Failaka Island

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Failaka Island
Native name:
جزيرة فيلكا
Beach at Failaka Island.jpg
Beach at Failaka Island
Failaka Island is located in Kuwait
Failaka Island
Failaka Island
Location in Kuwait
Geography
LocationPersian Gulf
Coordinates29°26′20″N 48°20′00″E / 29.43889°N 48.33333°E / 29.43889; 48.33333Coordinates: 29°26′20″N 48°20′00″E / 29.43889°N 48.33333°E / 29.43889; 48.33333
Administration
ProvinceAhmadi Governorate
Demographics
Population147 (2011)[1]
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Failaka Island, Persian Gulf

Failaka Island (Arabic: فيلكا‎ Faylakah / Fēlaka; Kuwaiti Arabic: فيلچا /fe:lɪt͡ʃə/) is a Kuwaiti Island in the Persian Gulf. The island is 20 km off the coast of Kuwait City in the Persian Gulf. The name "Failaka" is thought to be derived from the ancient Greek φυλάκιο(ν) – fylakio(n) "outpost".[2]

Failaka Island is located 50 km southeast of the spot where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers empty into the Persian Gulf.[3] For thousands of years, the island has been a strategic prize to control the lucrative trade that passed up and down the Perisan Gulf.[3] According to the United Nations, Failaka Island has been a strategic location since the rise of Ur.[4]

History[]

See also: Ikaros (Failaka Island) and Agarum
Antiquities of Failaka Island

Mesopotamians first settled in the Kuwaiti island of Failaka in 2000 B.C.[5][4] Traders from the Sumerian city of Ur inhabited Failaka and ran a mercantile business.[5][4] The island had many Mesopotamian-style buildings typical of those found in Iraq dating from around 2000 B.C.[5]

In 4000 BC until 2000 BC, the bay of Kuwait was home to the Dilmun civilization.[6][7][8][9] Dilmun's control of the bay of Kuwait included mainland Akkaz,[6] Umm an Namil Island,[6][10] and Failaka Island.[6][9] At its peak in 2000 BC, the Dilmun empire controlled the trade routes from Mesopotamia to India and the Indus Valley civilization. Dilmun's commercial power began to decline after 1800 BC. Piracy flourished throughout the region during Dilmun's decline. After 600 BC, the Babylonians added Dilmun to their empire. During the Dilmun era (from ca. 3000 BC), Failaka was known as "Agarum", the land of Enzak, a great god in the Dilmun civilization according to Sumerian cuneiform texts found on the island.[11] As part of Dilmun, Failaka became a hub for the civilization from the end of the 3rd to the middle of the 1st millennium BC.[11] Failaka was settled following 2000 BC after a drop in sea level.[12]

Ancient coins found on Failaka Island.

After the Dilmun civilization, Failaka was inhabited by the Kassites of Mesopotamia,[13] and was formally under the control of the Kassite dynasty of Babylon.[13] Studies indicate traces of human settlement can be found on Failaka dating back to as early as the end of the 3rd millennium BC, and extending until the 20th century AD.[11] Many of the artifacts found in Falaika are linked to Mesopotamian civilizations and seem to show that Failaka was gradually drawn toward the civilization based in Antioch.[14] Under Nebuchadnezzar II, Failaka was under Babylonian control.[15] Cuneiform documents found in Failaka indicate the presence of Babylonians in the island's population.[16] Babylonian Kings were present in Failaka during the Neo-Babylonian Empire period, Nabonidus had a governor in Failaka and Nebuchadnezzar II had a palace and temple in Falaika.[17][18] Failaka also contained temples dedicated to the worship of Shamash, the Mesopotamian sun god in the Babylonian pantheon.[18]

In 4th century BC, the ancient Greeks colonized the bay of Kuwait under Alexander the Great, the ancient Greeks named mainland Kuwait Larissa and Failaka was named Ikaros.[19][20][21][22] According to Strabo and Arrian, Alexander the Great named Failaka Ikaros because it resembled the Aegean island of that name in size and shape. Some elements of Greek mythology were mixed with the local cults in Failaka.[23] "Ikaros" was also the name of a prominent city situated in Failaka.[24] Remains of Greek colonization include a large Hellenistic fort and Greek temples.[25]

In 127 BC, the kingdom of Characene was established around the Bay of Kuwait. Characene was centered in the region encompassing southern Mesopotamia,[26] including Failaka island.[27] A busy Parthian commercial station existed on Failaka island.[28]

Christian Nestorian settlements flourished in Failaka from the 5th century until the 9th century.[29][30] Excavations have revealed several farms, villages and two large churches dating from the 5th and 6th century.[29] Archaeologists are currently excavating nearby sites to understand the extent of the settlements that flourished in the eighth and ninth centuries A.D.[29] An old island tradition is that a community grew up around a Christian mystic and hermit.[29] The small farms and villages were eventually abandoned.[29] Remains of Byzantine era Nestorian churches were found at Al-Qusur in Failaka. Pottery at the site can be dated from as early as the first half of the 7th century through the 9th century.[31][32]

Al-Zawr

Prior to the Iraqi Invasion, the island had over two thousand residents and several schools. The village of Al-Zawr is situated near the middle of the northwest side of the island. It was the longest continuously inhabited location in Kuwait. During 1990 and 1991, the invading Iraqis depopulated the island, expelling all of its residents to the mainland. The Iraqi military mined the beaches and used the island's facilities and buildings for target practice. In 1991, the allied forces forced the Iraqi army forces occupying the island to surrender through bombing and psywar operations.[33] The sewage system was destroyed and has yet to be fully repaired. Also, many old homes continue to sit empty and decaying; bullet holes can still be seen.[by whom?]

Abandoned branch of the National Bank of Kuwait

After the war, Failaka was cleared of mines, but it remains under military use. Nevertheless, Failaka Island is becoming a popular holiday destination from Kuwait City. The ferry Ikarus takes passengers out to the island. Currently, the ferry terminal is located in Salmiya's Marina.

Climate, geography and the future[]

Failaka Island is located in the northern part of the Persian Gulf. Springtime on Failaka Island is regarded as particularly special by Kuwaitis. Failaka has quite a different ecosystem than mainland Kuwait and its budding flowers and changing temperatures are much appreciated. Although the island's infrastructure remains poor, Failaka is beginning to develop a local tourist industry based upon fishing, boating, swimming, sailing and other water sports.

The few remaining local residents are mostly those Failakawans who lived with their families on the island prior to the Iraqi Invasion of 1990. Most Failakawans have their own boats; while some are involved in tourism many others reticent about letting tourism detract from the quiet island life. Some Failakawan families, although now living in mainland Kuwait, regularly go to the island on weekends.

On the mainland, in Kuwait City, there have been various schemes to build a bridge to the island and develop Failaka into a vacation paradise. A new hotel resort has encouraged many of the improvements.

Archaeology[]

Failaka is the principal center of archaeology in Kuwait. Since the fieldwork conducted by the Danish team under the supervision of Geoffrey Bibby in the 1950s, archaeologists from France, the United States, Slovakia, Italy, Greece, and, more recently, from Poland and Georgia have worked there.[34][35]

Population[]

The majority of Kuwaitis from Failaka Island are of Iranian ancestry.[36] They originally migrated to Failaka from the Iranian coast, mainly Kharg Island and Bandar Lengeh.[36] These people are commonly known as the Huwala in the GCC states.[36] They are predominantly Sunni Muslims and speak Arabic fluently, although prior to the discovery of oil they also spoke Persian fluently.[36] The most important Huwala settlement in Failaka Island pertained to 40 families who migrated from the Iranian island Kharg to Failaka in the years 1841–1842.[36] The most recent settlement occurred in the early 1930s after the imposition of the unveiling law by Reza Shah.[36] A minority of Failaka Island's Kuwaiti families are Shia Persians, they were noted as having their own hussainiyas and the older generations were frequent Arabic speakers, unlike the Kuwaiti Shia of Persian origin in mainland Kuwait City at the time.[36]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ "Geoportal for Kuwait Census 2011". Central Statistical Bureau of Kuwait. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  2. ^ BBC News article
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b "Failaka Island, Kuwait". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 4 April 2013.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Failaka Island – Silk Roads Programme". UNESCO.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Traders from Ur?". Archaeology Magazine. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Kuwait's archaeological sites reflect human history & civilizations (2:50 – 3:02)". Ministry of Interior News.
  7. ^ Glassner, Jean-Jacques; Herron, Donald M. (1990). The Invention of Cuneiform: Writing in Sumer. Jean-Jacques Glassner. p. 7. ISBN 9780801873898.
  8. ^ Nyrop, Richard F. (2008). Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States. Richard F. Nyrop. p. 11. ISBN 9781434462107. From about 4000 to 2000 B.C. the civilization of Dilmun dominated 250 miles of the eastern coast of Arabia from present-day Kuwait to Bahrain and extended sixty miles into the interior to the oasis of Hufuf (see fig. 2).
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b Calvet, Yves (1989). "Failaka and the Northern Part of Dilmun". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 19: 5–11. JSTOR 41223078.
  10. ^ Connan, Jacques; Carter, Robert (2007). "A geochemical study of bituminous mixtures from Failaka and Umm an-Namel (Kuwait), from the Early Dilmun to the Early Islamic period". Jacques Connan, Robert Carter. 18 (2): 139–181. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0471.2007.00283.x.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Sa'ad and Sae'ed Area in Failaka Island". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  12. ^ Potts, Daniel T.. Mesopotamian civilization: the material foundations. 1997
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b Potts, D.T. (2009). "Potts 2009 – The archaeology and early history of the Persian Gulf": 35. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ^ Tétreault, Mary Ann. "Failaka Island: Unearthing the Past in Kuwait". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  15. ^ "Brill's New Pauly: encyclopedia of the ancient world". 2007. p. 212.
  16. ^ Ray, Himanshu Prabha; Ray (2003). The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia. Himanshu Prabha Ray. p. 101. ISBN 9780521011099.
  17. ^ Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Pierre Briant. p. 761. ISBN 9781575061207.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b Bryce, Trevor (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia. Trevor Bryce. p. 198. ISBN 9781134159086.
  19. ^ Ralph Shaw (1976). Kuwait. p. 10. ISBN 9780333212479.
  20. ^ Limited, Walden Publishing (1980). Middle East Annual Review. p. 241. ISBN 9780904439106.
  21. ^ Kilner, Peter; Wallace, Jonathan (1979). The Gulf Handbook - Volume 3. p. 344. ISBN 9780900751127.
  22. ^ Jalālzaʼī, Mūsá Ḵh̲ān (1991). K̲h̲alīj aur bainulaqvāmī siyāsat. p. 34.
  23. ^ Makharadze, Zurab; Kvirkvelia, Guram; Murvanidze, Bidzina; Chkhvimiani, Jimsher; Ad Duweish, Sultan; Al Mutairi, Hamed; Lordkipanidze, David (2017). "Kuwait-Georgian Archaeological Mission – Archaeological Investigations on the Island of Failaka in 2011–2017" (PDF). Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. 11 (4): 178.
  24. ^ J. Hansamans, Charax and the Karkhen, Iranica Antiquitua 7 (1967) page 21-58
  25. ^ George Fadlo Hourani, John Carswell, Arab Seafaring: In the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times Princeton University Press, page 131
  26. ^ Kaveh Farrokh (2007). Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. p. 124. ISBN 9781846031083. With Babylon and Seleucia secured, Mehrdad turned to Charax in southern Mesopotamia (modern south Iraq and Kuwait).
  27. ^ "Hellenism in the East" (PDF). Amelie Kuhrt, Susan Sherwin-White. 1987. To the south of Characene, on Failaka, the north wall of the fort was pushed forward, before occupation ceased around 100 BC.
  28. ^ Leonardo Gregoratti. "A Parthian Harbour in the Gulf: the Characene": 216. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Hidden Christian Community". Archaeology Magazine. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  30. ^ "Christianity in the Arab-Persian Gulf: an ancient but still obscure history", Julie Bonnéric
  31. ^ Vincent Bernard and Jean Francois Salles, "Discovery of a Christian Church at Al-Qusur, Failaka (Kuwait)," Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 21 (1991), 7–21. Vincent Bernard, Olivier Callot and Jean Francois Salles, "L'eglise d'al-Qousour Failaka, Etat de Koweit," Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 2 (1991): 145–181.
  32. ^ Yves Calvet, "Monuments paléo-chrétiens à Koweit et dans la région du Golfe," Symposium Syriacum, Uppsala University, Department of Asian and African Languages, 11–14 August 1996, 256 (Rome, 1998), 671–673.
  33. ^ "US psy-ops play it loud". BBC News. 2003-03-17. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  34. ^ Αρχαιολογία: Ελληνες στο Κουβέιτ (in Greek)
  35. ^ Makharadze, Zurab; Kvirkvelia, Guram; Murvanidze, Bidzina; Chkhvimiani, Jimsher; Ad Duweish, Sultan; Al Mutairi, Hamed; Lordkipanidze, David (2017). "Kuwait-Georgian Archaeological Mission – Archaeological Investigations on the Island of Failaka in 2011–2017" (PDF). Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. 11 (4): 178.
  36. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Zubaydah Ali M. Ashkanani (June 1988). Middle-aged women in Kuwait: Victims of change (Thesis). Durham University. pp. 309–310. The Social Composition of Failakans

Further reading[]

Hellenistic Failaka

  • H.E. Mathiesen et al., Ikaros: The Hellenistic Settlements, 4 vols. (Copenhagen, 1982–1989).
  • C. Roueché and S. Sherwin-White, 'Some aspects of the Seleucid Empire: The Greek inscriptions from Failaka in the Persian Gulf' Chiron 15 (1985) 1–39.
  • J. Naveh, 'The inscriptions from Failaka and the lapidary Aramaic script' Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 297 (1995) 1–4.

External links[]

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