Fred Trump

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This article is about the real estate developer. For his father and Donald Trump's grandfather, see Frederick Trump. For his son and Donald Trump's brother, see Fred Trump Jr. For the Arizona politician, see Fred Trump (politician).

Fred Trump
FredTrump1950-02.png
Trump c. 1950
Born
Frederick Christ Trump

(1905-10-11)October 11, 1905
New York City, United States
DiedJune 25, 1999(1999-06-25) (aged 93)
New Hyde Park, New York, U.S.
Resting placeLutheran All Faiths Cemetery, New York City
EducationPratt Institute
Richmond Hill High School
OccupationHead of Fred Trump Organization
Known for
Spouse(s)
​
(m. 1936)​
Children
Parent(s)Frederick Trump
Elizabeth Christ Trump
RelativesSee Trump family

Frederick Christ Trump Sr. (October 11, 1905 – June 25, 1999) was a prominent American real estate developer in New York City. He was the father of Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States.

In partnership with his mother, Elizabeth Christ Trump, Fred began a career in home construction and sales. Their real estate development company was incorporated as E. Trump & Son in 1927 (later called the Fred Trump Organization). It grew to build and manage single-family houses in Queens, barracks and garden apartments for U.S. Navy personnel near major shipyards along the East Coast, and more than 27,000 apartments in New York City. Trump was investigated by a U.S. Senate committee for profiteering in 1954, and again by the State of New York in 1966. Donald became the president of his father's real estate business in 1971, and they were sued by the U.S. Justice Department's Civil Rights Division for violating the Fair Housing Act in 1973; in the case settlement, the Trumps were ordered to take several measures to curb racial discrimination.

In 2015, newspaper articles about Trump's arrest at a 1927 Ku Klux Klan parade resurfaced in light of his son's presidential campaign. In 2018, a New York Times exposé[a] revealed that Trump and his wife provided over $1 billion (in 2018 currency) to their progeny overall while effectively evading over $500 million dollars in gift taxes. Trump illicitly contributed several million dollars to Donald between 1987 and 1991, and shortly before his death, while suffering from Alzheimer's disease, transferred the bulk of his apartment buildings to his surviving children; several years later, they sold these for over 16 times their previously declared worth.

Early life and career

See also: Trump family

Trump's father, the German American Frederick Trump (also known as Friedrich) amassed considerable wealth during the Klondike Gold Rush by running a restaurant for the miners. Friedrich returned to Kallstadt in 1901, and by the next year, met and married Elizabeth Christ.[2] They moved to New York City, where their first child, Elizabeth, was born in 1904.[3] Later that year, the family returned to Kallstadt.[4] Fred was conceived in Bavaria, where his parents wished to re-establish residency, but Friedrich was banished for dodging the draft.[5][4] The family returned to New York on July 1, 1905,[b] and moved to the Bronx, where Frederick Christ Trump was born on October 11.[6] Fred Trump's younger brother, John G. Trump, was born in 1907. All three children were raised speaking German.[7] In September 1908, the family moved to Woodhaven, Queens.[8]

Many details of Trump's childhood come from autobiographical accounts and emphasize independence, learning and, above all, hard work – even to the point of being somewhat fictionalized.[9][c] At the age of 10, Trump worked as a delivery boy for a butcher.[11] About two years later, his father died in the 1918 flu pandemic.[12] From 1918 to 1923, Fred attended Richmond Hill High School in Queens,[13] while working as a caddy, curb whitewasher, delivery boy, and newspaper hawker.[14][15] Meanwhile, his mother continued the real estate business Frederick had begun. Interested in becoming a builder, Fred put up a garage for a neighbor and took night classes in carpentry and reading blueprints. He also studied plumbing, masonry, and electrical wiring via correspondence courses.[14][d]

After graduating in January 1923, Trump obtained full-time work pulling lumber to construction sites.[20] He continued his carpentry education and went on to be a carpenter's assistant.[e] Trump's mother loaned him $800 to build his first house, which he completed and sold in 1924.[24][17][25] By 1926, Trump had built 20 homes in Queens, selling some before they were finished to finance others.[25] Elizabeth Trump held the business in her name because Fred had not reached the age of majority.[17] The name "E. Trump & Son" appeared in advertising by 1924.[26] The company was incorporated in 1927.[27]

1927 arrest

Ku Klux Klan members being confronted by police in Queens on Memorial Day 1927

On Memorial Day in 1927, over a thousand Ku Klux Klan members marched in a Queens parade to protest "Native-born Protestant Americans" being "assaulted by Roman Catholic police of New York City".[28] The 21-year old Trump and six other men were arrested.[29][30] All seven were referred to as "berobed marchers" in the Long Island Daily Press.[29] Trump, detained "on a charge of refusing to disperse from a parade when ordered to do so", was dismissed.[28][31] Another of the men, arrested on the same charge, was a bystander who had had his foot run over by a police car. According to the police, the five remaining men were certainly Klan members.[32] Multiple newspaper articles on the incident list Trump's address (in Jamaica, Queens),[29][31] which he is recorded as sharing with his mother in the 1930 census[28] and a 1936 wedding announcement.[29][f]

Rise to success

In 1933 Trump built one of New York City's first modern supermarkets, called Trump Market, in Woodhaven, Queens. It was modeled on Long Island's King Kullen, a self-service supermarket chain. Trump's store advertised "Serve Yourself and Save!" and quickly became popular. After six months, Trump sold it to King Kullen.[24][34]

In 1934, Trump and a partner acquired in federal court the mortgage-servicing subsidiary of Brooklyn's J. Lehrenkrauss Corporation,[35] which had gone bankrupt and subsequently been broken up. This gave Trump access to the titles of many properties nearing foreclosure, which he bought at low cost and sold at a profit. This and similar real estate ventures quickly thrust him into the limelight as one of New York City's most successful businessmen.[36][16]

Trump made use of loan subsidies created by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) not long after the program was initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1934.[11] By 1936, Trump had 400 workers[g] digging foundations for houses that would be sold at prices ranging from $3,000 to $6,250.[37] Trump used his father's tactic of listing properties at prices like $3,999.99. In the late 1930s, he used a yacht called the Trump Show Boat to advertise his business off the shore of Coney Island. It played patriotic music and floated out swordfish-shaped balloons which could be redeemed for $25 or $250 towards one of his properties.[11] In 1938, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle referred to Trump as the "Henry Ford of the home building industry".[11][38]

Personal life

See also: Trump family and The Power of Positive Thinking
Trump in a 1940 edition of the Brooklyn Eagle

Trump met his future wife Mary Anne MacLeod, an immigrant from Tong, Lewis, Scotland, at a dance party in the early to mid-1930s.[39][36] Trump told his mother the same evening that he had met his future wife.[40] Trump, a Lutheran, married Mary, a Presbyterian, on January 11, 1936,[40] at the Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church with George Arthur Buttrick officiating.[41] A wedding reception was held at the Carlyle Hotel in Manhattan, and they had a single-night honeymoon in Atlantic City.[39] The couple settled in Jamaica, Queens,[42] and had five children: Maryanne Trump Barry (born 1937; a federal judge until her retirement),[43] Fred Trump Jr. (1938–1981; an airline pilot with Trans World Airlines),[44] Elizabeth Trump Grau (born 1942; a retired executive of Chase Manhattan Bank),[45] Donald Trump (born 1946; the 45th president of the United States), and Robert Trump (1948–2020;[46] a top executive of his father's property management company until his retirement).[47][48]

Trump was a teetotaler[h] and an authoritarian parent, maintaining curfews and forbidding cursing, lipstick, and snacking between meals.[49][50] At the end of his day, Trump would receive a report from Mary on the children's actions and, if necessary, decide upon disciplinary actions.[50] He took his children to building sites to collect empty bottles to return for the deposits.[51] The boys had paper routes, and when weather conditions were poor, their father would let them make their deliveries in a limousine.[51] According to Fred Jr.'s daughter, Mary L. Trump, Trump wanted his oldest son to be "invulnerable" in personality so he could take over the family business, but Fred Jr. was the opposite.[52] Trump instead elevated Donald to become his business heir, teaching him to "be a killer", and telling him, "You are a king."[53][54] Mary L. Trump states that Fred Sr. "dismantled [Fred Jr.] by devaluing and degrading every aspect of his personality" and mocked him for his decision to become an airline pilot.[55] In 1981, Fred Jr. died at age 42 from complications due to his alcoholism.[56][57]

After Elizabeth's birth, and with America becoming more involved in World War II, Trump moved his family to Virginia Beach, Virginia.[11][58] In 1944, as Trump's FHA funding lulled, they returned to Jamaica Estates, Queens, where Mary suffered a miscarriage.[59] By 1946, they were living in a five-bedroom Tudor-style house Trump built in Jamaica Estates,[60] and Trump purchased a neighboring half-acre lot,[59] where he built a 23-room, 9-bathroom home. The family moved in in 1951, and Fred and Mary remained there until their deaths.[61][62][63] The couple was also given an apartment on the 63rd (in reality the 55th)[64] floor of their son Donald's Trump Tower (c. 1983), which they rarely used.[65]

During the war and until the 1980s, Trump denied that he spoke German and claimed that he was of Swedish origin.[66] In a 1973 interview with The New York Times, he claimed to have been born in New Jersey.[17] This fabrication was repeated in Jerome Tuccille's 1985 biography of Donald Trump[67][i] as well as Donald's The Art of the Deal (1987), which alleges that Fred was the son of an immigrant from Sweden.[68][j] After Trump's death, his nephew and family historian John Walter explained that "He had a lot of Jewish tenants and it wasn't a good thing to be German in those days."[12] Trump's contributions to Jewish charities led some to believe that he belonged to the Jewish faith.[66][k] During the 1980s, Trump became friends with future prime minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu, who at the time was the Israeli ambassador to the United Nations.[72]

Later career

See also: Steeplechase Park § Trump ownership
Trump c. 1950, Brooklyn Eagle

During World War II, Trump built barracks and garden apartments for U.S. Navy personnel near major shipyards along the East Coast.[l][12] After the war, he expanded into middle-income housing for the families of returning veterans. From 1947 to 1949, Trump built Shore Haven in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, which included 32 six-story buildings and a shopping center, covering some 30 acres, and procuring him $9 million in FHA funding.[73] In 1950, he built the 23-building Beach Haven Apartments over 40 acres near Coney Island, procuring him $16 million in FHA funds.[74] The total number of apartments included in these projects exceeded 2,700.[12][m] In 1963–64, he built Trump Village, an apartment complex in Coney Island, for $70 million – one of his biggest and last major projects.[24][77] He built more than 27,000 low-income apartments and row houses in the New York area altogether.[n][12][78]

Profiteering investigations

In early 1954, President Dwight D. Eisenhower and other federal leaders began denouncing real estate profiteers. On June 11, The New York Times included Trump on a list of 35 city builders accused of profiteering from government contracts.[79] He and others were investigated by a U.S. Senate banking committee for windfall gains. Trump and his partner William Tomasello[o] were cited as examples of how profits were made by builders using the FHA.[84] The two paid $34,200 for a piece of land which they rented to their corporation for $76,960 annually in a 99-year lease, so that if the apartment they built on it ever defaulted, the FHA would owe them $1.924 million. Trump and Tomasello evidently obtained loans for $3.5 million more than Beach Haven Apartments had cost.[85][86] Trump argued that because he had not withdrawn the money, he had not literally pocketed the profits.[79][87] He further argued that due to rising costs, he would have had to invest more than the 10% of the mortgage loan not provided by the FHA, and therefore suffer a loss if he built under those conditions.[88]

In 1966, Trump was again investigated for windfall profiteering, this time by New York's State Investigation Commission. After Trump overestimated building costs sponsored by a state program, he profited $598,000 on equipment rentals in the construction of Trump Village, which was then spent on other projects. Under testimony on January 27, 1966, Trump said that he had personally done nothing wrong and praised the success of his building project.[89] The commission called Trump "a pretty shrewd character" with a "talent for getting every ounce of profit out of his housing project", but no indictments were made. Instead, tighter administration protocols and accountability in the state's housing program were called for.[90]

Son becomes company president

See also: § Wealth and death, and The Trump Organization § Valuation disputes
Fred and his son Donald Trump in 1987

Fred's son Donald joined his father's real estate business around 1968, initially working in Brooklyn,[91] and rising to become company president in 1971.[92] He began calling the company the Trump Organization around 1973.[93][p] The younger Trump entered the real estate business in Manhattan, while his father stuck primarily to Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island.[17] Donald later said: "It was good for me. You know, being the son of somebody, it could have been competition to me. This way, I got Manhattan all to myself."[12] By most accounts, Fred himself had set the family's sights on Manhattan.[17][98][99] According to Mary L. Trump, Fred was "intimately involved in all aspects of Donald's early forays into the Manhattan market,"[100] and Louise Sunshine (vice president of the Trump Organization from 1973 to 1985) states that Fred was "behind [Donald] in every way, shape and form [including] financing of these developments".[101]

In the mid-1970s, Donald received loans from his father exceeding $14 million.[102] In 2015–16, during his campaign for U.S. president, Donald claimed that his father had given him "a small loan of a million dollars" which he used to build "a company that's worth more than $10 billion",[103][104] denying that he had inherited $200 million from his father. An October 2018 New York Times exposé on Fred and Donald Trump's finances concludes that Donald "was a millionaire by age 8", and that he had received $413 million (adjusted for inflation) from Fred's business empire over his lifetime, including over $60 million ($140 million in 2018 currency) in loans, which were largely unreimbursed.[1][q]

Civil rights suit

Minority applicants turned away from renting apartments complained to the New York City Commission on Human Rights and the Urban League, leading these groups to send test applicants to Trump-owned complexes in July 1972. They found that white people were offered apartments, while black people were generally turned away (by being told there were no vacancies);[r] according to the superintendent of Beach Haven Apartments, this was at the direction of his boss.[106] Both of the aforementioned advocacy organizations then raised the issue with the Justice Department.[107] In October 1973, the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice (DoJ) filed a civil rights suit against the Trump Organization (Fred Trump, chair, and Donald Trump, president) for infringing the Fair Housing Act of 1968.[107] In response, Trump attorney Roy Cohn countersued for $100 million in damages, accusing the DoJ of false accusations.[107][108]

Some three dozen former Trump employees were interviewed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).[108] Some testified that they had no knowledge of any racial profiling practices, and that a small percentage of their apartments were rented to blacks or Puerto Ricans.[s][t] A former doorman testified that his supervisor had instructed him to tell prospective black tenants that the rent was double its actual amount.[109] Four landlords or rental agents confirmed that applications sent to the Trump organization's head office for approval were coded by the race of the applicant.[110] One former employee testified that a code – which he believed was used throughout the Brooklyn branch of the company – referred to "low lifes" such as "blacks, Puerto Ricans, apparent drug users, or any other type of undesirable applicant", and nine times out of ten it meant the applicant was black; blacks were also falsely told there were no vacancies.[108] A rental agent who had worked with the company for two weeks said that when he asked Fred Trump if he should rent to blacks, he was told that it was "absolutely against the law to discriminate",[111] but after asking again, he was instructed "not to rent to blacks", and was further advised to:[112]

get rid of the of blacks that were in the building by telling them cheap housing was available for them at only $500 down payment, which Trump would offer to pay himself. Trump didn't tell me where this housing was located. He advised me not to rent to persons on welfare.

A consent decree between the DoJ and the Trump Organization was signed on June 10, 1975, with both sides claiming victory – the Trump Organization because the settlement did not require them "to accept persons on welfare as tenants", and the head of DoJ's housing division for the decree being "one of the most far-reaching ever negotiated".[107][110] It personally and corporately prohibited the Trumps from "discriminating against any person in the ... sale or rental of a dwelling", and "required Trump to advertise vacancies in minority papers, promote minorities to professional jobs, and list vacancies on a preferential basis".[110][u] Finally, it ordered the Trumps to "thoroughly acquaint themselves personally on a detailed basis with ... the Fair Housing Act of 1968".[107][113]

Later legal trespasses

In early 1976, Trump was ordered by a county judge to correct code violations in a 504-unit property in Seat Pleasant, Maryland. According to the county's housing department investigator, violations included broken windows, dilapidated gutters, and missing fire extinguishers.[v] After a court date and a series of phone calls with Trump, he was invited to the property to meet with county officials in September 1976 and arrested on site.[115] Trump was released on $1,000 bail.[114]

In 1987, when Donald's loan debt to his father exceeded $11 million, Fred invested $15.5 million in Trump Palace Condominiums; in 1991, he sold these shares to his son for $10,000, thus appearing to evade millions of dollars in gift taxes by masking a hidden donation, and also benefiting from a legally questionable write-off.[1] In late 1990, when an $18.4 million bond payment for Trump's Castle was due, Fred used a bookkeeper to purchase $3.5 million in casino chips, placing no bet, helping Donald avoid defaulting on his bonds; this action, illegal in New Jersey, resulted in a $65,000 fine.[1]

Philanthropy

Trump (left) and other realtors at a New York and Brooklyn federation Jewish charity dinner in 1941

Fred and Mary Trump supported medical charities by donating buildings. After Mary received medical care at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, they donated the Trump Pavilion;[12][116] Fred was also a trustee of the hospital.[117] The couple donated a two-building complex in Brooklyn as a home for "functionally retarded adults", a $4.75 million building in New Jersey to United Cerebral Palsy (which Donald took credit for),[118] and other buildings to the National Kidney Foundation of New York and New Jersey.[12][116][w] Fred reportedly also supported the Long Island Jewish Hospital and the Hospital for Special Surgery in Manhattan.[12]

The Trumps were active in The Salvation Army, the Boy Scouts of America, and the Lighthouse for the Blind.[116] Fred supported the Kew-Forest School,[12] where his children attended and he served on the board of directors.[119] Trump backed both Jewish and Israeli causes,[66] including Israel Bonds,[120] donating the land for the Beach Haven Jewish Center in Flatbush, New York,[121] and serving as the treasurer of an Israel benefit concert featuring American easy-listening performers.[117]

In 2018, The New York Times reported in an exposé on Trump's financial records that they had found no evidence that he had made any significant financial contributions to charities.[1]

Wealth and death

In 1976, Trump set up trust funds of $1 million ($4.5 million in 2020 currency) for each of his five children and three grandchildren, which paid out yearly dividends.[104] Trump appeared on the initial Forbes 400 list of richest Americans in 1982 with an estimated $200 million fortune split with his son Donald.[122] (It was later revealed that Donald's share of the fortune was closer to $5 million, although he claimed both the family fortune and his share of it was much higher, even using a false identity to make such arguments in 1984.)[123]

In December 1990, Donald sought to amend his father's will, which according to Maryanne Trump Barry, "was basically taking the whole estate and giving it to Donald", allowing him to "sell, do anything he wants ... with the properties".[124] The Washington Post wrote that this "was designed to protect Donald Trump's inheritance from efforts to seize it by creditors and Ivana", whom he divorced that month.[124] Fred Trump rejected the proposal, and in 1991, composed his own final will, which made Donald, Maryanne, and Robert Trump co-executors of his estate.[125][126] Trump's lawyer noted that Fred Jr.'s children, Fred III and Mary L. Trump, would be treated unequally because they would not receive their deceased father's share, and wrote to Trump that "Given the size of your estate, this is tantamount to disinheriting them. You may wish to increase their participation in your estate to avoid ill will in the future."[125][x] In October 1991, Trump was diagnosed with "mild senile dementia", displaying symptoms such as forgetfulness.[124]

Trump began to suffer from Alzheimer's disease around 1993,[12] by which time the anticipated shares of Trump's estate amounted to $35 million for each surviving child.[104][129][y] In November 1997, Trump transferred ownership of most of his apartment buildings, valued at just $41.4 million, to his four surviving children.[1] Trump finally fell ill with pneumonia in mid-1999.[12] He was admitted to Long Island Jewish Medical Center in New Hyde Park, where he died at age 93 on June 25.[130] His funeral was held at the Marble Collegiate Church,[130] and was attended by over 600 people.[131][z] His body is buried in a family plot at the Lutheran All Faiths Cemetery in Middle Village, Queens.[133] Upon his death, Trump's estate was estimated by his family at $250 million to $300 million,[12] though he had only $1.9 million in cash.[134] His will divided over $20 million after taxes among his surviving children and grandchildren.[104][126] His widow, Mary, died on August 7, 2000, in New Hyde Park, New York, at age 88.[116] Her and Fred's combined estate was then valued at $51.8 million.[134]

Following Trump's death, Fred Jr.'s children contested his will, citing his dementia and claiming that the will was "procured by fraud and undue influence" by Donald, Maryanne, and Robert Trump.[126][125] These three had claimed in their legal depositions that Fred Trump was "sharp as a tack" until just before his death,[135] with Donald specifically denying any knowledge of his father's mental decline, including his 1991 dementia diagnosis.[124] Barry later privately admitted she knew her father had dementia at the time.[124] Mary L. Trump recounts that in later years her grandfather forgot people he had known for decades, including her, whom he referred to as "nice lady".[136] In 2020, she sued Donald, Maryanne, and the estate of Robert Trump for having allegedly conspired to both devalue her inheritance from her grandfather and coerce her to sign a settlement, possibly depriving her of tens of millions of dollars.[137]

In May 2004, Trump's four surviving children sold the apartments they acquired in 1997 (then valued at $41.4 million) for $737.9 million ($705.6 million of which was to Rubin Schron), more than 16 times their previously declared worth. Hundreds of millions in gift taxes were effectively dodged by undervaluing the assets.[1] In October 2018, The New York Times published an exposé[a] which shows that Fred and Mary provided their children with over $1 billion altogether, which should have been taxed at the rate of 55% for gifts and inheritances (over $550 million), but records show that a total of only $52.2 million (about 5%) was paid.[1] New York State could prosecute individuals on the basis of intentional tax evasion if a fraudulent return form can be produced as evidence; the statute of limitations does not apply in such cases.[139]

Trump photographed by Fred W. McDarrah (1978)

Physical appearance

See also: Toothbrush moustache

Trump had blue eyes.[140] As a child, he had blond hair,[141] which later darkened.[55] As an adult, he was six feet and one inch tall.[142] In 2000, journalist Philip Weiss described Trump as a "vigorous and imposing man with a square chest and prominent cheekbones", recounting the story that "Fred would rise just a little on his toes" to look taller when taking pictures with Donald.[143] Dwight Garner says of Trump as photographed by Fred W. McDarrah (who also photographed Donald): "With ... his acutely white teeth and his tuxedo, Fred Trump resembles a cut-rate magician who's wandered into the Sherry-Netherland."[144] Late in life, he wore a wig and dyed his hair, sometimes turning it red or magenta, most noticeably his eyebrows and mustache.[145][146] Photographs of the elderly Fred show a depression in the side of his face[147][148] – possibly betraying damage to his lower jaw.[149]

Legacy

Singer Woody Guthrie was a tenant in one of Trump's apartment complexes in Brooklyn in 1950.[85] In his unrecorded song "Old Man Trump", he accused his landlord of stirring up racial hate "in the bloodpot of human hearts".[150]

In 1993, Harry Hurt III wrote in his book Lost Tycoon: The Many Lives of Donald J. Trump that he overheard Fred Trump talking about Donald and his wife Marla Maples as they departed for a flight, saying, "I hope their plane crashes", because then "all my problems will be solved".[54] Mary L. Trump, in her 2020 book Too Much and Never Enough, recounted "the appalling way Donald, Fred Trump's favorite son, dismissed and derided him when he began to succumb to Alzheimer's".[54] In her book, Mary, a clinical psychologist, diagnoses Fred as a high-functioning sociopath.[151]

In October 2016, in response to a Freedom of Information Act request, the FBI released a small file it had on Trump. It includes a 1986 New York Daily News article on Trump Management's campaign donations of over $350,000 to New York mayor Ed Koch; the bureau was also possibly concerned about ties to organized crime, but much of the relevant information is redacted.[97] By early 2017, the FBI had also declassified 389 pages from its 1970s investigation of alleged racial discrimination by Trump's company.[111]

Comedian Seth MacFarlane credits Donald Trump's fortune to his father, comparing their relationship to that of Jaden and Will Smith.[152] A satirical piece in McSweeney's depicts someone who attempts to go back in time to kill Adolf Hitler, but arrives at the hospital room where Fred and Mary Trump are with their newborn baby Donald.[153] Fred Willard played Trump's ghost on Jimmy Kimmel Live!,[154] and an animated Fred Trump appears in episodes of Our Cartoon President.[155] A racist character apparently based on Trump appears in an episode of the 2019 television series Watchmen.[156][157]

Notes

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b This drew from interviews with former Trump advisers and employees and over 100,000 pages of tax returns and financial records from Trump businesses.[1] Mary L. Trump writes in her 2020 memoir that she provided the Times with 19 boxes of these financial records.[138]
  2. ^ Aboard the SS Pennsylvania[6]
  3. ^ In her Trump family biography, Gwenda Blair draws on these accounts and additional interviews with Fred and his kin.[10]
  4. ^ Other biographical sources limit Fred's construction-related coursework to the period after high school when he was also working in the field.[16][17][18][19]
  5. ^ Older newspaper sources say that Trump took his courses at the YMCA,[16][17] while later books name only Pratt Institute.[21][22] In her 21st-century biography, Blair says Trump took YMCA courses during high school and Pratt studies after.[23]
  6. ^ In September 2015, Boing Boing reproduced the article,[30] and Fred's son Donald Trump, then a candidate for president of the United States, told The New York Times, "that's where my grandmother lived and my father, early on." Then, when asked about the 1927 story, he denied that his father had ever lived at that address, and said the arrest "never happened", and, "There was nobody charged."[33]
  7. ^ Blair notes that these were all white but of varying national origin.[37]
  8. ^ According to Timothy L. O'Brien's review of Mary L. Trump's Too Much and Never Enough (2020), "Fred Sr., a teetotaler, kept an elegant bar outfitted with everything but alcohol".[49]
  9. ^ The book also states that Fred Trump's middle name was 'Charles', and that his father was "hard-drinking".[67]
  10. ^ As president of the United States, Donald Trump on at least three occasions incorrectly stated that his father was born in Germany.[69] He once reportedly spoke disparagingly of German chancellor Angela Merkel, stating, "I know the fucking krauts," and pointing to his father's portrait in the Oval Office, continued, "I was raised by the biggest kraut of them all."[70]
  11. ^ Fred Jr., who joined the primarily Jewish fraternity Sigma Alpha Mu, is quoted as saying his father was Jewish.[71]
  12. ^ Including Chester, Pennsylvania, Newport News and Norfolk, Virginia
  13. ^ The same year, he authored an article advertising his apartments in the real estate section of the Brooklyn Eagle,[75] which frequently featured him and his company.[76]
  14. ^ Including Coney Island, Bensonhurst, Sheepshead Bay, Flatbush, and Brighton Beach in Brooklyn, and Flushing and Jamaica Estates in Queens
  15. ^ Tomasello, who previously had mafia ties,[80] was an owner of 25% of Beach Haven Apartments whom Trump called "a brick contractor [and] an old-time property owner".[81] From 1959–1961, Tomasello sued Trump in the New York Supreme Court as a stockholder of 25% of ten of Trump's corporations, as well as 14 subsidiaries and 4 sub-subsidiaries.[82][83]
  16. ^ Previously, it had no single name but had been called the Fred (C.) Trump Organization,[94][95] and operated subsidiaries such as Trump Management and Trump Construction Corp.[96][97]
  17. ^ When Donald Trump renovated the Grand Hyatt New York in the late 1970s, Fred provided $2 million to help repay the construction loan. He further assisted his son with a $35 million line of credit, a $30 million mortgage, and an additional corporate loan.[105]
  18. ^ According to Mary L. Trump's 2020 book, Fred called people of color who wished to rent from him "die Schwarze" ('the Black[s]').[49]
  19. ^ Trump personally requested that a lease agreement not be made unless the tenant had a monthly income four times the rent.[108][109]
  20. ^ Former employees were asked whether Jewish applicants were shown preference; one former employee felt that such applicants "had an easier time of getting an apartment than anyone else".[108]
  21. ^ After the required two-year period, the Trumps ceased advertising in minority papers such as the Amsterdam News.[110]
  22. ^ According to the vice president of the subsidiary company responsible for the property, it had recently seen an increase in low-income tenants.[114]
  23. ^ The New York Times reported in their 2018 exposé on Trump's financial records that his donation of Patio Gardens, one of his least profitable properties, to the National Kidney Foundation was "one of the largest charitable donations he ever made. The greater the value of Patio Gardens, the bigger his deduction. The appraisal cited in Fred Trump's 1992 tax return valued Patio Gardens at $34 million."[1]
  24. ^ Fred Jr.'s children both received $200,000, the same amount given to each grandchild,[127] but were excluded from Mary Trump's will.[128]
  25. ^ Having taken heavy losses by this time, Donald asked his siblings to lend him $10 million from their shares, and soon asked for $20 million more.[129]
  26. ^ Including New York mayor Rudy Giuliani[132] and Trump family biographer Gwenda Blair[131]

References

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Barstow, David; Craig, Susanne; Buettner, Russ (October 2, 2018). "Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father". The New York Times. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  2. ^ Blair 2015, pp. 90, 94–5.
  3. ^ Blair 2015, p. 97.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Blair 2015, p. 98.
  5. ^ Connolly, Kate (November 21, 2016). "Historian finds German decree banishing Trump's grandfather". The Guardian. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b Blair 2015, p. 110.
  7. ^ Trump 2020, p. 29.
  8. ^ Blair 2015, p. 112.
  9. ^ Hurt III 1993, p. 67. "In 1950 [Fred] hired a Madison Avenue public relations firm to prepare a press release that boasted of a 'success story that parallels the fictional Horatio Alger saga about the boy who parlayed a shoestring into a business empire.' But Fred Trump's version of his own story, which his press agents duly planted in several local newspapers, was as much fiction as the Horatio Alger story."
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Sources

Further reading

External links

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