Flood risk management

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"Regular" flooding in Venice, Italy.

Flood risk management (FRM) aims to reduce the human and socio-economic losses caused by flooding and is part of the larger field of risk management. Flood risk management analyzes the relationships between physical systems and socio-economic environments through flood risk assessment and tries to create understanding and action about the risks posed by flooding. The relationships cover a wide range of topics, from drivers and natural processes, to models and socio-economic consequences.[vague]

This relationship examines management methods which includes a wide range of flood management methods including but are not limited to flood mapping and physical implication measures.[1] FRM looks at how to reduce flood risk and how to appropriately manage risks that are associated with flooding. Flood risk management includes mitigating and preparing for flooding disasters, analyzing risk, and providing a risk analysis system to mitigate the negative impacts caused by flooding.[1]

Flooding and flood risk are especially important with more extreme weather and sea level rise caused by climate change as more areas will be effected by flood risk.[2]

Flood risk[]

There have been numerous flood incidents around the world which have caused devastating damage to infrastructure, the natural environment and human life.[3] can be defined as the risk that floods pose to individuals, property and the natural landscape based on specific hazards and vulnerability. The extent of flood risks can impact the types of mitigation strategies required and implemented.[4]

Floods can have devastating impacts to human societies. Flooding events worldwide are increasing in frequency and severity, leading to increasing costs to societies.[3] Economical, social and natural environmental damages are common factors that are impacted by flooding events and the impacts that flooding has on these areas can be catastrophic.[3]

As mentioned, the economic impacts caused by flooding can be severe.[5] A large amount of the world’s population lives in close proximity to major coastlines,[6] while many major cities and agricultural areas are located near floodplains.[5] There is significant risk for increased coastal and fluvial flooding due to changing climatic conditions.[7] Every year flooding causes countries billions of dollars worth of damage that threatens the livelihood of individuals.[8] As a result, there is also significant socio-economic threats to vulnerable populations around the world from flooding.[8]

Management methods[]

Flood risk management methods help reduce the risk of human and socio-economic losses caused by flooding and spans many different disciplines.[9] Management of the risks associated with flooding can decrease the costs incurred by governmental bodies, marginalized communities, individuals, and property.[5]

Floodgates in Tokyo, Japan

Flood risk management strategy diversification is needed to ensure that management strategies cover several different scenarios and ensure best practices.[10] The diversification of flood risk management baseline framework can be used to help guide governing bodies to make decisions based on expert advice,[10] and based on common terms to ensure that strategies can be understood across multiple disciplines.[11]

Flood risk management helps to decrease the negative economic, social, and physical consequences of flooding events.[12] FRM involves several steps and it can occur prior, during, or after flooding events. FRM examines five stages; how to prevent floods, best defenses against flooding, best way to mitigate the negative consequences of flooding, how to prepare for flooding events, and how to recover after a flooding event. By examining these five different factors, governing agencies are able to evaluate risk management at different stages of flooding events.[12]

Flood Mapping[]

is a tool used by governments and policy makers to delineate the borders of potential flooding events, allowing educated decisions to prevent extreme flooding events.[13] Flood maps are a form of risk maps and are useful to create documentation that allows policy makers to make informed decisions about flood hazards.[5] Flood mapping also provides conceptual models to both the public and private sectors with information about flooding hazards.[14] Flood mapping has been criticized in many areas around the world, due to the absence of public accessibility, technical writing and data, and lack of easy-to-understand information. However, revived attention towards flood mapping, due to increased interest has renewed the interest in enhancing current flood mapping for use as a flood risk management method.[5]

Flood modelling[]

is a tool used to model flood risks and the effects on humans and the physical environment.[15] Flood modelling takes into consideration how flood hazards, external and internal processes and factors, and the main drivers of floods interact with each other. Flood modelling combines factors including terrain, hydrology, urban topography and risk factors to produce a model that demonstrates different levels of flooding risks.[16] Flood modelling is helpful for determining building development practices and hazard mitigation methods that reduce the risks associated with flooding.[17]

Stakeholder Engagement[]

Stakeholder engagement is a useful tool for flood risk management that allows enhanced public engagement for agreements to be reached on policy discussions.[18] Different management considerations can be taken into account including emergency management and disaster risk reduction goals, interactions of land-use planning with the integration of flood risks and required policies.[5] In flood management, stakeholder engagement is seen as an important way to achieve greater cohesion and consensus.[19] Integrating stakeholder engagement into flood management often provides a more complex analysis of the situation; this generally adds more demand in determining collective solutions and increases the time it takes to determine solutions.[18]

Implementation Measures[]

Flood barrier on the River Thames

Flood risk management includes implementation of flood mitigation measures to reduce the physical impacts of floods. These measures can exist as precautionary measures based on an assessment of flood risk,[20] as measures that are implemented prior and during flooding events,[21] or as measures implemented after a flooding event.[12]

Precautionary measures include the implementation of flood water barriers, regulations for building in flood prone areas,[20] flood warning systems, etc.[12] Measures such as the implementation of dikes were constructed in the Netherlands following extreme flooding risk due to the country's low-lying landscapes.[22] Other flood risk management strategies include flood-proof buildings, increased water storage capacity in reservoirs, and the construction of dams and embankments.[7] Flood mitigation methods can also involve policy that reduces the amount of urban structures built around floodplains.[12] This policy helps to reduce the amount of mitigation needed to protect humans and buildings from flooding events. Following the occurrence of flooding events, implementation measures such as rebuilding plans, and insurance can be structured into flood risk management plans.[12]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b Plate, Erich J. (2002-10-01). "Flood risk and flood management". Journal of Hydrology. Advances in Flood Research. 267 (1): 2–11. doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00135-X. ISSN 0022-1694.
  2. ^ da Silva, Lucas Borges Leal; Alencar, Marcelo Hazin; de Almeida, Adiel Teixeira (2020-11-01). "Multidimensional flood risk management under climate changes: Bibliometric analysis, trends and strategic guidelines for decision-making in urban dynamics". International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 50: 101865. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101865. ISSN 2212-4209.
  3. ^ a b c SCHANZE, JOCHEN (2006). Schanze, Jochen; Zeman, Evzen; Marsalek, Jiri (eds.). "FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT – A BASIC FRAMEWORK". Flood Risk Management: Hazards, Vulnerability and Mitigation Measures. NATO Science Series. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands: 1–20. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4598-1_1. ISBN 978-1-4020-4598-1.
  4. ^ Schumann, Andreas H., ed. (2011). "Flood Risk Assessment and Management". doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9917-4. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Flood Risk Management in Canada | Research report". Geneva Association. 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2021-10-29.
  6. ^ Neumann, Barbara; Vafeidis, Athanasios T.; Zimmermann, Juliane; Nicholls, Robert J. (2015-03-11). "Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0118571. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118571. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4367969. PMID 25760037.
  7. ^ a b Dieperink, C.; Hegger, D. L. T.; Bakker, M. H. N.; Kundzewicz, Z. W.; Green, C.; Driessen, P. P. J. (2016-10-01). "Recurrent Governance Challenges in the Implementation and Alignment of Flood Risk Management Strategies: a Review". Water Resources Management. 30 (13): 4467–4481. doi:10.1007/s11269-016-1491-7. ISSN 1573-1650.
  8. ^ a b "A review of the flood risk management governance and resilience literature". doi:10.1111/jfr3.12315. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ Raadgever, G. T. (Tom); Booister, Nikéh; Steenstra, Martijn K. (2018), Raadgever, Tom; Hegger, Dries (eds.), "The Relevance of Flood Risk Management and Governance", Flood Risk Management Strategies and Governance, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 85–92, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67699-9_7, ISBN 978-3-319-67699-9, retrieved 2021-11-03
  10. ^ a b Hegger, D.; Driessen, P.; Bakker, M. (2018). "Diversification of flood risk management strategies - Necessity and importance". doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67699-9_2. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ Bruijn, K.M. De; Green, C.; Johnson, C.; McFadden, L. (2007), Begum, Selina; Stive, Marcel J. F.; Hall, Jim W. (eds.), "Evolving Concepts in Flood Risk Management: Searching for a Common Language", Flood Risk Management in Europe: Innovation in Policy and Practice, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 61–75, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4200-3_4, ISBN 978-1-4020-4200-3, retrieved 2021-11-03
  12. ^ a b c d e f Raadgever, G. T. (Tom); Booister, Nikéh; Steenstra, Martijn K. (2018), Raadgever, Tom; Hegger, Dries (eds.), "Flood Risk Management Strategies", Flood Risk Management Strategies and Governance, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 93–100, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67699-9_8, ISBN 978-3-319-67699-9, retrieved 2021-11-03
  13. ^ Grimaldi, Salvatore; Petroselli, Andrea; Arcangeletti, Ettore; Nardi, Fernando (2013-04-22). "Flood mapping in ungauged basins using fully continuous hydrologic–hydraulic modeling". Journal of Hydrology. 487: 39–47. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.02.023. ISSN 0022-1694.
  14. ^ Demeritt, J. Porter and D. "Flood-Risk Management, Mapping, and Planning: The Institutional Politics of Decision Support in England | EndNote Click". click.endnote.com. doi:10.1068/a44660&token=wzmzndiwmjksijewljewnjgvytq0njywil0.9wflawqpccfrtcdas5s-vvq6m-o. Retrieved 2021-10-29.
  15. ^ Abebe, Yared Abayneh; Ghorbani, Amineh; Nikolic, Igor; Vojinovic, Zoran; Sanchez, Arlex (2019-01-01). "A coupled flood-agent-institution modelling (CLAIM) framework for urban flood risk management". Environmental Modelling & Software. 111: 483–492. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.10.015. ISSN 1364-8152.
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  17. ^ Abebe, Yared Abayneh; Ghorbani, Amineh; Nikolic, Igor; Vojinovic, Zoran; Sanchez, Arlex (2019-10-15). "Flood risk management in Sint Maarten – A coupled agent-based and flood modelling method". Journal of Environmental Management. 248: 109317. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109317. ISSN 0301-4797.
  18. ^ a b Thaler, Thomas; Levin-Keitel, Meike (2016-01-01). "Multi-level stakeholder engagement in flood risk management—A question of roles and power: Lessons from England". Environmental Science & Policy. Participatory and Collaborative Governance for Sustainable Flood Risk Management: An emerging research agenda. 55: 292–301. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2015.04.007. ISSN 1462-9011.
  19. ^ Thale, Thomas; Priest, Sally (2016). "Partnership Funding in flood risk management: multi-level stakeholder engagement – a question of roles and power". E3S Web of Conferences. 7: 20009. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20160720009. ISSN 2267-1242.
  20. ^ a b Barendrecht, M. H.; Sairam, N.; Cumiskey, L.; Metin, A. D.; Holz, F.; Priest, S. J.; Kreibich, H. (2020-12-01). "Needed: A systems approach to improve flood risk mitigation through private precautionary measures". Water Security. 11: 100080. doi:10.1016/j.wasec.2020.100080. ISSN 2468-3124.
  21. ^ Botzen, W. J. Wouter; Kunreuther, Howard; Czajkowski, Jeffrey; Moel, Hans de (2019). "Adoption of Individual Flood Damage Mitigation Measures in New York City: An Extension of Protection Motivation Theory". Risk Analysis. 39 (10): 2143–2159. doi:10.1111/risa.13318. ISSN 1539-6924. PMC 6850606. PMID 31021457.
  22. ^ Eijgenraam, Carel; Brekelmans, Ruud; Hertog, Dick den; Roos, Kees (2017). "Optimal Strategies for Flood Prevention". Management Science. 63 (5): 1644–1656.
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