Geography of Ottawa
National Capital Region by SPOT Satellite in 2003
This is the outline of the geography of the city of Ottawa, the capital of Canada. Ottawa's current borders were formed in 2001, when the former city of Ottawa amalgamated with the ten other municipalities within the former Regional Municipality of Ottawa–Carleton. Ottawa is now a single-tiered census division, home to 870,250 people.
The city centre is located at the confluence of the Ottawa and Rideau Rivers. The Ottawa River forms the entire northern boundary of the city which it shares with the province of Quebec's municipalities of Pontiac and Gatineau. The northern boundary begins in the west at Arnprior and continues east to Rockland. The boundary then turns south in a straight line, separating the former Township of Cumberland (now in Ottawa) and the City of Clarence-Rockland. It then turns west in another straight line separating the former Township of Cumberland with the municipalities of The Nation and Russell. It then turns south separating Russell from the former Township of Osgoode (now in Ottawa). That boundary runs south in a straight line, then turns west separating Osgoode from the municipality of North Dundas. That boundary runs west in a straight line before turning north separating Osgoode from the municipality of North Grenville. This is another straight line, running north until the Rideau River near Kemptville. The boundary follows the river upstream until almost reaching Merrickville. The boundary then runs in a northwest direction in a straight line with a number of jogs. It separates the municipalities of Montague, Beckwith and Mississippi Mills from the former townships of Marlborough, Goulbourn, Huntley and Fitzroy.
Former townships[]
What is now Ottawa was once divided geographically into 11 townships. Ten of them in the former Carleton and one (Cumberland) in the former Russell County. The ten townships of Carleton were Fitzroy, Gloucester, Goulbourn, Huntley, March, Marlborough, Nepean, North Gower, Osgoode, and Torbolton.
Physical geography[]
The highest point in the city is 166 m (545 ft) above sea level, and is located 2.6 km (1.6 mi) SSE of Manion Corners (45°14′05″N 76°03′03″W / 45.23472°N 76.05083°W).[1] The lowest point in the city is the Ottawa River, at 44 m (144 ft) above sea level.
WikiMiniAtlasHighest points by ward[]
Map of Ottawa showing urban area, highways, waterways, and historic townships
| Ward | Highest point | Elevation (approx.) |
|---|---|---|
| West Carleton-March Ward | 2.6 km (1.6 mi) SSE of Manion Corners | 166 m (545 ft) |
| Rideau-Goulbourn Ward | Jinkinson Road, 8 km (5.0 mi) N of Munster | 153 m (502 ft) |
| Kanata South Ward | 131 m (430 ft) | |
| College Ward | Khymer Court 1 km (0.62 mi) N of Fallowfield | 129 m (423 ft) |
| Stittsville Ward | Rockson Crescent | 128 m (420 ft) |
| Kanata North Ward | Huntsville Drive Kanata Lakes | 126 m (413 ft) |
| Osgoode Ward | 1 km (0.62 mi) SE of Bank Street & , | over 120 m (390 ft) |
| Cumberland Ward | Cumberland Ridge Drive | over 120 m (390 ft) |
| Barrhaven Ward | Cedarview Road, | over 120 m (390 ft) |
| Gloucester-Southgate Ward | Tom Roberts Avenue Macdonald-Cartier International Airport | 119 m (390 ft) |
| Knoxdale-Merivale Ward | Cedarview Road at Cedarhill Drive | over 115 m (377 ft) |
| River Ward | Carlington Hill, (, Carlington Park) Carlington | over 115 m (377 ft) |
| Bay Ward | , Ottawa - Nepean Tent & Trailer Park | 114 m (374 ft) |
| Gloucester-South Nepean Ward | (former CPR) & High Road, 4 km (2.5 mi) SW of Leitrim | 114 m (374 ft) |
| Innes Ward | 200 m (660 ft) WSW of Forest Ridge Pumping Station | 114 m (374 ft) |
| Beacon Hill-Cyrville Ward | , | 113 m (371 ft) |
| Rideau-Rockcliffe Ward | Foxview Place, Quarries | 106 m (348 ft) |
| Alta Vista Ward | Alta Vista (Alta Vista Drive & Randall Ave) | 102 m (335 ft) |
| Capital Ward | Bank Street & Alta Vista Drive | 96 m (315 ft) |
| Orléans Ward | Clearcrest Cresrnt, Fallingbrook | 93 m (305 ft) |
| Kitchissippi Ward | Bridge (over the Queensway) | 89 m (292 ft) |
| Somerset Ward | Parliament Hill | 86 m (282 ft) |
| Rideau-Vanier Ward | , Vanier | over 75 m (246 ft) |
Geology[]
Many features of geologic interest are found in Ottawa.[2]
| Site | Feature |
|---|---|
| Kanata Centrum parking lot | Nepean and March Formations sandstone and dolomite |
| Sedimentary structures in Paleozoic strata | |
| Champlain Bridge | Stromatolite fossils in plan view |
| Stromatolites, orthocones and trace fossils | |
| OC Transitway at Roosevelt Avenue | Stromatolite fossils in cross-section |
| Tunney's Pasture | Gloucester Fault in cross-section |
| Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street | Fossiliferous limestone |
| Hog's Back Falls | Ordovician sedimentary rocks and the Gloucester Fault |
| Mer Bleue Bog | Boreal peatland |
| Victoria Island | Dune bedforms and fossiliferous limestone |
| Lady Grey Drive behind Royal Canadian Mint | Limestones from a depositional environment of episodic storms |
| Pinhey's Point | Sandstone, limestone and glacial erratics at an historic homestead |
| Petrie Island | Modern shoreline processes and the geology of imported blocks |
| Carp Hills | extension of the Canadian Shield ecosystem, with rock outcrops and woodlands |
| W. Erskine Johnston Public School | Glacially sculpted Precambrian gneiss that displays foliation, folds and cross-cutting dykes |
Climate[]
Classification[]
| Climatic scheme | Initials | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Köppen system[3][4] | Dfb | Warm-summer humid continental climate |
| Trewartha system[5] | Dcb | Continental climate |
Recent data[]
| Climate data for Ottawa (Central Experimental Farm), elevation: 79.2 m (260 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1872–present[a] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.6 (60.1) |
12.7 (54.9) |
26.7 (80.1) |
31.2 (88.2) |
35.2 (95.4) |
36.7 (98.1) |
37.8 (100.0) |
37.8 (100.0) |
36.7 (98.1) |
29.4 (84.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
17.2 (63.0) |
37.8 (100.0) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −5.8 (21.6) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
2.4 (36.3) |
11.4 (52.5) |
19.0 (66.2) |
24.1 (75.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
25.4 (77.7) |
20.5 (68.9) |
12.8 (55.0) |
5.5 (41.9) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
11.4 (52.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.2 (13.6) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
6.5 (43.7) |
13.5 (56.3) |
18.7 (65.7) |
21.2 (70.2) |
19.9 (67.8) |
15.3 (59.5) |
8.4 (47.1) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
6.6 (43.9) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −14.4 (6.1) |
−12.5 (9.5) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
1.5 (34.7) |
8.0 (46.4) |
13.3 (55.9) |
15.7 (60.3) |
14.5 (58.1) |
10.1 (50.2) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−9.2 (15.4) |
1.9 (35.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −37.8 (−36.0) |
−38.3 (−36.9) |
−36.7 (−34.1) |
−20.6 (−5.1) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
1.1 (34.0) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−12.8 (9.0) |
−30.6 (−23.1) |
−38.9 (−38.0) |
−38.9 (−38.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 62.9 (2.48) |
49.7 (1.96) |
57.5 (2.26) |
71.1 (2.80) |
86.6 (3.41) |
92.7 (3.65) |
84.4 (3.32) |
83.8 (3.30) |
92.7 (3.65) |
85.9 (3.38) |
82.7 (3.26) |
69.5 (2.74) |
919.5 (36.20) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 23.0 (0.91) |
17.9 (0.70) |
28.8 (1.13) |
63.2 (2.49) |
86.6 (3.41) |
92.7 (3.65) |
84.4 (3.32) |
83.8 (3.30) |
92.7 (3.65) |
83.1 (3.27) |
67.5 (2.66) |
31.9 (1.26) |
755.5 (29.74) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 44.3 (17.4) |
34.7 (13.7) |
29.1 (11.5) |
7.2 (2.8) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
2.9 (1.1) |
16.0 (6.3) |
41.3 (16.3) |
175.4 (69.1) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 16.0 | 11.7 | 11.5 | 13.2 | 14.5 | 12.4 | 11.6 | 11.2 | 12.9 | 14.9 | 15.2 | 15.6 | 160.7 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 3.7 | 3.5 | 5.5 | 11.5 | 14.4 | 12.4 | 11.6 | 11.2 | 12.9 | 14.6 | 11.6 | 5.5 | 118.3 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 14.1 | 9.7 | 7.4 | 2.7 | 0.08 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.81 | 5.1 | 12.2 | 52.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 99.3 | 131.3 | 167.1 | 189.8 | 229.8 | 254.2 | 279.0 | 249.3 | 177.6 | 139.4 | 84.3 | 82.6 | 2,083.7 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 35.0 | 44.9 | 45.3 | 46.9 | 49.9 | 54.3 | 58.9 | 57.1 | 47.1 | 41.0 | 29.4 | 30.3 | 45.0 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Source: Environment Canada[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] and Weather Atlas[15] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Ottawa (Ottawa International Airport), elevation: 114 m (374 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1938–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high humidex | 13.9 | 15.1 | 30.0 | 35.1 | 41.8 | 44.0 | 47.2 | 47.0 | 42.5 | 33.9 | 26.1 | 18.4 | 47.2 |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) |
12.4 (54.3) |
27.4 (81.3) |
31.1 (88.0) |
35.8 (96.4) |
36.1 (97.0) |
36.7 (98.1) |
37.8 (100.0) |
35.1 (95.2) |
27.8 (82.0) |
23.9 (75.0) |
17.9 (64.2) |
37.8 (100.0) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −5.8 (21.6) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
2.5 (36.5) |
11.6 (52.9) |
19.0 (66.2) |
24.1 (75.4) |
26.5 (79.7) |
25.3 (77.5) |
20.4 (68.7) |
12.7 (54.9) |
5.4 (41.7) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
11.3 (52.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.3 (13.5) |
−8.1 (17.4) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
6.3 (43.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
18.5 (65.3) |
21.0 (69.8) |
19.8 (67.6) |
15.0 (59.0) |
8.0 (46.4) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
6.4 (43.5) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −14.8 (5.4) |
−12.7 (9.1) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
1.0 (33.8) |
7.5 (45.5) |
12.9 (55.2) |
15.5 (59.9) |
14.3 (57.7) |
9.6 (49.3) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−10.1 (13.8) |
1.4 (34.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −35.6 (−32.1) |
−36.1 (−33.0) |
−30.6 (−23.1) |
−16.7 (1.9) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
5.0 (41.0) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−21.7 (−7.1) |
−34.4 (−29.9) |
−36.1 (−33.0) |
| Record low wind chill | −47.8 | −47.6 | −42.7 | −26.3 | −10.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −6.4 | −13.3 | −29.5 | −44.6 | −47.8 |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 65.4 (2.57) |
54.3 (2.14) |
64.4 (2.54) |
74.5 (2.93) |
80.3 (3.16) |
92.8 (3.65) |
91.9 (3.62) |
85.5 (3.37) |
90.1 (3.55) |
86.1 (3.39) |
81.9 (3.22) |
76.4 (3.01) |
943.4 (37.14) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 25.0 (0.98) |
18.7 (0.74) |
31.1 (1.22) |
63.0 (2.48) |
80.1 (3.15) |
92.8 (3.65) |
91.9 (3.62) |
85.5 (3.37) |
90.1 (3.55) |
82.2 (3.24) |
64.5 (2.54) |
33.5 (1.32) |
758.2 (29.85) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 53.9 (21.2) |
43.3 (17.0) |
38.3 (15.1) |
11.3 (4.4) |
0.2 (0.1) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
3.7 (1.5) |
20.2 (8.0) |
52.5 (20.7) |
223.5 (88.0) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 16.6 | 13.1 | 12.7 | 12.4 | 13.4 | 13.2 | 11.9 | 11.0 | 12.3 | 14.3 | 15.2 | 17.4 | 163.6 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 4.4 | 3.9 | 6.7 | 10.9 | 13.4 | 13.2 | 11.9 | 11.0 | 12.3 | 13.7 | 11.0 | 6.0 | 118.4 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 16.1 | 12.1 | 8.8 | 3.5 | 0.17 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 6.8 | 14.7 | 63.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 67.5 | 61.3 | 56.6 | 50.2 | 49.9 | 53.1 | 53.7 | 55.0 | 59.1 | 61.6 | 68.1 | 72.2 | 59.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 122.4 | 114.1 | 168.5 | 187.5 | 210.5 | 274.0 | 301.4 | 231.9 | 211.5 | 148.8 | 92.4 | 68.8 | 2,131.7 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 43.1 | 39.0 | 45.7 | 46.3 | 45.7 | 58.6 | 63.7 | 53.1 | 56.1 | 43.7 | 32.2 | 25.2 | 46.0 |
| Source: Environment Canada[16][17][18][19][20][21] | |||||||||||||
Notes[]
- ^ Extreme high and low temperatures in the table below were recorded at Ottawa from March 1872 to October 1889 and at Ottawa CDA from November 1889 to present.
Historical data[]
| Climate data for Ottawa (Central Experimental Farm), elevation: 79 m (259 ft), 1961-1990 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | −6.4 (20.5) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
1.8 (35.2) |
10.8 (51.4) |
18.6 (65.5) |
23.6 (74.5) |
26.4 (79.5) |
24.7 (76.5) |
19.7 (67.5) |
12.8 (55.0) |
4.8 (40.6) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.7 (12.7) |
−9.2 (15.4) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
5.9 (42.6) |
13.0 (55.4) |
18.1 (64.6) |
20.8 (69.4) |
19.4 (66.9) |
14.7 (58.5) |
8.3 (46.9) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
6.0 (42.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −15.1 (4.8) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
0.9 (33.6) |
7.3 (45.1) |
12.5 (54.5) |
15.3 (59.5) |
14.1 (57.4) |
9.6 (49.3) |
3.8 (38.8) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−11.0 (12.2) |
1.2 (34.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 50.8 (2.00) |
49.7 (1.96) |
56.6 (2.23) |
64.8 (2.55) |
76.8 (3.02) |
84.3 (3.32) |
86.5 (3.41) |
87.8 (3.46) |
83.6 (3.29) |
74.7 (2.94) |
81.0 (3.19) |
72.9 (2.87) |
869.5 (34.24) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 14.1 (0.56) |
14.7 (0.58) |
30.0 (1.18) |
57.8 (2.28) |
76.2 (3.00) |
84.3 (3.32) |
86.5 (3.41) |
87.8 (3.46) |
83.6 (3.29) |
71.8 (2.83) |
64.1 (2.52) |
29.5 (1.16) |
700.4 (27.59) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 46.1 (18.1) |
41.0 (16.1) |
27.2 (10.7) |
6.7 (2.6) |
0.6 (0.2) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
2.9 (1.1) |
19.1 (7.5) |
53.9 (21.2) |
197.5 (77.5) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 15 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 158 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 3 | 3 | 6 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 5 | 115 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 14 | 11 | 7 | 2 | trace | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | trace | 5 | 14 | 53 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 103.4 | 129.2 | 158.7 | 188.1 | 232.5 | 253.0 | 279.0 | 240.5 | 170.0 | 137.9 | 81.9 | 80.1 | 2,054.3 |
| Source: Environment Canada[22] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Ottawa (Ottawa International Airport), elevation: 116 m (381 ft), 1938-1990 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | −6.3 (20.7) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
1.8 (35.2) |
10.8 (51.4) |
18.6 (65.5) |
23.6 (74.5) |
26.4 (79.5) |
24.6 (76.3) |
19.6 (67.3) |
12.8 (55.0) |
4.7 (40.5) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
10.7 (51.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.8 (12.6) |
−9.2 (15.4) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
5.6 (42.1) |
12.8 (55.0) |
17.9 (64.2) |
20.8 (69.4) |
19.2 (66.6) |
14.3 (57.7) |
7.9 (46.2) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
5.8 (42.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −15.5 (4.1) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
0.3 (32.5) |
7.1 (44.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
15.1 (59.2) |
13.7 (56.7) |
8.9 (48.0) |
3.0 (37.4) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
0.8 (33.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 58.0 (2.28) |
58.6 (2.31) |
64.8 (2.55) |
69.0 (2.72) |
76.4 (3.01) |
76.9 (3.03) |
88.1 (3.47) |
92.0 (3.62) |
82.9 (3.26) |
74.8 (2.94) |
86.4 (3.40) |
82.5 (3.25) |
910.4 (35.84) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 15.3 (0.60) |
16.4 (0.65) |
32.0 (1.26) |
58.0 (2.28) |
74.8 (2.94) |
76.9 (3.03) |
88.1 (3.47) |
92.0 (3.62) |
82.9 (3.26) |
70.3 (2.77) |
62.5 (2.46) |
32.6 (1.28) |
701.8 (27.62) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 49.6 (19.5) |
45.2 (17.8) |
32.3 (12.7) |
9.1 (3.6) |
1.2 (0.5) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
4.1 (1.6) |
24.2 (9.5) |
55.8 (22.0) |
221.5 (87.2) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 16 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 160 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 3 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 6 | 110 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 15 | 12 | 9 | 3 | trace | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 16 | 64 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 71 | 68 | 66 | 61 | 61 | 66 | 67 | 71 | 74 | 73 | 77 | 77 | 69 |
| Source: Environment Canada[23] | |||||||||||||
Rivers and creeks[]
The Mississippi River.
The Rideau River is one of the two main rivers in Ottawa
The Ottawa River outside of Parliament Hill.
Tributaries of the Ottawa River (from east to west):
- Green's Creek
-
- Rideau River
- Rideau Canal (artificial)
- Carp River
- Mississippi River
- Madawaska River (mouth not in Ottawa)
The Jock River
Tributaries of the Rideau River (from north to south):
- Sawmill Creek
- Jock River
- Kings Creek
- (mouth not in Ottawa)
Other rivers and creeks within City of Ottawa:
Features of the Ottawa River[]
(from east to west)
Features of the Rideau River[]
(from north to south)
- Rideau Falls
- Green Island
- Maple Island
- Porter Island
- Hog's Back Falls (Prince of Wales Falls)
- Mooney's Bay
Waterfalls[]
Lakes[]
- Brewer Park Pond (Ottawa)
- (Kanata)
- Lac des Chats (West Carleton)
- Dow's Lake (artificial, Ottawa)
- Lac Deschênes (Nepean)
- Lake Madawaska (West Carleton)
- McKay Lake (Rockcliffe Park)
- (Britannia)
- (Kanata)
- Sand Pits Lake (Rockcliffe Park)
Other geographical features[]
Mer Bleue bog
- (West Carleton)
- The Burnt Lands (West Carleton)
- (Cumberland)
- Carlington Hill (Carlington)
- Carp Hills (also known as Carp Ridge) (West Carleton)
- Colonel By Valley (Ottawa)
- Greenbelt (Nepean/Gloucester)
- Mer Bleue (Cumberland/Gloucester)
- Pine Grove Forest
- Stony Swamp
- LeBreton Flats (Ottawa)
- Marlborough Forest (Rideau-Goulbourn Ward)
- Nanny Goat Hill (Ottawa)
- (Cumberland)
Sources[]
- National Resources Canada Topographic Maps
- MapArt map of Ottawa
References[]
- ^ Ottawa High Point, Ontario
- ^ "Ottawa-Gatineau Geoheritage". Retrieved 2018-10-04.
- ^ "Ottawa, Ontario Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
- ^ Muller, M. J. (2012-12-06). Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation science. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789400980402.
- ^ "Report from Task 4 of MEWS Project - Task 4-Environmental Conditions Final Report". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
- ^ "Ottawa CDA". Environment Canada. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for May 2010". Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for January 1874". Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for November 1875". Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for August 1884". Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for February 2011". Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for March 2012". Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for December 2012". Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for February 2017". Environment Canada. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
- ^ d.o.o, Yu Media Group. "Ottawa, Canada - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 2019-07-06.
- ^ "Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Station Data: Ottawa, Ontario". Environment Canada. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
- ^ "1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals". Environment Canada. 2 July 2013. Climate ID: 6106000. Archived from the original on 2020-07-18. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for October 2015". Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. Climate ID: 6106000. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for March 2012". Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. Climate ID: 6106000. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for December 2012". Environment Canada. 22 September 2015. Climate ID: 6106000. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
- ^ "Electricity use to hit highest in years this week in Ontario". The Weather Network. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
- ^ "Canadian Climate Normals 1961-1990 Station Data Ottawa CDA". Environment Canada. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
- ^ "Canadian Climate Normals 1961-1990 Station Data Ottawa International Airport". Environment Canada. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
External links[]
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