Fokker F.VII
F.VII | |
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Swissair Fokker F.VIIb/3m (CH-192) piloted by Walter Mittelholzer in Kassala (Sudan), February 1934. | |
Role | Passenger & military transport |
Manufacturer | Fokker |
First flight | 24 November 1924 |
Introduction | 1925 |
Status | Retired |
Primary users | SABENA KLM Polish Air Force Polskie Linie Lotnicze LOT |
Produced | 1925-1932 |
Developed from | Fokker F.V |
Variants | Fokker F.10 |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fokker_FVIIa3m_wiki.jpg/220px-Fokker_FVIIa3m_wiki.jpg)
The Fokker F.VII, also known as the Fokker Trimotor, was an airliner produced in the 1920s by the Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker, Fokker's American subsidiary Atlantic Aircraft Corporation, and other companies under licence.
Design and development[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Southern_cross.jpg/220px-Southern_cross.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ad_Astra_Aero_-_Fokker_F-VII-B_3-m_%28CH190%29.jpg/220px-Ad_Astra_Aero_-_Fokker_F-VII-B_3-m_%28CH190%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vliegveld_Tjililitan_met_benzinestation_bij_Meester_Cornelis_Batavia_Java_TMnr_10010739.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vliegveld_Tjililitan_met_benzinestation_bij_Meester_Cornelis_Batavia_Java_TMnr_10010739.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Fokker_C-2_090713-F-1234K-067.jpg/220px-Fokker_C-2_090713-F-1234K-067.jpg)
The F.VII was designed as a single-engined transport aircraft by Walter Rethel. Five examples of this model were built for the Dutch airline KLM. One of these aircraft, registered H-NACC, was used in 1924 for the first flight from the Netherlands to the Dutch East Indies. In 1925, while living in the US, Anthony Fokker heard of the inaugural Ford Reliability Tour, which was proposed as a competition for transport aircraft. Fokker had the company's head designer, Reinhold Platz, convert a single-engined F.VIIa airliner to a trimotor configuration, powered by 200 hp Wright Whirlwind radial engines. The resulting aircraft was designated the Fokker F.VIIa/3m. Following shipment to the US, it won the Ford Reliability Tour in late 1925. The Trimotor's structure consisted of a fabric-covered steel-tube fuselage and a plywood-skinned wooden wing.[1]
The Fokker F.VIIb/3m had a slightly increased wing area over the F.VIIa/3m, with power increased to 220 hp per engine, while the F.10 was slightly enlarged, carrying 12 passengers in an enclosed cabin. The aircraft became popularly known as the Fokker Trimotor.[2]
Operational history[]
The eight- to 12-passenger Fokker was the aircraft of choice for many early airlines, both in Europe and the Americas, and it dominated the American market in the late 1920s. However, the popularity of the Fokker quickly waned after the 1931 crash of a Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F.10, which resulted in the death of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne. The investigation revealed problems with the Fokker's plywood-laminate construction, resulting in a temporary ban from commercial flights, more stringent maintenance requirements, and a shift to all-metal aircraft such as the similar Ford Trimotor and later Boeing 247 and Douglas DC-2.[3]
Pioneers and explorers[]
The F.VII was used by many explorers and aviation pioneers, including:
- Richard E. Byrd claimed to have flown over the North Pole in the Fokker F.VIIa/3m (N267) on 9 May 1926, a few days before Roald Amundsen accomplished the feat in the airship Norge.[4]
- Lester Maitland and Albert Hegenberger, two lieutenants of the United States Army Air Corps, made the first transpacific flight from the continental United States to Hawaii (c. 2,400 mi/3,862 km) in the Atlantic-Fokker C-2 Bird of Paradise on 28–29 June 1927.[4]
- Richard E. Byrd, Bernt Balchen and two others flew the first official transatlantic airmail in the civilian-owned C-2 America (NX206), crash-landing off the coast of France on 1 July 1927.[5][6]
- Lieutenant Colonel 'Dan' Minchin, Captain Leslie Hamilton and Princess Anne of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg attempted on 31 August 1927 to become the first aviators to cross the Atlantic from east to west using a Fokker F.VIIa named St. Raphael (G-EBTQ). Their fate remains unknown.[7]
- James DeWitt Hill and Lloyd W. Bertaud made a failed attempt to fly from Old Orchard Beach, Maine, to Rome in the F.VIIa Old Glory (NX703) on 6 September 1927, but they and the aircraft were lost in the North Atlantic the following day.[8]
- Sir Charles Kingsford Smith's F.VIIb/3m Southern Cross was the first aircraft to cross the Pacific from the United States to Australia in June 1928, and the first to cross the Tasman Sea, flying from Australia to New Zealand and back in September of that year.[9]
- Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly across the Atlantic on 17 June 1928, as a passenger aboard the Fokker F.VIIb/3m Friendship (NX4204).[4]
- A group of U. S. Army Air Corps flyers, led by then-Major Carl Spaatz, set an endurance record of over 150 hours with the Question Mark, a Fokker C-2A over Los Angeles on 1 to 7 January 1929. The purpose of this mission was to set a flight endurance record using aerial refueling.[10]
Variants[]
- F.VII
- Single-engined transport aircraft, powered by a 360 hp (270 kW) Rolls-Royce Eagle or 450 hp (340 kW) Napier Lion engine, accommodation for two crew and eight passengers; five built. One converted to use 400 hp (300 kW) Bristol Jupiter and two to use 480 hp (360 kW) Gnome-Rhône Jupiter VI engine.[11]
- F.VIIa (F.VIIa/1m)
- Single-engined transport aircraft, slightly larger than F.VII with new undercarriage and wing. Flown on 12 March 1925. First aircraft had a 420 hp (310 kW) V-12 Packard Liberty engine, but a further 39 F.VIIa examples had mostly radial Bristol Jupiter or Pratt & Whitney Wasp engines.
- F.VIIa/3m
- Version with two additional underwing engines, flown on 4 September 1925. The first two aircraft were otherwise identical to the F.VIIa. From the third aircraft, the fuselage was 31 in (80 cm) longer and was powered by 200 hp (149 kW) Wright J-4 Whirlwind radial engines. Probably only 18 were built, while many F.VIIa were upgraded to the F.VIIa/3m standard.
- F.VIIb/3m
- Main production version with greater span; 154 built, including those built under licence.
- F.9
- American-built version of the Fokker F.VIIb/3m; built by the Atlantic Aircraft Corporation in the United States.
- Fokker F.10
- Enlarged version of the Fokker F.VII airliner, able to carry up to 12 passengers; built by the Atlantic Aircraft Corporation in the United States.
- C-2
- Military transport version of the Fokker F.9, powered by three 220 hp (164 kW) Wright J-5 radial piston engines, accommodation for two pilots and ten passengers; three built in 1926 for the US Army Air Corps.
- C-2A
- Military transport version for the US Army Air Corps, with greater wingspan, powered by three 220 hp (164 kW) Wright J-5 radial piston engines, accommodation for two pilots and ten passengers; eight built in 1928.
- XC-7
- One C-2A fitted with three 330 hp (246 kW) Wright J-6-9 radial piston engines. Redesignated C-7 when four C-2A examples were similarly reconfigured.
- C-7
- Military transport conversion of C-2A for the US Army Air Corps by re-engining with 300 hp (220 kW) Wright R-975 engines. XC-7 prototype and four C-2As redesignated in 1931.
- C-7A
- Six new production C-7 (Wright R-975) aircraft with larger wings, new vertical fin design, and fuselages patterned after the commercial F.10A.
- XLB-2
- Experimental light bomber version of the C-7, powered by three 410 hp (306 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1380 radial piston engines; one built.
- TA-1
- Military transport version of the US Navy and Marine Corps; three built.
- TA-2
- Military transport version for the US Navy; three built.
- TA-3
- Military transport version for the US Navy, powered by three Wright J-6 radial piston engines; one built.
- RA-1
- Redesignation of the TA-1.
- RA-2
- Redesignation of the TA-2.
- RA-3
- Redesignation of the TA-3.
Licensed versions[]
- SABCA, 29 aircraft built.
- Avia, 18 aircraft built.
- Three aircraft built in Italy as the IMAM Ro.10, powered by three 215 hp Alfa Romeo Lynx engines. Three built for operation by Avio Linee Italiane and Ala Littoria.
- Plage i Laśkiewicz. Between 1929 and 1930, produced 11 examples of F.VIIb/3m, plus 20 of its own F.VIIb/3m bomber version (developed by Jerzy Rudlicki).
- Three aircraft built in Spain.
- Avro, 14 aircraft known as Avro 618 Ten.
Operators[]
Civilian operators[]
Belgium
- SABENA operated 28 aircraft.
Denmark
- Det Danske Luftfartselskab operated three F.VIIa aircraft.
France
- CIDNA operated seven F.VIIa aircraft.
- Air Orient operated eight F.VIIb aircraft.
- operated one F.VIIa aircraft.
Italy
- Avio Linee Italiane
- Ala Littoria
- Malert operated two F.VIIa aircraft.
Netherlands
- KLM received all five F.VII aircraft and 15 F.VIIa.
Poland
- Aero operated six F.VIIa aircraft for a short period in 1928. Since 1 January 1929, all aircraft were handed over to PLL LOT airline.
- Polskie Linie Lotnicze LOT operated six F.VIIa and 13 F.VIIb/3m between 1929 and 1939.
Portugal
- Aero Portuguesa operated one F.VIIb/3m aircraft.
Romania
Spain
Switzerland
- Ad Astra Aero at least one F.VIIb/3m
- Swissair operated one F.VIIa and eight F.VIIb/3m aircraft.
United States
- American Airways, which later became American Airlines.
- TWA
- Pan Am operated F.VIIb/3m aircraft.
Military operators[]
Belgium
- Belgian Air Force
Belgian Congo
- Force Publique
Independent State of Croatia
- Zrakoplovstvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske
Czechoslovakia
- Czechoslovak Air Force
Ethiopia
- Ethiopian Air Force[12]
Finland
- Finnish Air Force operated one F.VIIa.
France
- French Air Force - five F.VIIa/3m and two F.VII/3m aircraft, impressed into military service in 1939/1940.
- Royal Hungarian Air Force
Italy
- Regia Aeronautica
Netherlands
- Royal Netherlands Air Force received three bomber F.VIIa/3m aircraft.
Poland
- Polish Air Force operated 21 F.VIIb/3m (20 of them were licence-built) aircraft as bombers and transports between 1929 and 1939.
-
Spanish Republic
- Spanish Republican Air Force, operated four aircraft in the squadron of the Sahara and other two in Madrid.
United States
- United States Army Air Corps designations include Atlantic-Fokker C-2, C-5 and C-7.[13]
- United States Navy and United States Marine Corps, originally designated TA then RA[14]
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
- Yugoslav Royal Air Force
Accidents and incidents[]
- On 21 June 1926, a KLM F.VII (H-NACL) force-landed at Seabrook Beach, Sandgate near Hythe, Kent, due to fuel exhaustion caused by pilot error; all five on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.[15]
- On 9 July 1926, a KLM F.VII (H-NACC) struck ground in fog at Wolvertem, Belgium, killing both pilots.[16]
- On 8 June 1927, a Fokker/Atlantic F.VIIb/3m (NC55) of Colonial Air Transport crashed on landing at Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey; no casualties.[17]
- At 9:44pm on 31 August 1927, the oil tanker reported the last known sighting of F.VIIa St. Raphael (G-EBTQ) on a trans-atlantic attempt from RAF Upavon, England to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, piloted by Leslie Hamilton and Frederick F. Minchin, with Princess Anne of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg as passenger.[7]
- On 7 September 1927, F.VIIa Old Glory (NX703) disappeared with Lloyd W. Bertaud and J. D. Hill at the controls, in an attempted transatlantic flight from Old Orchard Beach, Maine to Rome, Italy. The flight's last known location was in the North Atlantic, 960 km East of Cape Race, Newfoundland.[8]
- On 17 September 1927, a Reynolds Airways F.VII (C776) crashed at Dunellen, New Jersey, due to loss of control following engine failure, killing seven of 12 on board. The aircraft was formerly operated by KLM, and had been imported to the United States.[18]
- On 4 July 1928, Belgian financier Alfred Lowenstein disappeared during a flight over the English Channel as a passenger in Fokker F.VII/3m (G-EBYI), in unknown circumstances.[19]
- On 15 August 1928, a Pan Am F.VIIa/3m, General Machado (NC53) ditched in the Gulf of Mexico off Egmont Key, Florida.[20]
- On 4 July 1929, a Fokker F.VIIa/3m (G-EBYI) force landed near Mongalla, Sudan. Owner and pilot was Donald H Drew, three passengers included Glen Kidston, no casualties. Aircraft damaged beyond repair.[21]
- On 11 September 1930, a Sabena F.VII (OO-AIN) crashed on climbout from Croydon Airport due to an in-flight fire, killing both pilots.[22]
- On 30 October 1930, a Fokker F.VIIb/3m (CH-161) of Balair struck a chimney, and crashed in fog on approach to Essen/Mülheim Airport; three crew injured, three passengers unhurt.[23] See also Commons Category:Fokker F.VIIb/3m of Balair
- On 6 December 1931, a KLM F.VIIb/3m (PH-AFO) crashed at Bangkok after failing to take off, killing five of seven on board.[24]
- On 3 April 1940, a BOAC Avro 618 Ten (G-AASP, Hercules) crashed on takeoff from Cairo; there were no casualties, but the aircraft was written off.[25]
- On 10 May 1940, a KLM F.VII (PH-ACJ) was destroyed on the ground at Schiphol Airport by the Luftwaffe, during the German invasion of the Netherlands.[26]
Specifications (F.VIIb/3m)[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Fokker_F.VII_3-view_NACA_Aircraft_Circular_No.74.jpg/220px-Fokker_F.VII_3-view_NACA_Aircraft_Circular_No.74.jpg)
Data from European Transport Aircraft since 1909[27]
General characteristics
- Crew: 2
- Capacity: 8 passengers
- Length: 14.50 m (47 ft 7 in)
- Wingspan: 21.71 m (71 ft 3 in)
- Wing area: 67.6 m2 (728 sq ft)
- Airfoil: root: Goettingen 386 (20%); tip: Goettingen 388 (11.3%)[28]
- Empty weight: 3,100 kg (6,834 lb)
- Gross weight: 5,300 kg (11,684 lb)
- Powerplant: 3 × Wright J-6 Whirlwind 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 220 kW (300 hp) each
Performance
- Maximum speed: 210 km/h (130 mph, 110 kn)
- Cruise speed: 178 km/h (111 mph, 96 kn)
- Range: 1,200 km (750 mi, 650 nmi)
- Service ceiling: 4,400 m (14,400 ft)
- Takeoff and landing runs: 225 m (738 ft)
See also[]
Related development
- Avro 618 Ten
- Fokker F.10
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
- Ford Trimotor
Related lists
- List of aircraft of World War II
- List of aircraft of the Finnish Air Force
- List of military aircraft of the United States
- List of military aircraft of the United States (naval)
- List of civil aircraft
References[]
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Notes[]
- ^ Thurston, David B. (2000). The World's Most Significant and Magnificent Aircraft: Evolution of the Modern Airplane. SAE. pp. 127–128. ISBN 978-0-7680-0537-0.
- ^ "Fokker F-VII." Aeronautics Learning Laboratory. Retrieved: 20 December 2010.
- ^ Mola, Roger. "Centennial of Flight information on the Fokker crash investigation." centennialofflight.net, 2003. Retrieved: 20 December 2010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Baaker, Leo. "Famous Fokker Flights." tiscali.nl.Retrieved: 20 December 2010.
- ^ "The Trans-Atlantic Flight of the 'America'." check-six.com, 19 October 2010. Retrieved: 20 December 2010.
- ^ "Accident Fokker F.VIIb/3m NX206". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Accident Fokker F.VIIa G-EBTQ". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Accident Fokker F.VIIa NX703". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ Naughton, Russell. "The Pioneers - Charles Kingsford Smith". Monash University Centre for Telecommunications and Information Engineering (CTIE). Archived from the original on 2020-11-06. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ^ "Question Mark." Archived 2005-11-09 at the Wayback Machine USAF Historical Studies Office. Retrieved: 20 December 2010.
- ^ Stroud 1966, pp. 466–467.
- ^ Borja, Elizabeth (27 February 2021). "The Dream of Abyssinia: Two Black Aviators and Ethiopia". National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ^ Baugher, Joe. "Cargo Aircraft Designations." US transports, 11 August 2007. Retrieved: 20 December 2010.
- ^ Painter, K.M. "Help From The Skies." Popular Mechanics, November 1929.
- ^ "Incident Fokker F.VII H-NACL". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ "Accident Fokker F.VII H-NACC". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ "Incident Fokker/Atlantic F.VIIb/3m NC55". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
- ^ "Accident Fokker F.VII C776". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ "Accident Fokker F.VII/3m G-EBYI". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ "Incident Fokker/Atlantic F.VII/3m NC53". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ "Incident Fokker F.VIIa/3m G-EBYI". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- ^ "Accident Fokker F.VII OO-AIN". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ "Incident Fokker F.VII/3m CH-161". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
- ^ "Accident Fokker F.VIIb/3m PH-AFO". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ "Incident Avro 618 Ten (Fokker F.VIIb/3m) G-AASP". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ "Incident Fokker F.VII PH-ACJ". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ Stroud 1966, pp. 480–481.
- ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
Bibliography[]
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- Dierikx, Marc. Fokker: A Transatlantic Biography. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997. ISBN 1-56098-735-9.
- Howson, Gerald (August–November 1990). "Fokker's Trimotors Go to War". Air Enthusiast (13): 43–49. ISSN 0143-5450.
- Ives, Don (December 1981 – March 1982). "Talkback". Air Enthusiast. No. 17. pp. 33–34. ISSN 0143-5450.
- Molson, K.M. Pioneering in Canadian Air Transport. Winnipeg: James Richardson & Sons, Ltd., 1974. ISBN 0-919212-39-5.
- Nevin, David. The Pathfinders (The Epic of Flight Series). Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1980. ISBN 0-8094-3256-0.
- Postma, Thijs. Fokker: Aircraft Builders to the World. London: Jane's, 1979. ISBN 0-7106-0059-3.
- Prins, François (Winter 1993). "Brisbane's Heritage". Air Enthusiast. No. 52. pp. 26–27. ISSN 0143-5450.
- Stroud, John. European Transport Aircraft since 1910. London: Putnam, 1966.
- Taylor, H. A. & Alting, Peter (April–July 1980). "Fokker's 'Lucky Seven'". Air Enthusiast (12): 24–38. ISSN 0143-5450.
- Weyl, A.R. Fokker: The Creative Years. London: Putnam, 1965.
- Wulf, Herman de (August–November 1990). "An Airline at War". Air Enthusiast (13): 72–77. ISSN 0143-5450.
- Fokker aircraft
- 1920s Dutch airliners
- 1920s United States airliners
- Trimotors
- High-wing aircraft
- Atlantic Aircraft aircraft
- Aircraft first flown in 1924