and losing once (1930).[1] He won minority governments three times (1925, 1926 1945) and majority governments three times (1921, 1935, and 1940). He is in a three-way tie with Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir Wilfrid Laurier for the number of general elections he contested as leader of a party.

His unbroken term in office from October 23, 1935 to November 14, 1948 (just over thirteen years) is the second-longest unbroken term, coming after Laurier's unbroken term in office of over fifteen years (July 11, 1896 to October 6, 1911) and just ahead of Macdonald's longest unbroken term of just under thirteen years (October 17, 1878 to June 6, 1891).[1]

King was the third of four prime ministers to serve non-consecutive terms, the others being Macdonald, Meighen, and Pierre Trudeau.

King was the fourth of five prime ministers from Ontario, the others being Sir John A. Macdonald, Alexander Mackenzie, Sir Mackenzie Bowell, and Lester Pearson.

King stood for election to the House of Commons of Canada sixteen times, in ten general elections and six by-elections. He was elected twelve times and defeated four times. Three of the by-elections were ministerial by-elections, triggered by King entering the federal Cabinet, once as Minister of Labour (1909) and twice as Prime Minister (1922, 1926). Two of the by-elections were in response to his defeats in his own constituency in general elections, which compelled him to seek election to a safe seat to re-enter the Commons. One by-election was after his election as leader of the Liberal Party, where he stood for election in a vacant seat to enter the House of Commons as quickly as possible.

King was a member of the House of Commons for five different constituencies, from three different provinces (Ontario, Prince Edward Island and Saskatchewan), a more diverse electoral record than any other Prime Minister. He served in the House of Commons for a total of 32 years and 7 days.[2]

Canada had nine provinces and two territories throughout King's time in office.

Federal general elections, 1921 to 1945[]

King led the Liberal Party in seven general elections, winning six (three majority governments and three minority governments) and was defeated once.

Canadian federal election, 1921[]

The 1921 election resulted in the a razor-thin majority government for King. King was able to maintain his government for four years, with the support of the Progressives in the Commons.

Canadian Federal Election, 1921 - Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote
Party Leaders Seats Won Popular Vote
Liberal W. L. Mackenzie King1 118 41.2%
Progressive T. A. Crerar 58 21.1%
  Conservative Arthur Meighen2 49 30.0%
  Labour J. S. Woodsworth 3 2.7%
  Independents 2 3.0%
United Farmers of Alberta 2 0.7%
  Independent Conservative 1 0.4%
United Farmers of Ontario 1 0.1%
  Independent Progressive 1 0.1%
Total 235 99.3%3
Sources: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

1 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Prime Minister after the election.
2 Prime Minister when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.
3 Table does not include parties which received votes but did not elect any members.

Canadian federal election, 1925[]

Although Arthur Meighen and the Liberal-Conservatives won more seats than King and the Liberals, King was able to form a minority government with the support of the Progressives. King was also defeated in his own seat of York North, Ontario and had to seek election in a safe seat, Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. However, he was forced to resign over a federal procurement scandal less than a year into office, leading to his replacement as Prime Minister by Arthur Meighen, leader of the Liberal-Conservatives. These events triggered a constitutional crisis, the King–Byng Affair, and the general election of 1926.

Canadian Federal Election, 1925 - Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote
Party Leaders Seats Won Popular Vote
  Liberal-Conservative Arthur Meighen1 115 46.1%
Liberal W. L. Mackenzie King2 100 39.7%
Progressive Robert Forke 22 8.5%
  Labour J. S. Woodsworth 2 1.8%
  Independents 2 0.5%
United Farmers of Alberta 2 0.3%
  Independent Liberal 1 1.0%
  Independent Conservative 1 0.5%
Total 245 98.4%4
Sources: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

1 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.
2 Prime Minister when election was called; Prime Minister after the election.
3 Less than 0.05% of the popular vote.
4 Table does not include parties which received votes but did not elect any members.

Canadian federal election, 1926[]

This general election was called on the advice of Prime Minister Meighen, appointed Prime Minister by the Governor-General, Viscount Byng, after King resigned as Prime Minister. King's resignation triggered a constitutional crisis, the King-Byng Affair. King and the Liberals won the greatest number of seats in the election, but were short of a majority. King formed a minority government with support from some Progressives, particularly the Liberal-Progressives. His minority government lasted for four years.

Canadian Federal Election, 1926 - Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote
Party Leaders Seats Won Popular Vote
Liberal W. L. Mackenzie King1 116 42.9%
  Liberal-Conservative Arthur Meighen2 91 45.4%
Progressive 11 3.9%
United Farmers of Alberta 11 1.9%
Liberal–Progressive Robert Forke 8 1.9%
  Labour 4 1.7%
  Independents 2 0.8%
  Independent Liberal 1 0.6%
United Farmers of Ontario 1 0.2%
Total 245 99.3%3
Sources: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

1 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Prime Minister after the election.
2 Prime Minister when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.
3 Less than 0.05% of the popular vote.
3 Table does not include parties which received votes but did not elect any members.

Canadian federal election, 1930[]

The 1930 election was King's only election loss at the national level. The Liberal-Conservatives formed a majority government, with R.B. Bennett as Prime Minister. King remained as leader of the Liberal Party and became Leader of the Opposition.

Election poster showing Mackenzie King in 1930 general election.
Canadian Federal Election, 1930 - Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote
Party Leaders Seats Won Popular Vote
  Liberal-Conservative R. B. Bennett1 135 47.8%
Liberal W. L. Mackenzie King2 89 44.0%
United Farmers of Alberta 9 1.5%
Progressive 3 1.8%
Liberal–Progressive 3 1.2%
  Labour J. S. Woodsworth 2 0.7%
  Independents 2 0.6%
  Progressive-Conservative 1 0.4%
  Independent Labour 1 0.4%
Total 245 98.4%4
Sources: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

1 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Prime Minister after election.
2 Prime Minister when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.
3 Less than 0.5% of the popular vote.
4 Table does not include parties which received votes but did not elect any members.

1935 Canadian federal election[]

In the 1935 election, King and the Liberals decisively defeated the Liberal-Conservatives, giving King his first outright majority government.

Canadian Federal Election, 1935 - Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote
Party Leaders Seats Won Popular Vote
Liberal W. L. Mackenzie King1 173 44.7%
  Liberal-Conservative R. B. Bennett2 39 29.8%
Social Credit J. H. Blackmore 17 4.1%
  Co-operative Commonwealth Federation J. S. Woodsworth 7 9.3%
Liberal–Progressive 4 0.7%
Reconstruction H. H. Stevens 1 8.7%
  Independent Liberal 1 1.2%
  Independent 1 0.4%
  United Farmers of Ontario-Labour 1 0.4%
  Independent Conservative 1 0.0%3
Total 245 99.3%4
Sources: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

1 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Prime Minister after election.
2 Prime Minister when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.
3 Less than 0.04% of national vote.
4 Table does not include parties which received votes but did not elect any members.

1940 Canadian federal election[]

In the 1940 election, King and the Liberals were re-elected, with another majority government.

Canadian Federal Election, 1940 - Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote
Party Leaders Seats Won Popular Vote
Liberal W. L. Mackenzie King1 179 51.3%
  National Government Robert Manion 2 36 29.2%
  Conservative 3 1.2%
  Co-operative Commonwealth Federation J. S. Woodsworth 8 8.4%
Social Credit J. H. Blackmore 7 1.0%
New Democracy W. D. Herridge 3 1.6%
Liberal–Progressive 3 0.6%
  Independent Liberal 2 3.2%
  Independent 1 1.2%
  Independent Conservative 1 0.2%
  Unity 1 0.3%
  United Reform 1 0.3%
Total 245 98.5%3
Sources: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

1 Prime Minister when election was called; Prime Minister after election.
2 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.
3 Table does not include parties which received votes but did not elect any members.

1945 Canadian federal election[]

In the 1945 election, King and the Liberals were re-elected, but with another minority government. King managed to stay in power by a working alliance with a group of Independent Liberals, who had opposed his position on conscription. King was defeated in his own seat of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, and had to seek election in another safe seat, Glengarry, Ontario.

Canadian Federal Election, 1945 - Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote
Party Leaders Seats Won Popular Vote
Liberal W. L. Mackenzie King1 118 39.8%
  Progressive Conservative John Bracken2 66 27.6%
  Co-operative Commonwealth Federation M. J. Coldwell 28 15.6%
Social Credit Solon Earl Low 13 4.1%
  Independent Liberal 8 1.8%
  Independent 6 4.9%
Bloc populaire Maxime Raymond 2 3.3%
Labor–Progressive3 Tim Buck 1 2.1%
  Independent Progressive Conservative 1 0.3%
  Independent Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 1 0.1%
Liberal–Progressive 1 0.1%
Total 245 99.7%3
Sources: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

1 Prime Minister when election was called; Prime Minister after election.
2 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.
3 Table does not include parties which received votes but did not elect any members.

Federal constituency elections, 1908 to 1945[]

King stood for election to the House of Commons sixteen times, in three different provinces (Ontario, Prince Edward Island and Saskatchewan).

1908 Federal Election: Waterloo North[]

1908 Canadian federal election: Waterloo North
Party Candidate Votes % Elected
Liberal William Lyon Mackenzie King 3,469 51.58 Green tickY
Conservative Richard Reid 3,206 47.67
Independent Allen Hubur 50 0.74
Total valid votes 6,725 100.00
Source(s)
"Waterloo North, Ontario (1867-08-06 - 1968-04-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

1909 Federal Ministerial By-Election: Waterloo North[]

At this time, newly appointed Cabinet ministers had to stand for re-election, but it was customary for the other political party not to oppose the election.

Canadian federal by-election, June 6, 1909: Waterloo North
Federal Ministerial by-election for King's appointment as Minister of Labour on June 21, 1909
Party Candidate Votes Elected
Liberal William Lyon Mackenzie King acclaimed Green tickY
Total valid votes -
Source(s)
"Waterloo North, Ontario (1867-08-06 - 1968-04-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

1911 Federal Election: Waterloo North[]

This was the first of King's four defeats at the constituency level.

1911 Canadian federal election: Waterloo North
Party Candidate Votes % Elected
Conservative William George Weichel 3,774 52.18 Green tickY
Liberal William Lyon Mackenzie King 3,459 47.82
Total valid votes 7,223 100.00
Source(s)
"Waterloo North, Ontario (1867-08-06 - 1968-04-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

1917 Federal Election: York North[]

This was the second of King's four defeats at the constituency level.

1917 Canadian federal election: York North
Party Candidate Votes % Elected
Government (Unionist) John Alexander Macdonald Armstrong 3,948 57.91 Green tickY
Opposition (Laurier Liberals) William Lyon Mackenzie King 2,870 42.09
Total valid votes 6,818 100.00
Source(s)
"York North, Ontario (1867-08-06 - 2004-05-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

1919 Federal By-Election: Prince[]

This by-election was triggered by the death of the incumbent, Joseph Read. King had recently been elected leader of the Liberal Party, and stood for election in Prince Edward Island to obtain a seat in the Commons as quickly as possible.

Canadian federal by-election, October 20, 1919 (1919-10-20): Prince
Federal by-election following Joseph Reed's death on April 6, 1919 (1919-04-06)
Party Candidate Votes Elected
Liberal William Lyon Mackenzie King acclaimed Green tickY
Total valid votes -
Source(s)
"Prince, Prince Edward Island (1904-09-20 - 1968-04-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

1921 Federal Election: York North[]

1921 Canadian federal election: York North
Party Candidate Votes % Elected
Liberal William Lyon Mackenzie King 5,167 42.17 Green tickY
Conservative John Alexander Macdonald Armstrong 4,112 33.56
Progressive Ralph Waldo Emerson Burnaby 2,973 24.27
Total valid votes 12,252 100.00
Source(s)
"York North, Ontario (1867-08-06 - 2004-05-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

1922 Federal Ministerial By-Election: York North[]

At this time, newly appointed Cabinet ministers, including a new Prime Minister, had to stand for re-election, but it was customary for the other political party not to oppose the election.

Canadian federal by-election, January 19, 1922 (1922-01-19): York North
Federal Ministerial by-election for King's appointment as Prime Minister
Party Candidate Votes Elected
Liberal William Lyon Mackenzie King acclaimed Green tickY
Total valid votes -
Source(s)
"York North, Ontario (1867-08-06 - 2004-05-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

1925 Federal Election: York North[]

This was the third of King's four defeats at the constituency level.

1925 Canadian federal election: York North
Party Candidate Votes % Elected
Conservative Thomas Herbert Lennox 10,028 51.26 Green tickY
Liberal William Lyon Mackenzie King 9,534 48.74
Total valid votes 19,562 100.00
Source(s)
"York North, Ontario (1867-08-06 - 2004-05-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

1926 Federal By-Election: Prince Albert[]

The incumbent, Charles McDonald, who had just won the Prince Albert seat in the 1925 general election, was persuaded to resign to allow King to stand for election and re-enter the House of Commons. Although the custom at the time was that the other parties would not contest a by-election to allow a party leader to obtain a seat, the defeated Conservative candidate from the general election, future Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, encouraged David Burgess to contest the seat as an independent.

Canadian federal by-election, February 15, 1926 (1926-02-15): Prince Albert
Charles McDonald's resignation on January 15, 1926 (1926-01-15).
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Elected
Liberal William Lyon Mackenzie King 7,920 77.50 +26.3 Green tickY
Independent David Luther Burgess 2,299 22.50
Total valid votes 10,219 100.0
History of Federal Ridings Since 1867[3]

1926 Federal Election: Prince Albert[]

Diefenbaker campaign poster in the 1926 election.

This is the only case where two future Prime Ministers faced each other as candidates for the same riding.

1926 Canadian federal election: Prince Albert
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Elected
Liberal William Lyon Mackenzie King 8,933 64.87 -12.6 Green tickY
Conservative John Diefenbaker 4,838 35.13
Total valid votes 13,771 100.0
Source(s)
"Prince Albert, Saskatchewan (1908-09-17 - 1988-09-30)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

1926 Federal Ministerial By-Election: Prince Albert[]

Due to a federal procurement scandal, King had resigned as Prime Minister in mid-1926 and been replaced by Arthur Meighen, who shortly afterwards called the 1926 general election. Having won the general election and been appointed Prime Minister, King was required to stand for re-election, but it was customary for the other political party not to oppose the election.

Canadian federal by-election, November 2, 1926 (1926-11-02): Prince Albert
On Mr. King's acceptance of an office of emolument under the Crown, October 11, 1926 (1926-10-11).
Party Candidate Votes Elected
Liberal William Lyon Mackenzie King acclaimed Green tickY
Total valid votes -
Source(s)
"Prince Albert, Saskatchewan (1908-09-17 - 1988-09-30)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

1930 Federal Election: Prince Albert[]

1930 Canadian federal election: Prince Albert
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Elected
Liberal William Lyon Mackenzie King 9,283 53.43 Green tickY
Conservative George Braden 8,091 46.57
Total valid votes 17,374 100.0
Source(s)
"Prince Albert, Saskatchewan (1908-09-17 - 1988-09-30)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

1935 Federal Election: Prince Albert[]

1935 Canadian federal election: Prince Albert
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Elected
Liberal William Lyon Mackenzie King 9,087 54.67 +1.2 Green tickY
Social Credit Alexander Rupert Bedard 3,185 19.16
Conservative Tom Francis Graves 2,880 17.33 -29.2
Co-operative Commonwealth Tom Johnston 1,469 8.84
Total valid votes 16,621 100.0
Source(s)
"Prince Albert, Saskatchewan (1908-09-17 - 1988-09-30)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

1940 Federal Election: Prince Albert[]

1940 Canadian federal election: Prince Albert
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Elected
Liberal William Lyon Mackenzie King 8,310 45.96 -8.7 Green tickY
National-Unity Robert Rae Manville 7,534 41.67
Co-operative Commonwealth Peter William Strelive 1,993 11.02 +2.2
Communist Alfred Cowie Campbell 243 1.34
Total valid votes 18,080 100.0
Source(s)
"Prince Albert, Saskatchewan (1908-09-17 - 1988-09-30)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

1945 Federal Election: Prince Albert[]

This was the fourth of King's four defeats at the constituency level.

1945 Canadian federal election: Prince Albert
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Elected
Co-operative Commonwealth Edward LeRoy Bowerman 7,928 40.99 +30.0 Green tickY
Liberal William Lyon Mackenzie King 7,799 40.32 -5.6
Progressive Conservative Walter Hemming Nelson 2,768 14.31
Social Credit Joshua Norman Haldeman 847 4.38
Total valid votes 19,342 100.0
Source(s)
"Prince Albert, Saskatchewan (1908-09-17 - 1988-09-30)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

1945 Federal By-Election: Glengarry[]

In the 1945 general election, William MacDiarmid won the seat for the Liberals. He resigned the seat to allow King an opportunity to re-enter the House of Commons.

Canadian federal by-election, August 6, 1945 (1945-08-06): Glengarry
On William MacDiarmid's acceptance of an office of emolument under the Crown, June 22, 1945 (1945-06-22)
Party Candidate Votes %
Liberal William Lyon Mackenzie King 4,551 93.33
Independent Richard Monahan 325 6.67
Total valid votes 4,876 100.0
Source(s)
"Glengarry, Ontario (1925-09-05 - 1953-06-12)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

Liberal Party leadership convention, 1919[]

King won the leadership after three completed ballots. His primary opposition was William Stevens Fielding, former premier of Nova Scotia and former Finance Minister in Laurier's governments.

Liberal Leadership Convention, August 7, 1919
Voting results by ballot
Candidate First Ballot Second Ballot Third Ballot Fourth Ballot Fifth Ballot
Votes cast % Votes cast % Votes cast % Votes cast % Votes cast %
King1919HeadShot.jpg Mackenzie King 344 36.3% 411 43.8% 476 52.1%
William Stevens Fielding, premier of Nova Scotia.jpg William Stevens Fielding 297 31.4% 344 36.6% 438 47.9%
George Perry Graham.jpg George Perry Graham 153 16.2% 124 13.2% Withdrew on third ballot, which was then cancelled.
DanielDuncanMcKenzie.jpg Daniel Duncan McKenzie 153 16.2% 60 6.4% Withdrew on fourth ballot, which was then cancelled.
Total 947 100.1%1 939 100.0% 914 100.0%
Source: CPAC – 1919 Liberal Convention

1 Rounding error.

See also[]

References[]

External links[]

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