Fire department ranks by country
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Fire departments are structured differently around the world. Many firefighters are sworn members with command structures similar to the military and police. They do not have general police powers (some firefighters in the United States have limited police powers, like fire police departments, while certain fire marshals have full police powers, i.e. the ability to make warrantless arrests, and authority to carry a firearm on and off-duty), but have specific powers of enforcement and control in fire and emergency situations.
Australia[]
New South Wales Rural Fire Service
Operational rank | Membership type | Insignia |
---|---|---|
Commissioner | NSW Government Senior Executive Service Officer | |
Deputy commissioner | NSW Government Senior Executive Service Officer | |
Assistant commissioner | NSW Government Senior Executive Service Officer | |
Chief superintendent | NSW Government Public Service Officer | |
Superintendent | NSW Government Public Service Officer | |
Inspector | NSW Government Public Service Officer | |
Group captain | Volunteer | |
Deputy group captain | Volunteer | |
Assistant group captain | Volunteer | |
Captain | Volunteer | |
Senior deputy captain | Volunteer | |
Deputy captain | Volunteer | |
Support fire fighter (no qualifications) | Volunteer |
Belgium[]
New rank structure of 2015.
Higher cadre | |||
---|---|---|---|
Colonel | Major | Captain | Lieutenant |
Middle cadre | Basic cadre | ||
Adjutant | Sergeant | Corporal | Firefighter |
Canada[]
Ranks amongst Canadian firefighters vary across the country and ranking appears mostly with larger departments:
Toronto
Rank | Fire chief | Deputy fire chief | Division commander | Platoon chief | District chief | Captain | First class firefighter | Second class firefighter | Probationary firefighter |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insignia | None | None | None |
Montreal
Rank | Insignia |
---|---|
Firefighter/Firefighter instructor | no insignia |
Interim lieutenant | 1 silver stripe |
Lieutenant/Lieutenant instructor | 2 silver stripes |
Captain | 3 silver stripes |
Operations chief | 1 thick yellow stripe |
Division chief | 1 thick and 1 thin yellow stripe |
Assistant chief | 1 thick and 2 thin yellow stripes |
Deputy chief | 1 thick and 3 thin yellow stripes |
Fire chief | 1 thick and 4 thin yellow stripes plus star |
Vancouver
Fire chief | Deputy fire chief | Assistant chief | Battalion chief | Training officer | Captain | Lieutenant | Firefighter | Probationary firefighter | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank epaulettes | No insignia | No insignia | |||||||
Rank pins | No insignia | No insignia |
Chile[]
Ranks are divided between company officers and fire department officers, which can be subdivided between active officers (field officers) and administrative officers. The active officers are the captain, and three or four lieutenants, these four active officers are distinguished by red lines on their helmets.
Denmark[]
Rank epaulettes[1] | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct translation of Danish ranks | Emergency director/ Emergency chief |
Deputy emergency director/ Deputy emergency chief |
Department chief/ Area chief |
Area manager | Fire inspector | Deputy fire inspector/ Station master |
Emergency master/ Fire master |
Deputy emergency master/ Deputy fire master |
Part-time team leader with instructor skills | Part-time team leader | Fire assistant/ Emergency assistant |
Equivalent in London Fire Brigade | Commissioner | Deputy commissioner | Assistant commissioner | Deputy assistant commissioner | Group manager | Station manager | Station officer | Sub-officer | No equivalent | No equivalent | Firefighter |
France[]
French civilian fire services, which historically are derived from French army sapper units, use French Army ranks. The highest rank in many departments is full colonel. Only the NCO rank of major is used in both the Paris Fire Brigade and the Marseille Naval Fire Battalion; since 2013 it has been abolished in the other fire departments.
- Ministry of Interior
- Director general of civil security and crisis management
- Director of fire protection
- Comptroller general
- Civilian fire services (professional fire fighters class A+)
- Comptroller general
- Colonel senior class/Colonel
- Civilian fire services (professional fire fighters class A)
- Lieutenant colonel
- Commandant
- Captain
- Civilian fire services (professional fire fighters class B)
- Lieutenant senior class/Lieutenant first class/Lieutenant second class
- Civilian fire services (professional fire fighters class C)
- Adjutant with three years time-in-grade gets the insignia and title of "chief adjutant"
- Adjutant
- Sergeant with three years time-in-grade gets the insignia and title of "chief sergeant"
- Sergeant
- Chief corporal
- Corporal
- Sapper
Germany[]
In Germany every federal state has its own thus they have different rank systems. Additionally, in the volunteer fire departments, there is a difference between a rank and an official position. This is founded on the military traditions of the fire departments. Every firefighter can hold a high rank without having an official position. A firefighter can be promoted by years of service, training skills and qualifications. Official positions are partly elected or given by capabilities. These conditions allow that older ordinary firefighters have higher ranks than their leaders. But through this ranks are no authorities given (Brevet).
- Professional fire fighters (middle technical grades) of Rheinland-Pfalz
Completed vocational training in a technical occupation suitable for the fire service. Basic firefighter training.
Brandmeister/-in während der Laufbahnausbildung |
Brandmeister | Oberbrandmeister | Hauptbrandmeister |
- Professional fire fighters (upper technical grades) of Rheinland-Pfalz
Bachelor of Engineering and two years departmental training.
Brandinspektorenanwärter | Brandinspektor | Brandoberinspektor | Brandamtmann | Brandamtsrat | Brandoberamtsrat |
- Professional fire fighters (higher technical grades) of Rheinland-Pfalz
Master of Engineering and two years of departmental training.
Brandreferendar | Brandrat | Oberbrandrat | Branddirektor | Leitender Branddirektor Ministerialrat |
Leitender Ministerialrat | Landesfeuerwehrinspekteur |
- Helmet insignia of Rheinland-Pfalz
Company leaders | Upper technical grades, battalion chiefs | Higher technical grades, fire chiefs |
Indonesia[]
Firefighters in Indonesia form part of the civil service of local governments and wear variant forms of uniforms worn by civil servants and employees.
Rank category | Rank category number | Rank in Indonesian | Equivalent rank (with US General Schedule and UK Civil Service paygrade) |
Rank in English (Regional/City/Municipal fire service personnel only) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Directors and senior ranked personnel | IV/e | Pembina Utama | Director general Senior executive service level V, Pay band 3 A7 |
Director |
IV/d | Pembina Utama Madya | Director Senior executive service level V Pay band 2 A7 |
Commissioner | |
IV/c | Pembina Utama Muda | Deputy director GS-15, Pay band 2 A6 |
Commander | |
IV/b | Pembina Tingkat I | Assistant director GS-14, Grade 6 A5 |
Battalion chief | |
IV/a | Pembina | Senior executive officer 1st class GS-14, grade 7 A4 |
Fire captain first class | |
Field ranked officers | III/d | Penata Tingkat I | Senior executive officer 2nd class GS-13, grade 7 A3 |
Fire captain |
III/c | Penata | Higher executive officer 1st class GS-12, grade 7 A2 |
Lieutenant | |
III/b | Penata Muda Tingkat I | Higher executive officer GS-11, A2 |
Senior inspector | |
Subaltern ranked officers | III/a | Penata Muda | Executive officer 1st class GS-10, A2/B6 |
Inspector |
II/d | Pengatur Tingkat I | Executive officer 2nd class GS-9, A1/B6 |
Station sub-officer | |
II/c | Pengatur | Executive officer GS-8, A1/B5 |
Brigadier major | |
Senior firefighters | II/b | Pengatur Muda Tingkat I | Administrative officer class 1 GS-7, B4 |
Brigadier 1st class |
II/a | Pengatur Muda | Administrative officer class 2 GS-6, B4 |
Senior brigader | |
Junior firefighters | I/d | Juru Tingkat I | Higher clerical officer 1st class GS-5, B3 |
Brigadier |
I/c | Juru | Higher clerical officer GS-4/GS-3, B3 |
Junior brigadier | |
I/b | Juru Muda Tingkat I | Clerical officer GS-2, B2 |
Senior firefighter | |
I/a | Juru Muda | Administrative assistant GS-1, B1 |
Firefighter |
Italy[]
The Vigili del Fuoco, (literally the word vigili comes from the Latin word vigiles, which means "who is part of certain guards") have the official name of Corpo nazionale dei vigili del fuoco (CNVVF, National Firefighters Corps).
The CNVVF is the Italian institutional agency for fire and rescue service. It is part of the Ministry of Interior's Department of Firefighters, Public Rescue and Public Protection. The CNVVF task is to provide safety for people, animals and property, and control the compliance of buildings and industries to fire safety rules. The Ministry of the Interior, through the CNVVF, adopts fire safety rules with ministerial decrees or other lower rank documents. The CNVVF also ensures public rescue in emergencies that involve the use of chemical weapons, bacteriological, radiological and materials. Since 2012 the corps uses its own rank titles (dating from 2007) with matching military styled insignia in honor of its origins.
In 2016 the CNVVF has been committed in forest firefighting activities together with the regional forest agencies, following the suppression of the National Forest Guards, which were merged into the carabinieri (firefighters were integrated into the CNVVF). .
Directors general | English | Rank insignia |
---|---|---|
Dirigente generale capo del corpo | Chief general manager of the corps | |
Dirigente generale | General manager | |
Dirigente superiore di livello C | Superior manager C-level | |
Dirigente superiore di livello D | Superior manager D-level | |
Primo dirigente di livello E | First manager E-level | |
Primo dirigente di livello F | First manager F-level | |
Directors | English | Rank insignia |
Direttore vice dirigente con funzioni del dirigente di livello E |
Director vice-manager with functions of the E-level manager |
|
Direttore vice dirigente | Director vice-manager | |
Direttore | Director | |
Vice direttore | Vice director | |
Substitute fire directors | English | Rank insignia |
Sostituto direttore antincendi capo | ||
Sostituto direttore antincendi | ||
Fire inspectors | English | Rank Insignia |
Ispettore antincendi esperto | ||
Ispettore antincendi | ||
Vice ispettore antincendi | ||
Non-commissioned officers | English | Rank insignia |
Capo reparto esperto | ||
Capo reparto | ||
Capo squadra esperto | ||
Capo squadra | ||
Enlisted firefighters | English | Rank insignia |
Vigile coordinatore | ||
Vigile esperto | ||
Vigile qualificato | ||
Vigile del fuoco | ||
Volunteer firefighters | English | Rank insignia |
Funzionario tecnico antincendi | ||
Capo reparto volontario | ||
Capo squadra volontario | ||
Vigile volontario |
Iran[]
In Iran, every city has its own fire department, but ranks are the same in the whole country, and are as follows:
Rank | Persian | Collar/epaulette markings | Collar/epaulette markings (in Persian) |
---|---|---|---|
Volunteer firefighter I | آتش نشان داوطلب | One yellow bar | یک خط زرد |
Volunteer firefighter II | آتش نشان داوطلب دوم | Two yellow bars | دو خط زرد |
Volunteer firefighter III | آتش نشان داوطلب سوم | Three yellow bars | سه خط زرد |
Firefighter I | آتش نشان | One silver bar | یک خط نقره ای |
Firefighter II | آتش نشان دوم | Two silver bars | دو خط نقره ای |
Firefighter III | آتش نشان سوم | Three silver bars | سه خط نقره ای |
Head firefighter I | سرآتش نشان | One flame and one gold bar | یک شعله و یک خط طلایی |
Head firefighter II | سرآتش نشان دوم | One flame and Two gold bars | یک شعله و دو خط طلایی |
Head firefighter III | سرآتش نشان سوم | One flame and Three gold bars | یک شعله و سه خط طلایی |
Master firefighter I | سر آتش یار | One flame | یک شعله |
Master firefighter II | آتش یار | Two flames | دو شعله |
Master firefighter III | آتش یار دوم | Three flames | سه شعله |
Master firefighter IV | آتش یار سوم | Four flames | چهار شعله |
Chief firefighter I | آتش پاد | One empty gold wreath | یک حلقه گل طلایی خالی |
Chief firefighter II | آتش پاد دوم | One gold wreath with a flame inside | یک حلقه گل طلایی با یک شعله درونش |
Chief firefighter III | آتش پاد سوم | One gold wreath with a flame inside and a silver bar below them | یک حلقه گل طلایی با یک شعله درونش و یک خط نقره ای زیر آنها |
Chief master firefighter I | فرآتش پاد | One gold wreath with a flame inside and two silver bars below them | یک حلقه گل طلایی با یک شعله درونش و دو خط نقره ای زیر آنها |
Chief master firefighter II | فرآتش پاد دوم | One gold wreath with a flame inside and three silver bars below them | یک حلقه گل طلایی با یک شعله درونش و سه خط نقره ای زیر آنها |
Chief master firefighter III | فرآتش پاد سوم | One gold wreath with a flame inside and four silver bars below them | یک حلقه گل طلایی با یک شعله درونش و چهار خط نقره ای زیر آنها |
Ireland[]
In Ireland, the traditional British and Commonwealth brigade rank structure is used, across the 26 counties.
Fire and rescue services are provided by 26 County Councils to the 26 counties of Ireland, and by three city councils with unitary authority status (those of Dublin, Cork, and Galway) within their respective cities. By agreement, the Dublin Fire Brigade provides cover to both the city and the county. Similarly, Galway City Council and Galway County Council have an agreement for the provision of a single fire and rescue service. Only Cork has separate services - Cork City Fire Brigade in the City of Cork, and in the wider County of Cork. In each of the other 23 counties of Ireland a single fire and rescue service covers the whole county, including all large towns and cities, as those 23 county councils are unitary authorities for the entire county jurisdiction.
Structure | County brigades | Dublin City Brigade[2] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Insignia | Helmet | Insignia | Helmet |
Firefighter | Yellow | Yellow | ||
Leading firefighter or driver mechanic |
Yellow, one 12 mm horizontal black stripe | This rank is not used in Dublin | ||
Sub officer | Yellow, two 12 mm horizontal black stripes | Yellow, two 12 mm horizontal black stripes | ||
Station officer | White, one 19 mm horizontal black stripe | White, one 12 mm horizontal black stripe | ||
District officer (operations) or district FPO |
These ranks are not used in counties | White, one 19 mm horizontal black stripe | ||
Third officer (operations) or executive FPO |
These ranks are not used in counties | White, two horizontal black stripes (one 19 mm, one 12 mm) | ||
Second officer (operations) or senior executive FPO |
These ranks are not used in counties | White, two horizontal black stripes (one 19 mm, one 12 mm) | ||
Assistant chief fire officer | White, two horizontal black stripes (one 19 mm, one 12 mm) | White, two horizontal black stripes (one 19 mm, one 12 mm) | ||
Senior assistant chief fire officer | White, one 38 mm horizontal broad black stripe | This rank is not used in Dublin | ||
Chief fire officer | White, two 38 mm horizontal broad black stripes | White, one 38 mm horizontal broad black stripe | ||
Key: FPO = fire prevention officer |
Japan[]
Japanese Fire Department's rank insignias are place on a small badge and pinned above the right pocket. Rank is told by stripes and hexagram stars. The design of the insignias came from older Japanese style military insignias. Officers and team leaders could wear an arm band on the arm of fire jacket to show status as command leader. Sometimes rank can be shown as different color fire jacket for command staff. The color whites and gray are reserved for EMS. Orange is reserved for rescuers.
Firefighter
|
Assistant fire sergeant
|
Fire sergeant
|
Fire lieutenant
|
Fire captain
|
Battalion chief
|
Assistant chief
|
1st assistant chief
|
Deputy chief
|
Fire chief
|
Luxembourg[]
Higher cadre of professional and volunteer fire fighters[3] Cadre supérieur des pompiers volontaires et professionnels | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insignia | ||||||||
French | Directeur général | Colonel | Lieutenant-colonel | Major | Capitaine | Lieutenant 1ère classe | Lieutenant | Lieutenant-aspirant |
English | Director general | Colonel | Lieutenant colonel | Major | Captain | Lieutenant 1st class | Lieutenant | Aspirant lieutenant |
Middle cadre of professional and volunteer fire fighters[3] Cadre moyen des pompiers volontaires et professionnels | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Insignia | ||||
French | Adjudant-major | Adjudant-chef | Adjudant | Adjudant-aspirant |
English | Adjutant major | Chief adjutant | Adjutant | Aspirant adjutant |
Basic cadre of professional and volunteer fire fighters[3] Cadre de base des pompiers volontaires et professionnels | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insignia | ||||||||
French | Sergent-major | Sergent-chef | Sergent | Caporal-chef 1ère classe | Caporal-chef | Caporal | Brigadier | Brigadier-aspirant |
English | Sergeant major | Chief sergeant | Sergeant | Chief corporal 1st class | Chief corporal | Corporal | Brigadier | Aspirant brigadier |
Malaysia[]
No. | Rank | Abbreviation | Rank (English) | Grade | Epaulet | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shoulder board | Collar badge | |||||
Penguasa Bomba (fire superintendent) | ||||||
1 | Ketua Pesuruhjaya Bomba | KPjB | Chief fire commissioner | JUSA A | ||
2 | Pesuruhjaya Bomba | PjB | Fire commissioner | JUSA B | ||
3 | Timbalan Pesuruhjaya Bomba | TPjB | Deputy fire commissioner | JUSA C | ||
4 | Penolong Kanan Pesuruhjaya Bomba | PKPjB | Senior assistant fire commissioner | KB 54 | ||
5 | Penolong Pesuruhjaya Bomba | PPjB | Assistant fire commissioner | KB 52 | ||
6 | Penguasa Kanan Bomba I | PgKB I | Senior fire superintendent I | KB 48 | ||
7 | Penguasa Kanan Bomba II | PgKB II | Senior fire superintendent II | KB 44 | ||
8 | Penguasa Bomba | PgB | Fire superintendent | KB 41 | ||
Penolong Penguasa Bomba (assistant fire superintendent) | ||||||
9 | Timbalan Penguasa Bomba | TPgB | Deputy fire superintendent | KB 38 | ||
10 | Penolong Kanan Penguasa Bomba | PKPgB | Senior assistant fire superintendent | KB 32 | ||
11 | Penolong Penguasa Bomba | PPgB | Assistant fire superintendent | KB 29 | ||
Pegawai Bomba (fire officer) | ||||||
12 | Pegawai Bomba Tinggi | PBT | Leading fire officer | KB 26 | ||
13 | Pegawai Bomba Kanan I | PBK I | Senior fire officer I | KB 24 | ||
14 | Pegawai Bomba Kanan II | PBK II | Senior fire officer II | KB 22 | ||
15 | Pegawai Bomba | PB | Fire officer | KB 17 / 19 | No insignia |
Netherlands[]
Hoofdcommandeur | Fire chief | |
Adjunct-Hoofdcommandeur | Deputy fire chief | |
Commandeur | Division chief | |
Hoofdbrandmeester | Battalion chief | |
Brandmeester | Captain | |
Hoofdbrandwacht | Engineer | |
Brandwacht | Fire fighter | |
Algemene / Aspirantfuncties | Trainee |
New Zealand[]
In New Zealand, rank is shown on epaulettes on firefighters' station uniform, and through colors and stripes on firefighter helmets. As the nation only has a single fire department, the New Zealand Fire Service, ranks are consistent through the country.
Rank | Epaulette[4] | Helmet[4] |
---|---|---|
Trainee firefighter (TFF) | plain | fluro-green |
Firefighter (FF) | one hollow bar | yellow |
Qualified firefighter (QFF) | one solid bar | yellow, one red stripe |
Senior firefighter (SFF) | two solid bars | yellow, two red stripes |
Station officer (SO) | one impeller | red, one blue stripe |
Senior station officer (SSO) | two impellers | red, two blue stripes |
Deputy chief fire officer (DCFO) | impeller between two ferns below one impeller | white, one blue stripe |
Chief fire officer (CFO) | impeller between two ferns below two impellers | white, two blue stripes |
Assistant area commander (AAC) | three impellers | silver |
Area commander (AC) | one impeller below a crown | silver, one blue stripe |
Assistant national commander (ANC) | three impellers trefoil below a crown | silver, two blue stripes |
Deputy national commander (DNC) | silver crossed sword and baton below an impeller | black |
National commander (NC) | silver crossed sword and baton below a crown | black |
Poland[]
Sekcyjny Section leader Private 1st class |
Starszy sekcyjny Senior section Leader Specialist |
Strażak Firefighter Private |
Starszy strażak Senior firefighter Private |
Młodszy ogniomistrz Junior firemaster Corporal |
Ogniomistrz Firemaster Sergeant |
Starszy ogniomistrz Senior firemaster Staff sergeant | |
Młodszy aspirant Junior aspirant Sergeant 1st class |
Aspirant Aspirant Master sergeant |
Starszy aspirant Senior aspirant Sergeant major |
Aspirant sztabowy Staff aspirant Command sergeant major |
Młodszy kapitan Junior captain Second lieutenant |
Kapitan Captain First lieutenant |
Starszy kapitan Senior captain Captain |
Młodszy brygadier Junior brigadier Major |
Brygadier Brigadier Lieutenant colonel |
Starszy brygadier Senior brigadier Colonel |
Nadbrygadier Chief brigadier Brigadier general |
Generał brygadier General brigadier Major general |
Russian Federation[]
In the Russian Federation, the decals are applied symmetrically on both sides of the helmet (front and rear). The location of the decals on the special clothing and SCBA is established for each fire department of the same type within the territorial entity. The following ranks are used by State Fire Service civilian personnel, while military personnel use ranks similar to those of the Police of Russia, due to their pre-2001 history as the fire service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation before all firefighting services were transferred to the Ministry of Emergency Situations.
Rank | Helmet colour/markings |
---|---|
Firefighter | The all color helmet with the applied number, indicating the fire station |
Head of fire brigade | The all color helmet with the applied number, indicating the fire station, underlined by line 50 mm wide and 5 mm thick |
Head of duty shift fire station | The all color helmet with the applied a circle, inside which the applied number is indicating the fire station |
Deputy head of the fire station | The all color helmet with the applied a triangle, inside which the applied number is indicating the fire station |
Head of the fire station | The all color helmet with the applied a square, inside which the applied number is indicating the fire station |
Commanding staff of the fire department | The all color helmet with the applied a circle, inside which the applied a rhombus |
Tunisia[]
Tunisian firefighter's ranks are the same as the army, police and national garde.
United Kingdom[]
ranks marked in Bold are exclusive to the
Rank title | Rank markings |
---|---|
Firefighter | |
Leading firefighter | |
Crew Manager/Commander or Sub-officer | |
Watch Manager/Commander or Station officer | |
Station commander | |
Group commander or Borough Commander | |
Area Commander or Deputy assistant commissioner | |
Assistant Chief Fire Officer or Assistant commissioner | |
Deputy Chief Fire Officer or Deputy commissioner | |
Chief Fire Officer or Commissioner |
United States[]
In the United States, helmet colors often denote a fire fighter's rank or position. In general, white helmets denote chief officers, such as battalion chiefs, division chiefs, etc while red helmets may denote company officers, such as captains, lieutenants, etc but the specific meaning of a helmet's color or style varies from region to region and department to department. The rank of an officer in an American fire department is most commonly denoted by a number of speaking trumpets, a reference to a megaphone-like device used in the early days of the fire service, although typically called "bugle" in today's parlance. Ranks proceed from one (lieutenant) to five (fire chief) bugles. Traditional ranks in American fire departments that exist but may not always be utilized in all cities or towns include:
Rank | Insignia |
---|---|
Firefighter | No bugles |
Engineer/technician/apparatus operator | 3 chevrons |
Lieutenant | 1 bugle |
Captain | 2 bugles, either traditionally side by side or less usually crossed |
Battalion chief/district chief | 2 bugles, either side by side or more traditionally crossed |
Division chief or assistant chief/deputy assistant chief/deputy assistant commissioner/assistant deputy commissioner | 3 crossed bugles |
Deputy chief/deputy commissioner | 4 crossed bugles |
Chief/commissioner | 5 crossed bugles |
In many fire departments in the U.S., the captain is commonly the commander of a company and a lieutenant is the supervisor of the company's firefighters on shift. There is no state or federal rank structure for firefighters and each municipality or volunteer fire department creates and uses their own unique structure.
Some other American fire departments such as the FDNY (New York City Fire Department) use military rank insignia in addition to or instead of the traditional bugles. Additionally, officers on truck companies have been known to use rank insignias shaped like axes for lieutenants (one) and captains (two).
References[]
- ^ "Distinktionsoversigt". Danske Beredskaber (in Danish). Retrieved 6 November 2019.
- ^ "Dublin Fire Brigade: Who We Are" (PDF). Dublin Fire Brigade. 2015. p. 5. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ a b c "Règlement grand-ducal du 18 septembre 2018 déterminant les grades fonctionnels, les tenues, insignes et attributs des personnels du Corps grand-ducal d'incendie et de secours" [Grand-Ducal Regulation of September 18, 2018 determining the functional ranks, uniforms, badges and attributes of the personnel of the Grand-Ducal Fire and Rescue Corps]. legilux.public.lu/ (in French). 21 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
- ^ a b "Uniform rank markings". New Zealand Fire Service. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
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