Environment of the United States

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The United States is part of North America.

The environment of the United States comprises diverse biotas, climates, and geologies. This diversity leads to a number of different distinct regions and geographies in which human communities live. This includes a rich variety of species of both animals other fauna, and flora.

Because of the strong forces of economic exploitation and industrialization, human's have had deep effects on the ecosystems of the United States, resulting in a number of environmental issues.

Since awareness of these issues emerged in the 1970s, environmental regulations and a growing environmental movement, including both climate movement and the environmental justice movement have emerged to respond to the various threats to the environment. These movements are intertwined with a long history of conservation, starting in the early 19th century, that has resulted in a robust network of protected areas, including 28.8% of land managed by the Federal government.

Biota[]

Bioregions of Northern America, according to one scheme.
Main articles: Fauna of the United States and Flora of the United States

Animals[]

There are about 21,717 different species of native plants and animals in the United States. More than 400 mammal, 700 bird, 500 reptile and amphibian, and 90,000 insect species have been documented.[1] Wetlands, such as the Florida Everglades, are the base for much of this diversity. There are over 140,000 invertebrates in the United States which is constantly growing as researchers identify more species. Fish are the largest group of animal species, with over one thousand counted so far. About 13,000 species are added to the list of known organisms each year.[2]

Fungi[]

Around 14,000 species of fungi were listed by Farr, Bills, Chamuris and Rossman in 1989.[3] Still, this list only included terrestrial species. It did not include lichen-forming fungi, fungi on dung, freshwater fungi, marine fungi or many other categories. Fungi are essential to the survival of many groups of organisms.

Plants[]

With habitats ranging from tropical to Arctic, U.S. plant life is very diverse. The country has more than 17,000 identified native species of flora, including 5,000 in California (home to the tallest, the most massive, and the oldest trees in the world).[4] Three quarters of the United States species consist of flowering plants.

Human impacts on biota[]

The country's ecosystems include thousands of nonnative exotic species that often harm indigenous communities of living things. Many indigenous species became extinct soon after first human settlement, including the North American megafauna; others have become nearly extinct since European settlement, among them the American bison and California condor.[5] Many plants and animals have declined dramatically as a result of massive conversion and other human activity.

Climate[]

Main article: Climate of the United States
Köppen climate types of the US

The U.S. climate is temperate in most areas, tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida, polar in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian, Mediterranean in coastal California and arid in the Great Basin. Its comparatively generous climate contributed (in part) to the country's rise as a world power, with infrequent severe drought in the major agricultural regions, a general lack of widespread flooding, and a mainly temperate climate that receives adequate precipitation.

Following World War II, the West's cities experienced an economic and population boom. The population growth, mostly in the Southwest, has strained water and power resources, with water diverted from agricultural uses to major population centers, such as Las Vegas and Los Angeles. According to the California Department of Water Resources, if more supplies are not found by 2020, residents will face a water shortfall nearly as great as the amount consumed today.[6]

The United States mainland contains a total of nine distinct regional climates. Those include Northwestern region, the High plains, Midwest/Ohio valley region, New England/mid Atlantic, Southeast, Southern region, and Southwestern region. Each region contains different states and has their own climate and temperatures throughout the year.[7]

Geology[]

This section is an excerpt from Geology of the United States.[]
Shaded relief map of the United States, showing 10 of the geological provinces discussed in this article

The richly textured landscape of the United States is a product of the dueling forces of plate tectonics, weathering and erosion. Over the 4.5 billion-year history of our Earth, tectonic upheavals and colliding plates have raised great mountain ranges while the forces of erosion and weathering worked to tear them down. Even after many millions of years, records of Earth's great upheavals remain imprinted as textural variations and surface patterns that define distinctive landscapes or provinces.[8]

The diversity of the landscapes of the United States can be easily seen on the shaded relief image to the right. The stark contrast between the ‘rough' texture of the western US and the ‘smooth' central and eastern regions is immediately apparent. Differences in roughness (topographic relief) result from a variety of processes acting on the underlying rock. The plate tectonic history of a region strongly influences the rock type and structure exposed at the surface, but differing rates of erosion that accompany changing climates can also have profound impacts on the land.[8]

There are twelve main geological provinces in the United States: Pacific, Columbia Plateau, Basin and Range, Colorado Plateau, Rocky Mountains, Laurentian Upland, Interior Plains, Interior Highlands, Appalachian Highlands, Atlantic Plain, Alaskan, and Hawaiian. Each province has its own geologic history and unique features.[8] This article will describe each province in turn.


Environmental law and conservation[]

Main article: United States environmental law

The nation's major environmental laws were enacted between 1969 and 1980:

The Endangered Species Act of protects threatened and endangered species and their habitats, which are monitored by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Protected areas[]

United States National Marine Sanctuaries
Main article: Protected areas of the United States

The United States maintains national parks as well as other preservation areas, such as the Florida Everglades. There are more than 400 protected sites spread across 84 million acres but very few are large enough to contain ecosystems.

In 1872, the world's first national park was established at Yellowstone. Another fifty-seven national parks and hundreds of other federally managed parks and forests have since been formed.[9] Wilderness areas have been established around the country to ensure long-term protection of pristine habitats. Altogether, the U.S. government regulates 1,020,779 square miles (2,643,807 km2), 28.8% of the country's total land area.[10] Protected parks and forestland constitute most of this. As of March 2004, approximately 16% of public land under Bureau of Land Management administration was being leased for commercial oil and natural gas drilling;[11] public land is also leased for mining and cattle ranching.

Environmental issues[]

This section is an excerpt from Environmental issues in the United States.[]
Of the major greenhouse gas emitting nations, the U.S. is among the highest per capita emitters (2018 data).[12]
Annual CO
2 emissions, total by country (2017 data) shows the U.S. trails China in total annual emissions (not per capita.
Environmental issues in the United States include climate change, energy, species conservation, invasive species, deforestation, mining, nuclear accidents, pesticides, pollution, waste and over-population. Despite taking hundreds of measures, the rate of environmental issues is increasing rapidly instead of reducing. The United States is among the most significant emitters of greenhouse gasses in the world. In terms of both total and per capita emissions, it is among the largest contributors.[13] The climate policy of the United States has big influence on the world.[14][15]

Climate change[]

This section is an excerpt from Climate change in the United States.[]
In recent decades in the U.S., the percentage of record high daily temperatures has predominated over record daily low temperatures, with record daily highs now more than twice that of record daily lows.[16]

The climate of the United States is changing, in ways that are widespread and varied, because of the country's greenhouse gas emissions.[17][18] From 2011 to 2020, the United States experienced its hottest decade on record.[19] Different regions experience widely different climatic changes. Changes in climate in the regions of the United States appear significant.[18] For example, drought conditions appear to be worsening in the southwest while improving in the northeast.[20] Generally, states that emit more carbon dioxide per person and block climate action, are suffering more.[21][22] Some research has warned against possible problems due to American climate changes such as the spread of invasive species and possibilities of floods as well as of droughts.[23][24] Climate change is seen as a national security threat to the United States.[25]

US greenhouse gas emissions per person are among the largest in the world.[26] As of April 2019, 69% of Americans think that climate change is happening and 55% think that it is mostly human caused.[27] In 2015, The New York Times and several other sources revealed that oil companies knew that burning oil and gas could cause global warming since the 1970s but, nonetheless, funded deniers for years.[28][29] 2016 was a historic year for billion-dollar weather and climate disasters in U.S.[30] In April 2021 the United States set itself a target of reducing GHG emissions by 50% - 52% by 2030.[31]

Conservation[]

This section is an excerpt from Conservation in the United States.[]
Yosemite National Park

Conservation in the United States can be traced back to the 19th century with the formation of the first National Park. Conservation generally refers to the act of consciously and efficiently using land and/or its natural resources. This can be in the form of setting aside tracts of land for protection from hunting or urban development, or it can take the form of using less resources such as metal, water, or coal. Usually, this process of conservation occurs through or after legislation on local or national levels is passed.

Conservation in the United States, as a movement, began with the American sportsmen who came to the realization that wanton waste of wildlife and their habitat had led to the extinction of some species, while other species were at risk. John Muir and the Sierra Club started the modern movement, history shows that the Boone and Crockett Club, formed by Theodore Roosevelt, spearheaded conservation in the United States.[32]

While conservation and preservation both have similar definitions and broad categories, preservation in the natural and environmental scope refers to the action of keeping areas the way they are and trying to dissuade the use its resources; conservation may employ similar methods but does not call for the diminishing of resource use and rather a responsible way of going about it. A distinction between Sierra Club and Boone and Crockett Club is that Sierra Club was and is considered a preservationist organization whereas Boone and Crockett Club endorses conservation, simply defined as an "intelligent use of natural resources."[33]


See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Laroe, Edward T. (1995). "Our Living Resources". U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Biological Service. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4172. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ Number of Native Species in United States[permanent dead link]
  3. ^ Farr, D.F, Bills, G.F., Chamuris, G.P. and Rossman, A.Y. "Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States". 1252 pp., APS Press, St Paul Minnesota, USA, 1989
  4. ^ Morse, L. E., Kartesz, J. T., & Kutner, L. S. (1995). "Native vascular plants". Our Living Resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of US plants, animals and ecosystems. Washington, DC: US Department of the Interior, National Biological Service. pp. 205–209.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ "Pleistocene Megafauna Extinctions". Cpluhna.nau.edu. Archived from the original on March 8, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
  6. ^ A World Without Water -Global Policy Forum- NGOs Archived July 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Regional Climates in the United States March 21, 2018 USA Today
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document: "Geologic Provinces of the United States: Records of an Active Earth". USGS Geology in the Parks. Archived from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
  9. ^ Baker, Maverick (2016). "10 Ways Humans Impact the Environment". interestingengineeering.com. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  10. ^ "Federal Land and Buildings Ownership" (PDF). Republican Study Committee. May 19, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 24, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2006.
  11. ^ "Abuse of Trust: A Brief History of the Bush Administration's Disastrous Oil and Gas Development Policies in the Rocky Mountain West". Wilderness Society. May 28, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
  12. ^ "Historical GHG Emissions / Global Historical Emissions". ClimateWatchData.org. Climate Watch. 2021. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. ● Population data from "List of the populations of the world's countries, dependencies, and territories". britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021.
  13. ^ EPA, OA, US (January 12, 2016). "Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | US EPA". US EPA. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
  14. ^ "United States: Climate Policy". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  15. ^ McGrath, Matt (October 20, 2020). "US election 2020: What the results will mean for climate change". BBC. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  16. ^ "United States - Records Set By Decade". ClimateCentral.org. Climate Central. October 7, 2019. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020. (Related chart in source, and archive thereof). Climate Central credits "Guy Walton and NOAA/NCEI" for data.
  17. ^ "Sixth Assessment Report". www.ipcc.ch. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b Heidari, Hadi; Arabi, Mazdak; Warziniack, Travis; Kao, Shih-Chieh (2020). "Assessing Shifts in Regional Hydroclimatic Conditions of U.S. River Basins in Response to Climate Change over the 21st Century". Earth's Future. 8 (10): e2020EF001657. doi:10.1029/2020EF001657. ISSN 2328-4277.
  19. ^ US EPA, OAR (June 27, 2016). "Climate Change Indicators: U.S. and Global Temperature". www.epa.gov. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
  20. ^ Andreadis, K. M.; Lettenmaier, D. P. (2006). "Trends in 20th century drought over the continental United States". Geophysical Research Letters. 33 (10): n/a. Bibcode:2006GeoRL..3310403A. doi:10.1029/2006GL025711.
  21. ^ Tollefson, Jeff (February 12, 2019). "US climate costs will be highest in Republican strongholds". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00327-2. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  22. ^ "States Blocking Climate Action Hold Residents Who Suffer the Most From Climate Impacts". Climate Nexus, Ecowatch. October 29, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
  23. ^ Heidari, Hadi; Arabi, Mazdak; Ghanbari, Mahshid; Warziniack, Travis (June 2020). "A Probabilistic Approach for Characterization of Sub-Annual Socioeconomic Drought Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Relationships in a Changing Environment". Water. 12 (6): 1522. doi:10.3390/w12061522.
  24. ^ "Heat Waves, Storms, Flooding: Climate Change to Profoundly Affect U.S. Midwest in Coming Decades". Science Daily. January 18, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
  25. ^ "Climate Change and US National Security: Past, Present, Future". atlanticcouncil.org. Atlantic Council. March 29, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
  26. ^ www.climatewatchdata.org, at Calculations select per capita.
  27. ^ Leiserowitz, Anthony; Maibach, Edward; Rosenthal, Seth; Kotcher, John; Bergquist, Parrish; Ballew, Matthew; Goldberg, Matthew; Gustafson, Abel. "Climate Change in the American Mind: April 2019". Yale Program on Climate Change Communication. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
  28. ^ Egan, Timothy (November 5, 2015). "Exxon Mobil and the G.O.P.: Fossil Fools". The New York Times. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  29. ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (July 8, 2015). "Exxon knew of climate change in 1981, email says – but it funded deniers for 27 more years". The Guardian. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  30. ^ Adam B. Smith (January 9, 2017). "2016: A historic year for billion-dollar weather and climate disasters in U.S." Climate.gov. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  31. ^ "New momentum reduces emissions gap, but huge gap remains - analysis". Climate Action Tracker. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  32. ^ Reiger, John F. (2001). American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation (Third ed.). Oregon State University Press. pp. 4, 150–74, 180–87, 165–71. ISBN 978-0-87071-487-0.
  33. ^ Roosevelt, Theodore. "Famous Quotes". Wilderness Society. Retrieved January 23, 2017.

Further reading[]

External links[]

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