Electric vehicle industry in India

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Electric Scooter displayed at Auto Expo, Delhi, INDIA.
Electric Scooter at AUTO EXPO 2020

The Electric Vehicle Industry in India is a growing industry. The central and state governments have launched schemes and incentives to promote electric mobility in the country and some regulations and standards are also in place. While the country stands to benefit in a large way by switching its transport from IC engines to electric motor-powered, there are challenges like lack of charging infrastructure, high initial cost and lack of electricity produced from renewable energy. Still, e-commerce companies, car manufacturers, app-based transportation network companies and mobility solution providers have entered the sector and are slowly building up electric car capacity and visibility.[1][2]

Government policies[]

Union Road Transport Minister Nitin Gadkari stated today that, he believes; "India will be a manufacturing hub for electric vehicles within the next five years, adding that several countries do not want to deal with China after the COVID-19 crisis, which can be an opportunity for India." The minister asked Indian automotive companies to boost their electric vehicle technology and also to focus on finding alternatives to lithium-ion battery tech to help make India the next global manufacturing hub for electric vehicles. “I am confident that in five years, India will become the number one hub for manufacturing electric buses, cars and two-wheelers. There is also a blessing in disguise that a majority of countries are not interested in dealing with China anymore. So, now there is a huge potential for India,” Gadkari said. Gadkari made the statement during a webinar titled ‘India’s Electric Vehicle Roadmap Post COVID-19’. The minister’s push in the EV sector comes as relations between India and China are currently tense following the border standoff on 15–16 June that left 20 Indian soldiers dead.

China has so far been on top in terms of electric vehicle production in the world with it producing over 80 percent of all EVs globally. The country has the fourth largest reserves of lithium in the world hence giving it a monopoly in the lithium-ion cell market.[3] Lithium-ion battery packs are currently used the most for powering from small electric two-wheelers to electric commercial vehicles.

India unveiled the 'National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020' in 2013 to address the issues of National energy security, vehicular pollution and growth of domestic manufacturing capabilities.[4][5] Reiterating its commitment to the Paris Agreement, the Government of India has plans to make a major shift to electric vehicles by 2030.[6][7][8]

Central government[]

The Government released a two-pronged strategy aimed at both buyers and manufacturers, in which it offers $1.4 billion in subsidies to buyers, while imposing a hike on import tariffs to increase manufacturing of these vehicles by domestic companies.[9] The Government is mainly focusing to electrify public transportation as the subsidies, mainly available for two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and buses. This policy also earmarks $140 million to develop charging infrastructure which should further help the development of the EV industry in India.[9] On 14 December 2018, the government also released a document which outlines the standard and guidelines for EV Charging infrastructure. Beyond the specifications of the charging infrastructure, the guidelines also required a charging station to be present every 25 km along a road/highway.[10]

Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) is procuring 10,000 number of Electric Vehicles from reputed manufacturers for distribution to Government Departments on rental model and upfront sale model. EESL's tender of 10,000 number of EV's has reduced the cost of EV's substantially.

National Electric Mobility Mission Plan, 2020[]

The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan, 2020 was launched by the Government of India in year 2012 with the aim of improving the national fuel security through the promotion of hybrid and electric vehicles.[11] Auto industry contributes 22% to the manufacturing GDP. From the help of new Manufacturing Policy, contribution of manufacturing in overall economy will increase to 25% by year 2022.[12] The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan targets 30% of EV penetration in India by 2030.[13]

Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric vehicles (FAME)[]

The Government started Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric vehicles (FAME) scheme which provides incentives for purchasing electric vehicles.[14] Phase I of the scheme lasted from 2015 to 2019,[15] while Phase II began in 2019 and is planned to be completed in 2022.[16][17]

Government is releasing tenders to increase charging infrastructure in the country.[18] The scheme offers incentives to the electric and hybrid vehicles ranging from Rs.1,800 to Rs.29,000 for scooters and motorcycles and Rs.1.38 Lac for cars. FAME is a part of National Electric Mobility Mission Plan by Government of India.[19]

Go Electric campaign[]

The government launched the Go Electric campaign in the start of 2021 to encourage the adoption of electric mobility vehicles and electric cooking appliances and to ensure energy security in the country. Road Transport and Highways Minister Nitin Gadkari launched the campaign, saying Go Electric is a future for India that will promote low-cost, environmentally friendly and indigenous electrical products. He expressed concern about the huge cost of importing fossil fuels and said CO2 emissions from transportation vehicles are a major challenge. The country must encourage the use of vehicles that run on alternative fuels such as electric batteries, CNG and biofuels.[20]

The Government to suspend the registration fee for EVs will persuade states also to give tax breaks[21]

Delhi[]

The Delhi Government recently approved 1,000 low floor AC Electric buses to be used in Delhi’s public transport system.[22] Buses have CCTV, Automatic Vehicle Tracking System (AVTS), Panic buttons and Panic alarms. Subsidy given by government is up to Rs 75 lakh or 60% of cost of bus, whichever is lesser.

Tamil Nadu[]

Tamil Nadu chief minister Edappadi K Palaniswami launched Mauto Electric mobility’s electric autorickshaws - touted as India’s first retrofit electric autos in India in 2019.

Dubai-based KMC group and Mauto Electric Mobility will convert petrol-run autorickshaws into electric vehicles with an investment of Rs 100 crore and offer job opportunities to 5,000 people. KMC group and Mauto Electric Mobility signed a MOU during chief minister’s stopover in Dubai during his three-nation trip in September. The MoUs were signed at an event hosted by the Business Leaders Forum (BLF), an initiative of UAE’s ministry of economy and the Indian Embassy in the UAE. The state government recently gave necessary clearances for the units to start the venture.

“The driving range per full charge of three hours will be 100 km. The aim is to introduce 4,000 electric rickshaws in the city, 100 by a month to reduce air pollution to a large extent. The autos are fitted with CCTV surveillance, panic button and television. It is highly safe for children going to school and women,” said Mansoor Ali Khan, chairman, Mauto group of companies. Mansoor, chief executive officer of MAuto Group, said the petrol-driven autorickshaws would incur an expenditure of Rs 350 - Rs 400 for every 100 km, while it is Rs 40 for electric autorickshaws.“ The retrofitting of autorickshaws will cost only Rs 1.2 to Rs 1.5 lakh. We are ready to convert the vehicles registered after 2000,” he added. The company is planning to set up charging stations in each of the ten zones of the city. Charging on the go will be possible with the help of a mobile app.[23]

Karnataka[]

Karnataka approved Electric Vehicle and Energy Storage Policy 2017.[24] It aim to attract investment of Rs 31,000 crore and create around 55,000 employment. The union government has unveiled its vision to make country all-electric vehicle market by year 2031 to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and reduce its carbon footprint.

Maharashtra[]

The Maharashtra Government is focusing on increasing EV use in the state by proposing to exempt EV’s from road tax and providing a 15% subsidy to the first lakh EV’s registered in the state. To improve suitable infrastructure, the government proposed to provide a maximum subsidy of Rs 1 million (~$15,549) per charging station up to first 250 charging stations that are set up in Maharashtra.[25]

Uttarakhand[]

In 2018, the Uttarakhand Government introduced a new scheme to help the manufacturing and promote the use of EV’s as well.[26] The scheme would provide companies with loans ranging between Rs 10 crore and Rs 50 crore to build EV's and charging infrastructure. The scheme also doesn't charge motor tax for the first lakh customers of EV’s for five years.

Standards[]

Charging[]

From left to right: CHAdeMO (IEC 62196-3 IEC 62196-3 configuration AA, DC), Combo2 (IEC 62196-3 configuration FF, DC), and Type 2 (IEC 62196–2, AC). A common socket can be used for Type 2 (AC) and CCS Combo 2 (DC)

AC charging[]

IS:17017 specifies Bharat EV Charging standard AC001. It uses 15 A, 230 V, 3.3 kW, and an IEC 60309 connector. Electric vehicles can be charged using a regular 220V - 15 A household supply that delivers around 2.5 kW power. There is no policy or standard defined for at-home EV charging. Bharat EV specifications recommend the installation of a Residual Current Circuit Breaker to ensure safety and using an IEC 60309 Industrial connector, but a 3 pin 15 A plug could also be used.[27] For higher power AC charging (~22 kW), Type 2 connectors are specified.[28] The advantage of Type 2 connectors is that, they can use three phase AC power for charging.

DC charging[]

The public DC Charging Standard is DC 001. It uses custom GB/T for EV-EVSE communication over CAN mode.[27] It uses 200 A, 15 kW, and a GB/T 20234 connector. Maximum DC O/P Voltage is 100 VDC. There is very few cars in market with this standards like Mahindra e-Varito, Mahindra e20 and Tata Moters e-Tigor. The IS:17017-1 published by BIS in August, 2018 recommends CCS-2 (Combined Charging System) and CHAdeMO protocols for high power fast charging.[27][29] The advantage of CCS over CHAdeMO and GB/T is that it uses Power Line Carrier Communications (PLCC) for EV-EVSE communication while CHAdeMO and GB/T use CAN. PLC allows secure communication using encrypted messages and the link can support higher data-rate as compared to that by CAN.[30]

Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE)[]

The IS:17017 standard published by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) covers general requirements and safety norms for EVSEs.[27]

Central Management System (CMS)[]

The Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) 1.5 or higher over the internet is to be used.[31]

Benefits of electric vehicles[]

  • Electric vehicles are around 3-5 times more efficient than internal combustion vehicles in utilising energy. Even if electric vehicles run on electricity produced from fossil fuels, the overall efficiency of electric vehicles is still higher and the pollution is less, because large thermal power plants are much more efficient than IC engines, and it is easier to control emissions from power plants than vehicle engines.
  • Electric vehicles save energy by regenerative braking. Around 30%-70% of the energy used for propulsion can be recovered, with higher percentages applicable to stop-and-go city driving.[32]
  • Air quality indices related to India[33][34] indicate that the air in many cities of India is no longer healthy. Automobile related pollution has been one of the causes for this.
  • Aspects related to global warming needs a shift to automobile solutions that reduce / do not produce greenhouse gas emissions. If electric vehicles run on electricity produced from non-polluting sources of energy like hydro, solar, wind, tidal and nuclear, they reduce emissions due to vehicles almost to zero.
  • The need to reduce dependency on a fossil-fuel based economy. India's crude oil imports for 2014-15 was 112 billion dollars[35] (approximately 7,00,000 crore rupees). For comparison, the allocation for the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, in budget 2017-18, is 48,000 crore rupees.[36]
  • India can become a global provider for clean mobility solutions and processes that are affordable and scalable.
  • People living in some Indian cities are being affected by noise pollution.[37] Some of the Indian cities have the worst noise pollution levels in the world.[38][39] Electric vehicles are much quieter and may contribute to a reduction in noise pollution levels in the cities.[40]
  • Energy efficiency and emission reduction has improved in automobiles. Yet, the growth in total number of vehicles on road, and the resulting total pollution and total energy consumption removed all gains made by betterment in energy efficiency and emission reduction by automobiles. Energy efficiency measures and pollution control measures did not keep pace with the sales growth in vehicles. The total number of vehicles registered in India has been 5.4 million,[41] 11 million,[42] 33 million,[42] 40 million[43] and 210 million[41] in the years 1981, 1986, 1996, 2000 and 2015. This indicates 39 times percentage growth in the total number of vehicles between 1981 and 2015. The total number of vehicles sold in India increased between 1,54,81,381 in 2010-11 and 2,04,69,385 in 2015-16[44] indicating a 30+ percentage growth in this five year period.
  • Through smart charging, electric vehicles can help to balance the balance-supply variations in the electricity grid, and provide a buffer against electricity supply failures.
  • Electric vehicles have much fewer moving parts as compared to vehicles with IC engines. Thus, being simpler, they are cheaper and easier to maintain.[45][46]
  • Electric motors can deliver high torque at low speeds. As a result, electric vehicles deliver much better performance while starting off and on slopes than IC engine-powered vehicles.[47]

Challenges faced[]

Lack of charging infrastructure[]

Cumulative electric vehicles per million people

The charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in India has not been fully developed yet.[48] For more details, see the section 'Charging Infrastructure' below.

Cost[]

The cost of EVs is very high mainly due to the cost of Li-ion cells. The battery packs are imported and cost a lot, about $275/KWh in India. This combined with the GST of 18% and the lack of lithium in India, further increase the cost of batteries. In case of four wheelers, Most EVs in India provide a range of 200 to 250 km and cost between Rs 14-20 lakhs which does not give a cost advantage compared to higher range cars in the same price range.[49]

Lack of renewable energy and grid infrastructure[]

In India electricity is mainly produced by burning coal, which produces a great amount of greenhouse emissions. With the introduction of EVs and charging infrastructure, the electricity demand will go up a lot and the whole point of introducing EVs to reduce GHG emissions would be ineffective, if all this electricity was produced by burning coal. Moreover, India’s Distribution companies hold debts and are unable to suffice the energy requirement of the whole country adequately. If EVs were to enter this equation, the sudden increase in electricity requirement would put extra load on these companies. Moreover, there are a lot of factors that would go into deciding pricing of the electricity as well the demand on the grid.[50]

Charging infrastructure[]

See also: Charging station

The Government of India has declared public charging stations and EV charging businesses as a de-licensed activity.[51][52] The government has laid down that there should be at least one charging station in a grid of 3 km x 3 km in cities and one station every 25 km on both sides of highways. This coverage is to be achieved in cities with a population of more than 4 million and all existing expressways and important highways connected to these mega cities by 2022. The second phase (3 to 5 years) will cover big cities like state capitals and UT headquarters.[53] There have been initiatives to set up community charging stations, as in the case of Plugin India facilitated charging stations.[54] News reports have indicated about plans to provide solar-powered charging points at the existing fuel stations of the country.[55][56][57] There are companies like Tata Power, Fortum and others which are engaged in the business of electric vehicle charging. They have already installed all varieties of chargers - rapid DC chargers and level 2 AC chargers for all kinds of applications - public access, workplace charging, fleet charging, residential communities, malls, highways etc and have large plans to scale up.

Charging infrastructure, mainly setting up of level 2 charging at public level shall be the toughest challenge in terms of service integration for India. For normal charging, the charging time poses a serious problem as it ranges from 6 to 8 hours whereas for fast DC charging; cost & high renewable energy are the biggest factors which could pose a problem. It is also assumed that 10% of the charging infrastructure required in India shall be composed of fast charging station and rest 90% shall come from level 2 public charging setups.[58] On 22 May 2018 Ather Energy launched its charging infrastructure service in Bangalore called Ather Grid, with each charging station called 'Point'. The service is open to all electric vehicles but has been deployed where Ather plans to launch its own electric scooter.[59]

Industry associations[]

Electric vehicles in India[]

Fully electric cars[]

In 2017 ISRO tested a solar-powered hybrid car - a modified Maruti Omni with a solar panel platform installed on top of the car. The installation of this solar platform on the car has been rated "awful" for its design.[60] The Hyundai Kona electric has the highest range of 452(as per ARAI) km in a single charge among the electric cars available in India.

  • Hyundai Kona Electric[61]
  • Mahindra e-Verito[62]
  • Mahindra e2o
  • REVA by Reva Electric Car Company
  • Tata X-press T (Only for Commercial purposes)[63]
  • Tata Tigor ev
  • Tata Nexon EV 2020
  • Mercedes Benz EQC
  • Extinction MK1 by Pravaig Dynamics[64] (to be launched)
  • Morris Garages ZS EV [65]

Motor cycles[]

  • Revolt Motors (RV400 & RV300)[66][67][68][69]
  • Tork Motors (to be launched)[70]
  • Kabira Automobile
  • Earth Energy (to be launched)
  • Ultraviolette Automotive[71]
  • SVM Prana
  • Zitto Motors (to be launched)
  • Emflux Motors (to be launched)[72][73]

Scooters[]

  • Ather Energy[74][75]
  • Bajaj Chetak (Currently available in Pune and Bangalore)
  • Simple Energy (Mark 2 to be launched)
  • Hero Electric Photon 48V
  • Okinawa Praise
  • Rubie*
  • - Launched its scooter in Oct 2020
  • Evolet Pony
  • Omjay Eeve
  • Battre loev
  • Battre loev gpsie (India's first e scooter with gps)
  • Pure EV Epluto 7G (Available all over India)
  • Ampere by Greaves (Available all over India)
  • Ola S1 and S1 pro (Just launched)
  • TVS iQube[76] (Currently available in Bangalore)
  • Ola Electric
Solar panels in the roof of Reva NXR concept car

Rickshaws[]

Electric auto rickshaw in New Delhi

A Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill was passed by the Parliament in 2015, which established battery-powered e-rickshaws as a valid form of commercial transport in India.[77] With their small size and small turning radius, E-rickshaw is already a popular mode of transport in Delhi-NCR, particularly in small lanes and congested areas. In fact, E-Rickshaws have pretty much replaced the traditional cycle rickshaw carrying passengers as well as goods across the length and breath of India, e.g., Rural Bengal and suburbs on the periphery of Kolkata.

Then there are the Traditional Auto-Rickshaws (Auto rickshaw), or referred to as Autos in short, used for passenger and goods movement all across the length and breadth of India. Fully Electric versions of these Auto-Rickshaws are now available, especially for intra-city/last-mile transportation of goods.

Cargo three wheeler[]

Vans[]

As van segment is becoming popular in the country, Force motors has showcase the E Traveller and the T1N plateform in the auto expo 2020.[85] Mahindra & Mahindra had also launch a minivan called eSupro based on Supro.[86][87]

Buses[]

Electric buses in Bangalore by BMTC

India's first electric bus was launched in Bangalore in 2014.[88] Ashok Leyland launched its electric bus in October 2016.[89] Tata Motors launched its pure electric bus "Starbus Electric 9m" and hybrid "StarBus Electric 12m" in January 2017.[90] Goldstone Infratech supplied Himachal Pradesh Transport Corporation with 25 electric buses in September 2017.[91] 25 Tata Starbus Hybrid electric buses were delivered in Maharashtra in March 2018.[citation needed] India's first intercity electric bus was inaugurated on 5 September which is operated between Mumbai and Pune by MSRTC[92] November 2019. 133 BYD Olectra electric buses have been deployed across Pune city in the first phase of its e-bus programme.[93][94]

Mini pickup truck[]

  • Mahindra eSupro cargo[80]
  • Tata Motors, Ace Electric in 2016[95]
  • Ashok Leyland, Dost Electric pickup truck[citation needed]
  • Omega seiki M1KA
  • Croyance Automotive, ELECRO 1.t India first electric cargo light truck[96]

Heavy duty trucks, semi-trailer and tractor trucks[]

A Gurgaon based company, Infraprime Logistics Technologies Pvt. Ltd. launched first heavy duty truck (tractor-tipper-trailer combination) in India in Sep 2019.[97] No other case of manufacturing and use of electric heavy duty trucks, semi-trailers or tractor trucks in India has been reported.

Tractors[]

Cellestial E-Mobility, a Hyderabad-based start-up, unveiled the country’s first electric tractor equipped with advanced features like battery swap, regenerative brakes, power inversion, charging from residential AC outlet and fast charging. This is the first electric tractor for the agriculture and logistics sectors.[98]

Railways[]

Electric tram in Kolkata, 1945

Indian Railways has a long history of electric locomotives, with their first use in 1925. On 31 March 2017, government announced that the entire rail network in the country will be electrified by 2022.[99] Indian Railways has successfully tested solar-panel mounted trains.[100][101] Power generated from these solar panels will be used for the lights and fans inside the train.[102]

Solar-electric boat[]

Conversion of old vehicles in to battery vehicles[]

  • E-trio Automobiles for Maruti Alto and Maruti Wagon R[103]
  • Nothway motorsports for Tata Ace Gold
  • MAuto Electric Mobility (First in India to introduce Retrofit EV Vehicles in Auto rickshaw category)[104]

Pixy Electric Cars Pvt Ltd - "Bolt On Kits" for Maruti Gypsy, Swift, Ertiga, Eeco Van, Mercedes E Class, E Motorboats - In-House Motor Development & Manufacture

Hybrid cars[]

Hybrid cars are available in various types depending upon its combination of power supply form battery and petrol.[105] Below are some of the hybrid cars available in India:[106]

Mobility solution providers[]

In 2015, Bangalore based Lithium Technologies launched a fully electric taxi service for corporates.[107] In June 2017, Bangalore based logistic group Baghirathi Travel Solutions is one of the EV fleet Transport company.[108]

In January 2019, launched an all-electric cab service in Delhi-NCR with a fleet of 70 Mahindra eVerito cars. It has plans of expansion to 400 cars by March 2019. Also, it has planned to set up a massive charging infrastructure comprising 65 stations. Each station will have the capacity to charge up to 20 vehicles at a time, with 20 charging points. The company has also ensured there will be a charging station within every five kilometre of radius. The company also has plans for Tata Tigor electric, Nissan Leaf, BMW i3 and Tesla 3 in their fleet. So far the company is running only 10 cars in Delhi NCR and not a single charging station has been installed. The promoters do not intent to increase number of fleets post automobile industry's massive losses that has hit market as well as production values. [109] The company raised funding from Deepika Padukone (Ka Enterprises), Micromax co-founder Rajesh Agarwal, (Bajaj Capital MD), Rajat Gupta (former Global MD McKinsey) and Rohit Chanana (Ex-President Strategy, Hero Corporate Services) and various other VC firms.[110][111]

Patents[]

Many companies have done grounds-up path-breaking work on Electric Vehicle R&D in India. One such company is Altigreen Propulsion Labs Pvt. Ltd. out of Bangalore, India. Altigreen is a leader establishing new standards in L5 cargo Electric Vehicles (3W). Altigreen has multiple Indian patents with the Indian Patent Office (Indian Patent Office) and global patents, including with USPTO (United States Patent and Trademark Office), EPO (European Patent Office) and WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization).

For more on Altigreen Propulsion Labs Pvt. Ltd. patents click here

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "Ola readies big push for electric vehicles". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
  2. ^ "Marketers of Electric Vehicles in India". erickshawprice.com.
  3. ^ "Lithium reserves worldwide top countries 2019". Statista.
  4. ^ "India Prime Minister today unveiled the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  5. ^ "Why the government is betting big on EVs, and why the gambit has automobile industry worried". The Economic Times. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  6. ^ "India Wants To Become First Country With 100 Percent Electric Vehicles". techtimes.com. 28 March 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  7. ^ "Germany and India Aim to Have All Cars Electric by 2030 (TSLA)". investopedia.com. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  8. ^ "India is planning to reach 100% electric vehicles by 2030". horizons.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  9. ^ a b Bahree, Megha. "India Offers $1.4 Billion In Subsidies To Support The Domestic Electric Vehicle Industry". Forbes. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  10. ^ "Government to Install Electric Vehicle Charging Stations at Every 25 Km in India". News18. 18 February 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  11. ^ "National Electric Mobility Mission: 2020". Drishti IAS. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  12. ^ "National Electric Mobility Mission Plan, 2020" (PDF).
  13. ^ "UK-India Energy Opportunities" (PDF). Bridge India. April 2021.
  14. ^ "FAME-India scheme launched to offer sops on hybrid, e-vehicles". Economic Times.
  15. ^ "FAME India scheme - MANIFEST IAS". 31 July 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  16. ^ "FAME INDIA II Scheme.. : Department of Heavy Industry, Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises, Government of India". Dhi.nic.in. 4 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  17. ^ "National Automotive Board (NAB)". Fame2.heavyindustry.gov.in. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  18. ^ "Govt. Invites Tenders For 10,000 Electric Vehicles & 4,000 Charging Stations In NCR". Inc42. 9 September 2017.
  19. ^ "FAME India Scheme launched to offer sops on hybrid, e-vehicles". Economic Times.
  20. ^ "Go Electric Campaign Launched in India to give a boost to electric vehicles".
  21. ^ "Government to waive registration fee for EVs, will persuade states also to give tax breaks". indiatimes.com. 1 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  22. ^ "Cabinet approves engagement of 1,000 Low Floor AC pure electric buses – Aam Aadmi Party". 2 March 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  23. ^ "Chennai Electric Auto: 100 electric-autorickshaws mostly driven by women to hit roads soon in Chennai | Chennai News - Times of India". The Times of India.
  24. ^ "Karnataka govt approves electric vehicle policy to reduce dependency on fossil fuels". Livemint. 14 September 2017.
  25. ^ "Highlights of Maharashtra EV Policy (2018) – Incentives, Subsidies, Exemptions of Electric Vehicle Policy | India Renewable Energy Consulting - Solar, Biomass, Wind, Cleantech". eai.in. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  26. ^ "Uttarakhand cabinet nod to new electric vehicle manufacturing policy to combat pollution". Hindustan Times. 28 September 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  27. ^ a b c d "A Guide to EV Charging and EV Standards in India • EVreporter". EVreporter. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  28. ^ "Bharat EV specifications for AC and DC charging". Pluginindia.com. 27 December 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  29. ^ "EV charging station guidelines to support dual platforms". Team-BHP. 18 December 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  30. ^ "Report of the committee on technical aspects of charging infrastructure for EVs" (PDF). Central Electricity Authority, Government of India. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  31. ^ "Committee Report on Standardization of Public EV Chargers" (PDF). Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  32. ^ Martins, L. a. S. B.; Brito, J. M. O.; Rocha, A. M. D.; Martins, J. J. G. (8 July 2010). "Regenerative Braking Potential and Energy Simulations for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Under Real Driving Conditions". Volume 6: Emerging Technologies: Alternative Energy Systems; Energy Systems: Analysis, Thermodynamics and Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection. pp. 525–532. doi:10.1115/IMECE2009-13077. ISBN 978-0-7918-4379-6.
  33. ^ "::CPCB-Control Pollution Board::". cpcb.gov.in.
  34. ^ "SAFAR - India". safar.tropmet.res.in.
  35. ^ "Ready Reckoner" (PDF). ppac.org.in. 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  36. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  37. ^ "CPCB ENVIS | Control of Pollution". www.cpcbenvis.nic.in.
  38. ^ "Not just air, level of noise pollution in Delhi is also deadly: study". www.downtoearth.org.in.
  39. ^ "The Pioneer". dailypioneer.com.
  40. ^ "Will Electric Cars Make Traffic Quieter? Yes & No". cleantechnica.com.
  41. ^ a b "India - total number of vehicles 2015 - Statistic". Statista.
  42. ^ a b "Government of Delhi : Government Department". delhigovt.nic.in. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  43. ^ "IIPS-Envis Center on Environment and Population". iipsenvis.nic.in. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  44. ^ "Domestic sales trends". siamindia.com.
  45. ^ "Benefits Of Electric Cars". Ergon Energy. 25 August 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  46. ^ "The benefits of owning an electric car". Go Ultra Low. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  47. ^ "The Benefits of Electric Cars". Pod Point. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  48. ^ "Electric Vehicle Charging stations, CEA monthly report". Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  49. ^ Chauhan, Ankit (12 June 2018). "Electric Vehicles in India: The Trends, challenges and future". Medium. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  50. ^ Ali, Mohd. Sahil; Tongia, Rahul (2018). “Electrifying Mobility in India: Future prospects for the electric and EV ecosystem”, Brookings India IMPACT Series No. 052018. May 2018. [1]
  51. ^ "Amendments in EV Charging Guidelines by Ministry of Power • EVreporter". EVreporter. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  52. ^ "Government Of India Released Guidelines And Standards For Charging Infrastructure | Uitp India". India.uitp.org. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  53. ^ "Charging infrastructure for EVs - Revised guidelines and standards" (PDF). Ministry of Power, Government of India. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  54. ^ "Community Charging Stations". pluginindia.com. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  55. ^ "Charging Ports at Fuel Bunks to Make e-Cars Road Smart". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  56. ^ "Fuel stations may be rebranded service e-cars". mydigitalfc.com. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  57. ^ "Indian Government plans to set up electric car charging points at petrol bunks". indiancarsbikes.in. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  58. ^ "Electric Vehicle Market in India" (PDF). enincon.com. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  59. ^ Kumar, Nishant (27 May 2018). "Ather Grid - A Citywide Electric Vehicle Charging Point By Ather Energy". techinfoBiT. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  60. ^ Sharma, Adamya (4 May 2017). "ISRO converts a Maruti Omni into a Solar Hybrid Electric car, but it looks awful | Digit". digit.in.
  61. ^ "Hyundai KONA Electric Highlights | SUV | Hyundai Motor India". HYUNDAI MOTORS. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  62. ^ "Mahindra Electric launches everito". carindia.in. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  63. ^ "Tata Tigor EV launched: Prices start from Rs 9.99 lakh after FAME incentive". The Financial Express. 27 June 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  64. ^ "Made-in-India electric coupe Pravaig Extinction Mk1: 504 km range, launch in 2021". The Financial Express. 6 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  65. ^ "Morris Garage's ZS EV to launch early next year with internet connectivity". Business Today. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  66. ^ "First Revolt electric bike rolls off the assembly line in Manesar". timesnownews.com. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  67. ^ ShahJul 10, Pradeep; Pm, 2019 1:08 (10 July 2019). "Revolt RV 400 crosses 2500 bookings in 15 days: India's 1st smart electric bike launching this month". The Financial Express (India). Retrieved 8 August 2019.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  68. ^ Staff (7 August 2019). "Revolt RV 400 AI-enabled electric motorcycle India launch on August 28". BGR India. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  69. ^ www.ETAuto.com. "Does Rahul Sharma of Micromax have the recipe to crack electric 2W market? - ET Auto". ETAuto.com. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  70. ^ "Tork motors unveils India's first electric bike". Economic Times.
  71. ^ "TVS Motor invests in e-mobility firm Ultraviolette". @businessline.
  72. ^ "Emflux-Home". www.emfluxmotors.com.
  73. ^ "Electronic Vehicles company Emflux Motors raises Rs 2 crore from Fabian Brian Crain, Samar Singla and others". 16 April 2018.
  74. ^ Chauhan 2020-01-28T11:44:40Z, Siddharth. "Ather Energy zooms into 10 indian cities with the 450X electric scooter". TechRadar India. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  75. ^ Govind, Deepti (11 September 2018). "Ather Energy begins delivery of its electric scooters". Livemint. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  76. ^ "Evoke Electric Motorcycle - Complete details about it". Bauaelectric News. 26 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  77. ^ "Electric vehicles, a silent uprising". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  78. ^ "Gatti E-RICKSHAW | Electric Rickshaw". Gatti E-rickshaw. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  79. ^ "Electric Auto-Rickshaw MI7 packed with Best in class features".
  80. ^ a b "Electric Truck - Time to move things!". pluginindia.com.
  81. ^ Entice Impex Pvt Ltd "Kerala Neem G". Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  82. ^ "बाज़ार में आ रहे हैं नई तकनीक वाले वाहन - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  83. ^ "Omega Seiki unveils three electric vehicles, deliveries to begin in March 2021". Hindustan Times Auto News. 25 November 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  84. ^ a b "Omega Seiki Mobility launches 3 new smart electric three-wheelers, forays into passenger segment". www.autocarpro.in. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  85. ^ https://www.carwale.com/news/force-motors-reveals-next-generation-t1n-monocoque-panel-van-platform-launch-in-december
  86. ^ https://www.mahindrasupro.com/esupro/
  87. ^ "New electric cars for sale in India (2021)". eGear.in. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  88. ^ "India's first electric bus launched in Bangalore". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  89. ^ Shilpa Elizabeth (20 October 2016). "Ashok Leyland unveils India's first indigenous electric bus". The Economic Times.
  90. ^ "Tata Motors launches electric, hybrid buses priced up to Rs 2crore". The Economic Times. 25 January 2017.
  91. ^ "Goldstone Infratech buses join HRTC fleet". thehindu.com.
  92. ^ "Maharashtra Gets its First Intercity Electric Bus Services, Leads the Way for Other States". News18. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  93. ^ Singh, Sanaya Chandar, Kuwar. "Can electric buses solve India's transit crisis? This city may hold the answer". Quartz. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  94. ^ Shahan, Zachary (14 February 2021). "Olectra Greentech Limited Wins Order For 350 Electric Buses In India (Who?)". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  95. ^ "Tata Ace Electric Review, Prices, Mini Truck, Van, 2015 Specs". speedmasti.com. 17 February 2015.
  96. ^ "Croyance Auto". croyanceauto.com. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  97. ^ "India's first Electric Heavy Truck is in operation!". financialexpress.com.
  98. ^ "Cellestial E-Mobility unveils India's first electric tractor with 75 km range". The Financial Express. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  99. ^ "48 per cent rail tracks electrified, aim to double it in 5 years: Govt". The Indian Express. 31 March 2017.
  100. ^ "Solar photo voltaic assistance for LHB rail coaches" (PDF). eprints.iisc.ac.in. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  101. ^ "Rail coaches with rooftop solar photovoltaic systems: A feasibility study". Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  102. ^ "Indian Solar Powered Rail Coaches". pv magazine India.
  103. ^ "This Telangana Startup's Aftermarket Kits Let You Convert Your Old Petrol Car To Electric!". Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  104. ^ "MAuto Electric Rickshaws | Electric Rickshaw". MAuto Electric. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  105. ^ "Types of hybrid cars". CarSangrah.
  106. ^ "Top 5 Hybrid/Electric Cars in India 2016". NDTV. 25 May 2017.
  107. ^ "Lithium - Indias first all electric fleet with hatchback and SEDAN EV Fleet, Lithium is the first company in the country with 100% EV Fleet across Corporate Transport System". pluginindia.com. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  108. ^ "BLR's 1st Electric Sedan launched by Baghirathi to replace Taxi Fleet by EVs". Retrieved 2 August 2017 – via Twitter.
  109. ^ "India's First All-Electric Cab Services 'Blu-Smart' Launched In Delhi-NCR". carandbike. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  110. ^ "Deepika Padukone invests in electric taxi start-up Blu Smart". The Hindu BusinessLine.
  111. ^ "Deepika Padukone, Rajesh Agarwal Micromax CO FOUNDER, among others, invest in electric cab-hailing startup "Blu Smart"". The Citizen.

External links[]

Retrieved from ""