Erdmonas Simonaitis

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Erdmonas Simonaitis
Erdmonas Simonaitis.jpg
Simonaitis in 1930s
Born(1888-10-30)October 30, 1888
Juschka-Spötzen (Spiečiai), Province of East Prussia
DiedFebruary 24, 1969(1969-02-24) (aged 80)
Weinheim, West Germany
Resting placeKlaipėda cemetery
NationalityPrussian Lithuanian

Erdmonas Simonaitis (October 30, 1888, in Juschka-Spötzen (Spiečiai), Province of East Prussia – February 24, 1969, in Weinheim, West Germany) was a Prussian Lithuanian activist particularly active in the Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory) and advocating its union with Lithuania. During the staged Klaipėda Revolt of 1923, he headed the pro-Lithuanian government of the region. For his anti-German activities, he was persecuted by the Nazis during World War II. He survived the Mauthausen-Gusen and Dachau concentration camps. After the war he remained in Germany and rejoined various Lithuanian organizations. He was awarded the Order of Vytautas the Great and Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas.[1]

Early life[]

Simonaitis received his education in Heydekrug (Šilutė) and Tilsit (Sovetsk) and worked as a court clerk.[2] He became a Lithuanian activist in 1909. In 1912 he was co-founder of the Lithuanian Club of Tilsit (Lithuanian: Tilžės lietuvių klubas), which he chaired for two years. In 1915, Simonaitis was mobilized into the German Army. He was awarded the Iron Cross for his military service in France and Galicia.[2] After World War I, he briefly worked in Vilnius where he became acquainted with Lithuanian politicians and the Council of Lithuania. After returning to Tilsit in 1918, he participated in the activities of the (Lithuanian: Mažosios Lietuvos tautinė taryba), which adopted the Act of Tilsit but Simonaitis did not sign it. In 1919 he moved to Memel (Klaipėda).[2]

Klaipėda Region[]

See also: Klaipėda Revolt
Klaipėda Directorate in 1923. Simonaitis is sitting in the center.

According to the Treaty of Versailles, the Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory) was detached from the German Empire and placed under provisional French administration. French General Dominique Joseph Odry established seven-member Directorate (local government) in February 1920. Initially all of its members were German. After Lithuanian protests, two Prussian Lithuanians, Simonaitis and Mikelis Reidys, were admitted to the Directorate increasing its size to nine members.[3] Simonaitis resigned in February 1922. He lobbied the League of Nations and the Conference of Ambassadors to unite the Klaipėda region with Lithuania. However, others thought that the region should be turned into a free city, similar to the Free City of Danzig. Therefore, the Lithuanian government decided to organize the Klaipėda Revolt, take the region by force, and present a fait accompli.[4] Simonaitis agreed to head the government, which would be installed by the rebels. On January 9, 1923, the declared that the old Directorate was dissolved and authorized Simonaitis to form a new Directorate within three days.[5] The rebel's petitione to unite with Lithuania was approved by the First Seimas (parliament of Lithuania) on January 14. To appease the Allies, Simonaitis was dismissed and replaced by Viktoras Gailius.[6] After the Klaipėda Convention was signed in May 1924, formalizing the incorporation of the region into Lithuania, Simonaitis became chairman of the Directorate (January–November 1926), governor of Šilutė (1924–1926) and Klaipėda Counties (1930–1934), and mayor of Klaipėda (July 1934 – April 1935).[2]

World War II and after[]

In March 1939, Nazi Germany presented an oral ultimatum to Lithuania demanding to cede the Klaipėda Region. Lithuania accepted and Simonaitis, fearing Nazi persecution, moved to Kaunas. After the occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany in June 1941, Simonaitis was arrested by Gestapo and sent to the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp in November 1942.[2] In April 1945 he was liberated from the Dachau concentration camp. After the war he remained in West Germany, returning to Prussian Lithuanian activism. He chaired the re-established until his death, represented Lithuania Minor in the Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania, and was vice-chairman of the German chapter of the Lithuanian World Community.[2]

Personal life and children[]

In 1911 Simonaitis married a German woman, Margaretha Plaumann. They had four children: daughters Ana Marija and Birutė Neringa and sons Vitold-Vytautas and George-Jurgis.[7] Vitoldas-Vytautas was mobilized into the Wehrmacht and died in 1941 in the Battle of Leningrad.[1] Margaretha and Ana Marija attempted to flee Lithuania after the war, but were stopped by the Soviet police. They changed their names to Elena and Ona in an attempt to hide their German descent and returned to Klaipėda.[8] Birutė Neringa was forcefully taken to Germany as a translator.[1] She met her father at Dachau, but returned to Lithuania in 1948. His remains were reburied in Klaipėda cemetery in 1991.[1]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Žiemytė, Ivona (2006-01-14). "Sukilėlių vado dukra neišsižadėjo Klaipėdos". Vakarų ekspresas (in Lithuanian). ISSN 1392-7590.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Gocentas, Vytautas; Žemaitis, Algirdas (2009). "Simonaitis, Erdmonas". Mažosios Lietuvos enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). 4. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. pp. 246–249. ISBN 5-420-01470-X.
  3. ^ Gliožaitis, Algirdas Antanas (2003). "Klaipėdos kraštas". Mažosios Lietuvos enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). 2. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. p. 173. ISBN 5-420-01470-X.
  4. ^ Eidintas, Alfonsas; Žalys, Vytautas; Senn, Alfred Erich (1999). Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918-1940 (Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-312-22458-3.
  5. ^ Gerutis, Albertas, ed. (1984). Lithuania: 700 Years. Translated by Algirdas Budreckis (6th ed.). New York: Manyland Books. p. 208. ISBN 0-87141-028-1. LCC 75-80057.
  6. ^ Čepėnas, Pranas (1986). Naujųjų laikų Lietuvos istorija (in Lithuanian). II. Chicago: Dr. Kazio Griniaus Fondas. p. 780. OCLC 3220435.
  7. ^ Juodytė, Gražina (2008-11-10). "Klaipėdos akvarelės: namai ir žmonės (76)". Vakarų ekspresas (in Lithuanian). 256 (5018). ISSN 1392-7590. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21.
  8. ^ Juodytė, Gražina (2008-11-17). "Klaipėdos akvarelės: namai ir žmonės (77)". Vakarų ekspresas (in Lithuanian). 262 (5024). ISSN 1392-7590. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21.
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