Fritz Neidholdt

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Fritz Neidholdt
Generalleutnant Fritz Neidholdt 369th Croatian Infantry Division.jpg
Fritz Neidholdt between 1942 and 1944
(Croatian shield patch of the Devil's Division on his right sleeve).
Born(1887-11-16)16 November 1887
Sankt Kilian
Died5 March 1947(1947-03-05) (aged 59)
Belgrade, Yugoslavia
Cause of deathExecution
Known forWar crimes of the Wehrmacht
Conviction(s)War crimes
TrialNuremberg trials
Criminal penaltyDeath penalty (1947)
Military service
Allegiance
BranchGerman army
Years of service1907–1945[1]
RankGeneralleutnant
Commands held369th (Croatian) Infantry Division (1942–44)
Battles/wars

Fritz Neidholdt (16 November 1887 – 5 March 1947) was a German Wehrmacht general during World War II commander of the 369th (Croatian) Infantry Division known as the Devil's Division, from 1942 to 1944. A convicted war criminal he was executed in 1947.[2]

Early life[]

Fritz Neidholdt was born on 16 November 1887 in the small town of Sankt Kilian near Schleusingen, located at the southern end of the Thuringian Forest central eastern Germany, his father was a Protestant pastor.[3] After graduating from primary and secondary school, Neidholdt joined the Royal Prussian Army (Königlich Preussische Heer) on 30 August 1907 as a cadet (Fahnenjunker).[4]

Military career[]

At the beginning of the First World War, Neidholdt and his regiment were sent to the Western front, where he took part in the Siege of Namur. At the beginning of 1915, his unit was sent to fight Russian imperial forces near Bzura.[4] Between March 1915 and April 1917 Neidholdt served at various positions at army, divisional, brigade, and company level on the eastern front.[5] After the Reichswehr became the Wehrmacht, he retired from the army on 21 May 1935. On 1 December 1938, he returned as an officer in the army and in the spring of 1940, he led a regiment on the Western Front then commanded an infantry regiment for short time in Poland before ending up on the reserve list of the army high command.[3]

Fritz Neidholdt (right) with Croatian Premier Nikola Mandić

On 1 October 1942, Neidholdt was promoted to major general and appointed commander of the new 369th (Croatian) Infantry Division, a legionary unit composed of volunteers from the Independent State of Croatia under German cadres, based in Yugoslavia. The Division began formation in Stockerau, Austria with the survivors of the 369th Croatian Reinforced Infantry Regiment and new volunteers from Croatia, it adopted the nickname of Devil's Division, in honour of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division of the World War I Austro-Hungarian Army.[6] The division was deployed in the Balkans against Yugoslav partisans at the beginning of 1943 instead of the Eastern Front as originally intended. Under Fritz Neidholdt's command the division took part in Case White (also known as the Fourth Axis Offensive) in northern Bosnia[7] where, inexperienced in guerrilla warfare, it became notorious for its extreme brutality. The division then took part in Case Black in Northern Montenegro and southern Bosnia, where it reported the largest number of casualties of all the units engaged.[8]

On 1 October 1943, Neidholdt was promoted to lieutenant general.[9] According to British historian Ben H. Shepherd the only way in which the division he commanded distinguished itself was in the number of civilians it killed.[3]

On 11 September 1944, under Fritz Neidholdt direct orders, the 369th division destroyed the villages of Zagniezde (Zagnježđe) and Udora (near , and Stolac), hanging all the men and driving away all the women and children.[10] At the beginning of October 1944 he gave up command of the 369th Infantry Division. Neidholdt was captured on 8 May 1945. Convicted as war criminal during the Nuremberg Trial, he was executed by firing squad on 5 March 1947.[2]

References[]

  1. ^ German Officer Biography.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Keilig 1983, p. 239.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c Shepherd 2012, p. 215.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Vojna povijest 2014.
  5. ^ Shepherd 2012, p. 231.
  6. ^ Brnardic & Aralica 2016, p. 16.
  7. ^ Brnardic & Aralica 2016, p. 17.
  8. ^ Trifković & Schmider 2020, p. 330.
  9. ^ Lexikon der Wehrmacht.
  10. ^ United States. Department of State, United States. War Department & International Military Tribunal 1946, p. 50.

Sources[]

  • Brnardic, V.; Aralica, V. (2016). World War II Croatian Legionaries: Croatian Troops under Axis Command 1941–45. Men-at-Arms. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-1768-6.
  • "Fritz Neidholdt". German Officer Biography.
  • Keilig, W. (1983). Die Generale des Heeres [The generals of the German army] (in German). Podzun-Pallas-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7909-0202-0.
  • "Generalleutnant Fritz Neidholdt". Lexikon der Wehrmacht (in German).
  • Shepherd, B. (2012). Terror in the Balkans. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06513-0.
  • Trifković, G.; Schmider, K. (2020). Parleying with the Devil: Prisoner Exchange in Yugoslavia, 1941‒1945. New Perspectives on the Second World War. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-1-949668-11-7.
  • United States. Department of State; United States. War Department; International Military Tribunal (1946). Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • "General-poručnik Fritz Neidholdt" [Lieutenant General Fritz Neidholdt]. Vojna povijest (in Croatian). 2014-10-02.


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