German war crimes

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Women and children removed from a bunker by SS men during the Warsaw Ghetto uprising for deportation to a death camp

The governments of the German Empire and Nazi Germany (under Adolf Hitler) ordered, organized and condoned a substantial number of war crimes, first in the Herero and Namaqua genocide and then in the First and Second World Wars. The most notable of these is the Holocaust in which millions of Jews and Romani were systematically murdered. Millions of civilians and prisoners of war also died as a result of German abuse, mistreatment, and deliberate starvation policies in those two conflicts. Much of the evidence was deliberately destroyed by the perpetrators, such as in Sonderaktion 1005, in an attempt to conceal the crimes.

Pre-World War I[]

Main article: Herero and Namaqua genocide

Considered to have been the first genocide of the 20th century, the Herero and Namaqua Genocide was perpetrated by the German Empire between 1904 and 1907 in German South West Africa (modern-day Namibia), during the Scramble for Africa.[1][2][3][4][5] On January 12, 1904, the Herero people, led by Samuel Maharero, rebelled against German colonialism. In August, General Lothar von Trotha of the Imperial German Army defeated the Herero in the Battle of Waterberg and drove them into the desert of Omaheke, where most of them died of thirst. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans only to suffer a similar fate.

In total, from 24,000 up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama died.[6][7][8][9][10] The genocide was characterized by widespread death by starvation and thirst because the Herero who fled the violence were prevented from returning from the Namib Desert. Some sources also claim that the German colonial army systematically poisoned wells in the desert.[11][12]

World War I[]

Aerial photograph of a German gas attack on the Eastern Front of World War I. Lethal poison gas was first introduced by Germany and subsequently utilized by the other major belligerents in violation of the Hague Convention IV of 1907

Documentation regarding German war crimes in World War I was seized and destroyed by Nazi Germany during World War II, after occupying France, along with monuments commemorating their victims.[13]

Chemical weapons in warfare[]

Main article: Chemical weapons in World War I

Poison gas was first introduced as a weapon by Imperial Germany, and subsequently used by all major belligerents, in violation of the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare, which explicitly forbade the use of "poison or poisoned weapons" in warfare.[14][15]

Belgium[]

Main article: Rape of Belgium
Depiction of the execution of civilians in Blégny by Évariste Carpentier

In August 1914, as part of the Schlieffen Plan, the German Army invaded and occupied the neutral nation of Belgium without explicit warning, which violated a treaty of 1839 that the German chancellor dismissed as a "scrap of paper" and the 1907 Hague Convention on Opening of Hostilities.[16] Within the first two months of the war, the German occupiers terrorized the Belgians, killing thousands of civilians and looting and burning scores of towns, including Leuven, which housed the country's preeminent university, mainly in retaliation for Belgian guerrilla warfare, (see francs-tireurs). This action was in violation of the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare provisions that prohibited collective punishment of civilians and looting and destruction of civilian property in occupied territories.[17]

Bombardment of English coastal towns[]

Main article: Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby

The raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby, which took place on December 16, 1914, was an attack by the Imperial German Navy on the British seaport towns of Scarborough, Hartlepool, West Hartlepool, and Whitby. The attack resulted in 137 fatalities and 592 casualties. The raid was in violation of the ninth section of the 1907 Hague Convention which prohibited naval bombardments of undefended towns without warning,[18] because only Hartlepool was protected by shore batteries.[19] Germany was a signatory of the 1907 Hague Convention.[20] Another attack followed on 26 April 1916 on the coastal towns of Yarmouth and Lowestoft but both were important naval bases and defended by shore batteries.[citation needed]

Unrestricted submarine warfare[]

Main article: U-boat Campaign (World War I)

Unrestricted submarine warfare was instituted in 1915 in response to the British naval blockade of Germany. Prize rules, which were codified under the 1907 Hague Convention—such as those that required commerce raiders to warn their targets and allow time for the crew to board lifeboats—were disregarded and commercial vessels were sunk regardless of nationality, cargo, or destination. Following the sinking of the RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915 and subsequent public outcry in various neutral countries, including the United States, the practice was withdrawn. However, Germany resumed the practice on 1 February 1917 and declared that all merchant ships regardless of nationalities would be sunk without warning. This outraged the U.S. public, prompting the U.S. to break diplomatic relations with Germany two days later, and, along with the Zimmermann Telegram, led the U.S. entry into the war two months later on the side of the Allied Powers.

World War II[]

Main articles: War crimes of the Wehrmacht and Consequences of Nazism

Chronologically, the first German World War II crime, and also the very first act of the war, was the bombing of Wieluń, a town where no targets of military value were present.[21][22]

More significantly, The Holocaust of the Jews, the Action T4 killing of the disabled and the Porajmos of the Gypsies are the most notable war crimes committed by Nazi Germany during World War II. Not all of the crimes committed during the Holocaust and similar mass atrocities were war crimes. Telford Taylor (The U.S. prosecutor in the German High Command case at the Nuremberg Trials and Chief Counsel for the twelve trials before the U.S. Nuremberg Military Tribunals) explained in 1982:

The Holocaust: ghettos, concentration and extermination camps during World War II across Europe
Polish hostages preparing for mass execution 1940
Destruction of Adam Mickiewicz Monument in Cracow, Poland, by German forces on August 17, 1940
Ivanhorod Einsatzgruppen photograph. Executions of Jews by German army mobile killing units (Einsatzgruppen) near Ivangorod, Ukraine, 1942.
Polish farmers killed by German forces, German-occupied Poland, 1943
Polish teachers from Bydgoszcz guarded by members of Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz before execution

as far as wartime actions against enemy nationals are concerned, the [1948] Genocide Convention added virtually nothing to what was already covered (and had been since the Hague Convention of 1899) by the internationally accepted laws of land warfare, which require an occupying power to respect "family honors and rights, individual lives and private property, as well as religious convictions and liberty" of the enemy nationals. But the laws of war do not cover, in time of either war or peace, a government's actions against its own nationals (such as Nazi Germany's persecution of German Jews). And at the Nuremberg war crimes trials, the tribunals rebuffed several efforts by the prosecution to bring such "domestic" atrocities within the scope of international law as "crimes against humanity."

— Telford Taylor[23]
  • German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war – at least 3.3 million Soviet POWs died in German custody, out of 5.7 million captured; this figure represents 57% POW casualty rate.
  • Le Paradis massacre, May 1940, British soldiers of the Royal Norfolk Regiment, were captured by the SS and subsequently murdered. Fritz Knoechlein was tried, found guilty and hanged.
  • Wormhoudt massacre, May 1940, British and French soldiers captured by the SS and subsequently murdered. No one was found guilty of the crime.
  • Lidice massacre after assassination of Reinhard Heydrich in 1942, when the Czech village was utterly destroyed, and inhabitants murdered.
  • Ardenne Abbey massacre,[24] June 1944 Canadian soldiers captured by the SS and murdered by 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend. SS General Kurt Meyer (Panzermeyer) sentenced to be shot 1946; sentence commuted; released 1954
  • Malmedy massacre, December 1944, United States POWs captured by Kampfgruppe Peiper were murdered outside of Malmedy, Belgium.
  • Wereth massacre. 17 December 1944, soldiers from 3./SS-PzAA1 LSSAH captured eleven African-American soldiers from 333rd Artillery Battalion in the hamlet of Wereth, Belgium. Subsequently, the prisoners were shot and had their fingers cut off, legs broken, and at least one was shot while trying to bandage a comrade's wounds.
  • Gardelegen (war crime) of April 1945 when Nazi concentration camp prisoners were herded into a barn, which was then set alight, killing all inside
  • Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
  • Massacre of Kalavryta
  • Unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant shipping.
  • The intentional destruction of major medieval churches of Novgorod, of monasteries in the Moscow region (e.g., of New Jerusalem Monastery) and of the imperial palaces around St. Petersburg (many of them were left by the post-war authorities in ruins or simply demolished).
  • The campaign of extermination of Slavic population in the occupied territories. Several thousand villages were burned with their entire population (e.g., Khatyn massacre in Belarus). A quarter of the inhabitants of Belarus did not survive the German occupation.
  • Commando Order, the secret order issued by Hitler in October 1942 stating that Allied combatants encountered during commando operations were to be executed immediately without trial, even if they were properly uniformed, unarmed, or intending to surrender.
  • Commissar Order, the order from Hitler to Wehrmacht troops before the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 to shoot Commissars immediately on capture
  • Nacht und Nebel decree of 1941 for disappearance of prisoners

War criminals[]

Massacres and war crimes of World War II by location[]

Main articles: The Holocaust, Einsatzgruppen, and Nazi human experimentation

Austria[]

  • Murders of disabled children by Heinrich Gross
  • Recommendation of disabled children for euthanasia by Hans Asperger

Belarus[]

1941
  • 27 october, Slutsk, Slutsk Affair (4,000 people, including women and children)
  • 28 September – 17 October, --Szack (Šacak)--Uzda (White Ruthenia) massacre (1,126 children)
1942
  • 26 March – 6 April, Operation Bamberg (, Bobrujsk; 4,396 people, including children)
  • April 29 and August 10, 1942, Dzyatlava massacre, Diatłowo (Dzyatlava); 3,000- 5,000 people, including women and children
  • 9 – 12 May, -Bobrujsk massacre (520 people, including children)
  • Beginning of June, -Bobrujsk massacre (1,000 people, including children)
  • 15 June massacre (1,741 people, including children)
  • 21 June massacre (1,076 people, including children)
  • 25 June massacre (900 people, including children)
  • 26 June Studenka massacre (836 people, including children)
  • 18 July, Jelsk massacre (1,000 people, including children)
  • 15 July – 7 August, Operation Adler (Bobrujsk, Mohylew, Berezyna; 1,381 people, including children)
  • 14 – 20 August, Operation Greif (Orsza, Witebsk; 796 people, including children)
  • 22 August – 21 September, (White Ruthenia; 10,063 people, including children)
  • August, Bereźne massacre
  • 22 September – 26 September, Małoryta massacre; 4,038 people, including children)
  • 23 September – 3 October, (Połock, Witebsk; 567 people, including children)
  • 11 – 23 October, (Orsza, Witebsk; 1,051 people, including children)
  • 23 – 29 November, (; 2,974 people, including children)
  • December, , Mirnaya (Мірная), Belarus (be); 147 including women and children
  • 10 – 21 December, (Niemen River-Szczara River; 6,172 people, including children)
  • 22 – 29 December, (Słonim; 1,032 people, including children)
1943
Mass murder of Soviet civilians near Minsk, 1943
  • 6 – 14 January, Operation Franz (; 2,025 people, including children)
  • 10 – 11 January, (, ; 1,400 people, including children)
  • 18 – 23 January, Słuck-Mińsk-Czerwień massacre (825 people, including children)
  • 28 January – 15 February, ; Połock, , ; 2,283 people, including children); 54; 37
  • Until 28 January, (Czerwień, ; 1,228 people, including children)
  • Jaanuar, Operation Eisbär (between Briańsk and )
  • Until 1 February, (; 1,627 people, including children)
  • 8 – 26 February, Operation Hornung (Lenin, Hancewicze; 12,897 people, including children)
  • Until 9 February, (Słuck, Kopyl; 2,325 people, including children)
  • 15 February – end of March, Operation Winterzauber (, Latvian border; 3,904 people, including children)
  • 22 February – 8 March, Operation Kugelblitz (Połock, , Dryssa, ; 3,780 people, including children)
  • Until 19 March, (Ptycz, Mikaszewicze, Pińsk; 400 people, including children)
  • Until 21 March, (Pińsk; 543 people, including children)
    Khatyn Memorial. The sculpture depicts Yuzif Kaminsky, the only adult to survive the massacre, holding his dead son Adam.
  • 21 March – 2 April, Operation Donnerkeil (Połock, Witebsk; 542 people, including children)
  • March 22, Khatyn massacre, Khatyn; 149 people including women and children
  • 1 – 9 May, (Rudnja and forest; 680 people, including children)
  • 17 – 21 May, (Witebsk, Suraż, Gorodok; 2,441 people, including children)
  • 20 May – 23 June, Operation Cottbus (Lepel, , ; 11,796 people, including children)
  • 27 May – 10 June, (Dniepr-Prypeć triangle, South-West of Homel; 4,018 people, including children)
  • 13 – 16 June, (Rzeczyca; 160 people, including children)
  • 25 June – 27 July, Operation Seydlitz (Owrucz-; 5,106 people, including children)
  • 30 July, massacre (501 people, including children)
  • Until 14 July, (Woloszyn, ; 3,993 people, including children)
  • 13 July – 11 August, Operation Hermann (Iwie, Nowogródek, Woloszyn, Stołpce; 4,280 people, including children)
  • 24 September – 10 October, (Głębokie; 509 people, including children)
  • 9 October – 22 October, massacre (1,769 people, including children)
  • 1 November – 18 November, (, Połock, ; 5,452 people, including children)
  • December, massacre (628 people, including children)
  • December, massacre (1,453 people, including children)
  • 20 December – 1 January 1944, (; 1,920 people, including children)
1944
  • 14 January, massacre (1,758 people, including children)
  • 22 January, Baiki massacre (987 people, including children)
  • 3 – 15 February, (, Bobrujsk; 467 people, including children)
  • 5 – 6 February,  [pl] (near Buczacz) massacre (126 people, including children; see pl:Zbrodnie w Baryszu)
  • Until 19 February, (, Bobrujsk; 538 people, including children)
  • Beginning of March, Berezyna- massacre (686 people, including children)
  • 7 – 17 April, (Bobrujsk; c. 1,000 people, including children)
  • 17 April – 12 May, (Połock, ; 7,011 people, including children)
  • 25 May – 17 June, ; (Wilejka, Borysów, Minsk; 7,697 people, including children)
  • 2 June – 13 June, (Talka; 499 people, including children)
  • June, (Sienno; 653 people, including children)
  • June, (; 560 people, including children)

Belgium[]

1940
  • May 25, Vinkt Massacre (Vinkt, East Flanders; 86-140 people, including children)
1944
  • August 18, Courcelles Massacre (Courcelles, Hainaut Province; 20 People, including children)
  • December, Malmedy massacres (Malmedy and surrounding region; at least 373 American POWS)
  • Dec 17, Baugnez crossroads massacre (Baugnez (near Malmedy), Liège Province; 81 American POWS)
  • Dec 17, Wereth massacre (Wereth, Liège Province; 11 American POWS)
  • Dec 24,  [fr] (Bande, Luxembourg Province; 34 People aged between 20–31 years old)

Croatia[]

1943
1944
  • 26-30 March 1944, (1,525 killed)[26]
  • 30 April 1944, Lipa massacre (269 killed, including 96 children)[27][28][29]

Czechoslovakia[]

The relatives and helpers of Czech resistance fighters Jan Kubiš and Josef Valčík executed en masse on October 24, 1942
  • 17 November Raid against universities and colleges
  • First Martial Law (First Heydrichiada in Prague)
  • First Martial Law (First Heydrichiada in Brno)
  • Lidice massacre
  • Ležáky massacre
  • Liquidation of the Theresienstadt concentration camp
  • "Transport of Death" in Brandýs nad Orlicí
  • "Transport of Death" in Stod (Czech Republic)
  • Jablunkov Massacre
  • "Transport of Death" in Nýřany
  • Killing in the Mikulov clay pit
  • Murder in Gästehaus
  • Ploština Massacre
  • Zákřov Massacre
  • Court-martial in Medlánky
  • Prlov Massacre
  • Salaš Massacre
  • Suchý Massacre
  • Letovice Massacre
  • Last execution in Theresienstadt
  • Execution in Lazce
  • Execution in Fort XIII
  • "Transport of Death" in Olbramovice
  • Podbořany-Kaštice Death march
  • Javoříčko Massacre
  • Brandýs Tragedy
  • Volary Deat march
  • Velké Meziříčí Massacre
  • Leskovice Massacre
  • Úsobská street Massacre
  • Psáry Massacre
  • Lednice Massacre
  • Kolín massacre
  • Třešť massacre
  • Velké Popovice massacre
  • Lahovice massacre
  • Masarykovo nádraží massacre
  • Massacre in Trhová Kamenice
  • Malín tragedy
  • Kobylisy Shooting Range, a site of execution for primarily political prisoners
  • Životice massacre
  • War crimes during the Prague uprising included using civilians as human shields, summary executions and massacres
  • Massacre in Trhová Kamenice

Estonia[]

1941
  • 2 November, Pärnu (34 children)
1942
  • 27 March (Holocaust in Estonia; 3 children)

France[]

Burned out cars and buildings still litter the remains of the original village in Oradour-sur-Glane, as left by Das Reich SS division

Germany[]

Hartheim Euthanasia Centre, where over 18,000 people were killed in Action T4
  • Action T4
  • Murders of children in the Hadamar Clinic (NS-Tötungsanstalt Hadamar) mostly by Irmgard Huber
  • Murders of children by Hans Heinze
  • Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer#Involvement in Nazi human experimentation
1945
  • 8 April - The Celle Massacre
  • 13 April - Gardelegen Massacre
  • 20 April - Murder of 20 children by Alfred Trzebinski

Greece[]

Main article: List of massacres in Greece
Massacre of Kondomari in Greece, June 1941
  • (Macedonia, 270 women and children)
  • Massacre of Kondomari (Crete, 60 men, mainly elder)
  • (Pikermi, 54, including women children)
  • Pyrgoi (former Katranitsa) massacre (Pyrgoi, 346, including women children)
  • Razing of Kandanos (Crete, 180, including women children)
  • Holocaust of Viannos (Crete, 500+, including women children)
  • Distomo massacre (Central Greece, 218, including women children)
  • Drakeia massacre (Thessaly, 118 men)
  • Holocaust of Kedros (Crete, 164, including women children)
  • Massacre of Kommeno (Epirus, 317, including women children)
  • Massacre of Kalavryta (Peloponnese, 1,200+, including women children)
  • Burnings of Kali Sykia (Crete, 13, women)
  • Lyngiades massacre (Epirus), 92, mostly infants, children, women and elderly
  • Massacre of the Acqui Division (Kefalonia, 5,000, Italian anti-fascist troops)
  • Mesovouno massacre (Macedonia, 268, including women and children)
  • Paramythia executions (Epirus, 201, including women children)
  • The Massacre of Chortiatis (Macedonia, 146, including women children)
  • Executions of Kaisariani (Athens, 200+, all civilians)
  • Massacre of Mousiotitsa (Epirus, 153, including women children)
  • Malathyros executions (, 61, including women children)
  • Executions of Kokkinia (Athens, 300+, all civilians, assisted by Security Battalions)
  • Kallikratis executions (Kallikratis, 30, including women children)
  • Alikianos executions (Crete, 118, all civilians)
  • Razing of Anogeia (Crete, unknown, including women and children)

In addition, more than 90 villages and towns are recorded from the Hellenic network of martyr cities.[30] During the triple German, Italian and Bulgarian, occupation about 800,000 people lost their lives in Greece (see World War II casualties).

Italy[]

A body lies in the via Rasella, Rome, during the round up of civilians by Italian collaborationist soldiers and German troops after the partisan bombing on 13 March 1944.
Main article: German war crimes in Italy during World War II
  • Castiglione massacre, 12–14 August 1943, Castiglione di Sicilia, 1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring massacres 16 civilians and wounds 20.
  • Boves massacre, 8 September 1943, Boves, Mass killing of 23 citizens (with another 22 wounded) by German 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler occupation troops under Joachim Peiper
  • Lake Maggiore massacres, September–October 1943, Lake Maggiore, Murder of 56 predominantly Italian Jews by the 1st SS Panzer Division despite strict German orders not to carry out any violence against civilians
  • Caiazzo massacre, 13 October 1943, Caiazzo, Mass killing of 22 civilians by the German occupation troops under Lt.
  • Ardeatine massacre (Rome, Lazio; 335 prisoners executed)
  • Guardistallo massacre (Guardistallo, Tuscany; 46 civilians killed on 29 June 1944)[31]
  • Piazza Tasso massacre, 17 July 1944, Florence, 5 Italian civilians killed in massacre by Fascists and German Army
  • 12 August 1944, Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre (Sant'Anna di Stazzema, Tuscany; 560 people, including children)
  • San Terenzo Monti massacre (Fivizzano, Tuscany; 110 civilians and 52 political prisoners killed on 21 August 1944)[32]
  • Padule di Fucecchio massacre (Fucecchio, Tuscany; 176 civilians killed on 23 August 1944)[31]
  • Vinca massacre (Fivizzano, Tuscany; between 160[32] and 178[33] civilians executed on 24 August 1944)
  • Certosa di Farneta massacre (Lucca, Tuscany; 60 civilians killed between 2 and 10 September 1944)[31]
  • 29 September – 5 October 1944, Marzabotto massacre (Marzabotto, Emilia-Romagna; between 770 and 1,830 civilians killed)
  • 29 June 1944, Civitella--San Pancrazio massacre (Abruzzo; 203 people, including children)
  • (Cuneo, Piedmont; 189 civilians and partisans killed in two separate massacres)[34]
  • Cavriglia-Castelnuovo dei Sabbioni massacre (Tuscany; 173 civilians killed on 4 July 1944)[31]
  • Fosse del Frigido massacre (Massa, Tuscany; 146-149 prisoners murdered on 10 September 1944)[33]
  • Pietransieri massacre (Roccaraso, Abruzzo; 128 civilians killed on 21 November 1943)[35]
  • Stia massacre (Stia, Tuscany; 122 civilians killed between 12 and 15 April 1944)[32]
  • Valla massacre (Fivizzano, Tuscany; 103 civilians killed on 19 August 1944)[33]
  • massacre (Gaggio Montano, Emilia-Romagna; over 100 civilians killed on 28–29 September 1944)[31]
    Three men executed by public hanging in a street of Rimini, 1944
  • Verghereto massacre (Verghereto, Emilia-Romagna; 96 civilians killed between 22 and 25 July 1944)[31]
  • Massacre of , and (Palagano, Emilia-Romagna; between 79[32] and 136 civilians killed on 18 March 1944)
  • Leonessa and massacre (Leonessa, Lazio; 51 civilians killed between 2 and 7 April 1944)
  • Cumiana massacre (Cumiana, Piedmont; 51 civilians killed on 3 April 1944)
  • massacre (Verghereto, Emilia-Romagna; 64 civilians killed on 22 July 1944)
  • Forno massacre (Massa, Tuscany; 72 civilians killed on 13 June 1944)
  • Gubbio massacre (Gubbio, Umbria; 40 civilians executed on 22 June 1944)[32]
  • Valdine massacre (Fivizzano, Tuscany; 52 hostages executed in August 1944)[32]
  • massacre (Marzabotto, Emilia-Romagna; 42 civilians killed on 29 September 1944)[32]
  •  [it] massacre in Carrara (Carrara, Tuscany; 72 civilians killed on 16 September 1944)[31]
  • massacre (Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna; 56 civilians killed on 27 November 1944)
  • "La Romagna" massacre (Molina di Quosa, San Giuliano Terme, Tuscany; 75 civilians killed on 11 August 1944)[31]
  • massacre (Arezzo, Tuscany; 65 civilians killed on 14 July 1944)[31]
  • Massaciuccoli-Massarosa massacre (Massaciuccoli, Massarosa, Tuscany; 41 civilians killed between 2 and 5 September 1944)[31]
  • Fossoli-Carpi massacre (Carpi, Emilia-Romagna; 67 civilians killed on 12 July 1944)[31]
  • Turchino Pass massacre (Fontanafredda, Liguria; 59 civilians executed on 19 May 1944)[33]
  • massacre (Valdastico, Veneto; 82 civilians killed between 30 April and 2 May 1945)[33]

Latvia[]

  • The Holocaust in Latvia
1941
  • 30 November and 8 December, Rumbula massacre (25,000 people, including children)[36]

Lithuania[]

The anti-Jewish pogrom in Kaunas, in which thousands of Jews were killed in the last few days of June 1941
  • The Holocaust in Lithuania
1941
  • 13 July – 21 August Daugavpils massacre by Einsatzkommando 3 (9,585 people, including children)[37]
  • July–August 1944, Ponary massacre (c. 100,000 people, including children)
  • 18 August – 22 August, Kreis Rasainiai massacre (1,020 children)
  • 19 August, Ukmerge massacre (88 children)
  • Summer-autumn-winter, Complete murder of native Jewish population in Estonia (900 individuals, including 101 children)
  • 1 September, Marijampolė massacre (1,404 children)
  • 2 September, Wilno massacre (817 children)
  • 4 September, Čekiškė massacre (60 children)
  • 4 September, Seredžius massacre (126 children)
  • 4 September, Veliuona massacre (86 children)
  • 4 September, Zapyškis massacre (13 children)
  • 6 September – 8 September, Raseiniai massacre (415 children)
  • 6 September – 8 September, Jurbork massacre (412 people, including children)
  • 29 October, (4,273 children)
  • 25 November, Kauen-F.IX massacre (175 children)

Netherlands[]

1940
  • 14 May, Rotterdam bombing (nearly 1,000 people were killed and 85,000 made homeless.)
1944
  • 1 October, Putten raid (552 deaths)
  • 5 November, Heusden Town Hall Massacre (134 people, including 74 children)

Norway[]

Poland[]

Main articles: World War II crimes in Poland and Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles
Man showing corpse of a starved infant in the Warsaw ghetto, 1941
A column of Polish civilians being led by German troops through Wolska Street in early August 1944.
German police shooting women and children from the Mizocz Ghetto, 14 October 1942
1942
  • 2 July, murder of children of Lidice in the Kulmhof extermination camp (82 children)
1943
1944
Film footage taken by the Polish Underground showing the bodies of women and children murdered by SS troops in Warsaw, August 1944.
  • 28 February, Huta Pieniacka massacre
  • 28 – 29 February, Korosciatyn Massacre (c. 150 people, including children)
  • 2 June, Murder of Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam's children (9 children)
  • 4–August 25, Ochota massacre (c. 10,000 people, including children)
  • 5 – 8 August, Wola massacre (40,000[38] up to 100,000[39] people, including children)

Russia[]

A victim of starvation in besieged Leningrad in 1941

Serbia[]

1941
  • 20–21 October Kragujevac massacre (2,778–2,794 civilians killed, including 217 children)
  • 15-20 October Kraljevo massacre (2000 civilians killed)

Slovenia[]

1942
  • 22 july Celje prison massacre (Celje, 100 civilians killed)
  • 2 October Maribor prison massacre (Maribor, 143 civilians killed)
1945

Ukraine[]

  • The Holocaust in Ukraine
  • Babi Yar
    • List of victims of the Babi Yar massacre
  • Drobytsky Yar
  • Lviv pogroms
  • Massacres of Poles in Volhynia
1941
  • June, massacre (6 children)
  • August 27–28, Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre; 23,600 people (including women and children)
  • September 5, Pavoloch massacre; 1,500 people (including women and children)
  • September 16–30, Nikolaev massacre; 35,782 people (including women and children)
  • 29 – 30 September, Babi Jar massacre (33,771 people, including children: List of victims of the Babi Yar massacre)
  • October 5, , 20,000–38,536 people (including women and children)
  • October 22–24, 1941 Odessa massacre, 125,000-134,000 people (including women and children)
  • December 15, Drobitsky Yar, 16,000 people (including women and children)
1943
  • 1 – 2 March 1943, Koriukivka massacre
  • 19 March 1943, Ozerjany massacre (267 people).[40][additional citation(s) needed]
  • Second half of March, Kharkov massacre following the Third Battle of Kharkov (2500 people).[41][additional citation(s) needed]
  • 29 September, Wola Ostrowiecka massacre (220 children)
  • December 10, ; 400 people (including women and children)
1944

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Olusoga, David and Erichsen, Casper W (2010). The Kaiser's Holocaust. Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-23141-6
  2. ^ Levi, Neil; Rothberg, Michael (2003). The Holocaust: Theoretical Readings. Rutgers University Press. p. 465. ISBN 0-8135-3353-8.
  3. ^ Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2001, p. 12
  4. ^ Allan D. Cooper (2006-08-31). "Reparations for the Herero Genocide: Defining the limits of international litigation". Oxford Journals African Affairs. Archived from the original on 2009-08-30.
  5. ^ "Remembering the Herero Rebellion". Deutsche Welle. 2004-11-01.
  6. ^ Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904–1908 (PSI Reports) by Jeremy Sarkin-Hughes
  7. ^ Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History (War and Genocide) (War and Genocide) (War and Genocide) A. Dirk Moses -page 296(From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa. 296, (29). Dominik J. Schaller)
  8. ^ The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy (Social History, Popular Culture, and Politics in Germany) by Sara L. Friedrichsmeyer, Sara Lennox, and Susanne M. Zantop page 87 University of Michigan Press 1999
  9. ^ Walter Nuhn: Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904. Bernard & Graefe-Verlag, Koblenz 1989. ISBN 3-7637-5852-6.
  10. ^ Marie-Aude Baronian, Stephan Besser, Yolande Jansen, "Diaspora and memory: figures of displacement in contemporary literature, arts and politics", pg. 33 Rodopi, 2007,
  11. ^ Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny, "Century of genocide: critical essays and eyewitness accounts" pg. 51, Routledge, 2004,
  12. ^ Dan Kroll, "Securing our water supply: protecting a vulnerable resource", PennWell Corp/University of Michigan Press, pg. 22
  13. ^ France: the dark years, 1940–1944 page 273 Julian Jackson Oxford University Press 2003
  14. ^ Telford Taylor (November 1, 1993). The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-3168-3400-9. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  15. ^ Thomas Graham, Damien J. Lavera (May 2003). Cornerstones of Security: Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era. University of Washington Press. pp. 7–9. ISBN 0-2959-8296-9. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  16. ^ Robinson, James J., ABA Journal 46(9), p. 978.
  17. ^ Spencer C. Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts (October 25, 2005). World War I: A Student Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1074. ISBN 1-8510-9879-8.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  18. ^ Logan Marshall (1915). Horrors and atrocities of the great war: Including the tragic destruction of the Lusitania: A new kind of warfare: Comprising the desolation of Belgium: The sacking of Louvain: The shelling of defenseless cities: The wanton destruction of cathedrals and works of art: The horrors of bomb dropping: Vividly portraying the grim awfulness of this greatest of all wars fought on land and sea: In the air and under the waves: Leaving in its wake a dreadful trail of famine and pestilence. G. F. Lasher. p. 240. Retrieved 5 July 2013. German Navy December 1914 Hague Convention bombardment.
  19. ^ Chuter, David (2003). War Crimes: Confronting Atrocity in the Modern World. London: Lynne Rienner Pub. p. 300. ISBN 1-58826-209-X.
  20. ^ Willmore, John (1918). The great crime and its moral. New York: Doran. p. 340.
  21. ^ Kulesza, Witold (2004). ""Wieluń polska Guernica", Tadeusz Olejnik, Wieluń 2004 : [recenzja]" ["Wieluń Polish Guernica", Tadeusz Olejnik, Wieluń 2004 : [review]] (PDF). Rocznik Wieluński (in Polish). 4: 253–254.
  22. ^ David Gilbertson (14 August 2017). The Nightmare Dance: Guilt, Shame, Heroism and the Holocaust. Troubador Publishing Limited. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-78306-609-4.
  23. ^ Telford Taylor "When people kill a people" in The New York Times, March 28, 1982
  24. ^ "Home - Veterans Affairs Canada". Vac-acc.gc.ca. 2012-03-29. Archived from the original on 2006-11-21. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  25. ^ Šašić, Tijana (25 March 2017). "Ivanci – selo kojeg više nema". Privrednik. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  26. ^ Kozlica 2012, p. 155.
  27. ^ "List of victims". Lipapamti.ppmhp.hr. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  28. ^ Danica Maljavac, Marica Gaberšnik (2011). "Spomen-muzej Lipa". Zbornik Liburnijskog krasa. Svezak 1: 42.
  29. ^ Ivan Kovačić, Vinko Šepić Čiškin, Danica Maljavac (2014). Lipa pamti. Rijeka: Naklada Kvarner, Općina Matulji, SABA Primorsko-goranske županije. p. 189.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Δήμος Λαμιέων: Δίκτυο μαρτυρικών πόλεων & χωριών της Ελλάδος | Δήμος Λαμιέων, accessdate: 19. Oktober 2015
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Buzzelli, S.; De Paolis, M.; Speranzoni, A. (2012). La ricostruzione giudiziale dei crimini nazifascisti in Italia: questioni preliminari. G. Giappichelli. p. 119. ISBN 9788834826195. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Crimini di guerra". criminidiguerra.it. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  33. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Biacchessi, D. (2015). I carnefici. SPERLING & KUPFER. ISBN 9788820092719. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  34. ^ "www.anpi.it/storia/212/strage-di-boves". anpi.it. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  35. ^ "L'eccidio di Pietransieri - Rai Storia". raistoria.rai.it. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  36. ^ "Complete tabulation of executions carried out in the Einsatzkommando 3 zone up to 1 December 1941". Holocaust-history.org. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  37. ^ "Gesamtaufstellung der im Bereich des EK. 3 bis zum 1. Dez. 1941 durchgeführten Exekutionen". Holocaust-history.org. 2002-09-28. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  38. ^ Muzeum Powstania otwarte, BBC Polish edition, 2 October 2004, Children accessed on 13 April 2007
  39. ^ O Powstaniu Warszawskim opowiada prof. Jerzy Kłoczowski, Gazeta Wyborcza – local Warsaw edition, 1998-08-01. Children accessed on 13 April 2007
  40. ^ "24 Октября 1943 г." www.army.lv (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-04-20.
  41. ^ "19 Октября 1943 г." www.army.lv (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-04-20.

References[]

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