Grand Slam (tennis)

The Grand Slam in tennis is the achievement of winning all four major championships in one discipline in the same calendar year, also referred to as the "Calendar-year Grand Slam" or "Calendar Grand Slam". In doubles, a team may accomplish the Grand Slam playing together or a player may achieve it with different partners. Winning all four major championships consecutively but not within the same calendar year is referred to as a non-calendar year Grand Slam, while winning the four majors at any point during the course of a career is known as a Career Grand Slam.^[1]^[2]

The Grand Slam tournaments, also referred to as majors, are the world's four most important annual professional tennis events. The tournaments offer the most ranking points, prize money, public and media attention, the greatest strength and size of field, and longest matches for men (best of 5 sets). They are overseen by the International Tennis Federation (ITF),^[3] rather than the separate men and women's tour organizing bodies, the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) and Women's Tennis Association (WTA), but both the ATP and WTA award ranking points based on players' performances in the tournaments.^[4]

The four Grand Slam tournaments are the Australian Open in January, the French Open from late May to early June, Wimbledon in late June to early July, and the US Open in August–September, with each played over a two-week period. The Australian and the United States tournaments are played on hard courts, the French on clay, and Wimbledon on grass. Wimbledon is the oldest tournament, founded in 1877, followed by the US in 1881, the French in 1891, and the Australian in 1905, but they were not all officially designated majors until 1923.^[5]

History[]

[Interactive fullscreen map]

The locations of the four Grand Slam championships.

With the growing popularity of tennis, and with the hopes of unifying the sport's rules internationally,^[5] the British and French associations started discussions at their Davis Cup tie, and in October of 1912 organized a meeting in Paris, joined by the Australasian, Austrian, Belgian, Spanish, and Swiss associations.^[6] They subsequently formed the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF), holding their first meeting in 1913, joined by the Danish, German, Dutch, Russian, South African, and Swedish organizations.^[7] Voting rights were divided based on the perceived importance of the individual countries, with Great Britain's Lawn Tennis Association (LTA) receiving the maximum six votes.^[8] Three tournaments were established, being designated as "World Championships":

World Grass Court Championships, played on grass courts.
World Hard Court Championships, played on clay courts.
World Covered Court Championships, played on an indoor wood surface.^[9]

The LTA was given the perpetual right to organize the World Grass Court Championships, to be held in Wimbledon, and France received permission to stage the World Hard Court Championships until 1916.^[10] Anthony Wilding of New Zealand won all three of those World Championships in 1913.^[11]

The United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNTLA) expressed disagreement with the power distribution within the ILTF and the designation of "World Championships" status to the British and French tournaments, thus they initially refused to join the ILTF, choosing to be bystanders to their meetings.^[12]^[7] By the 1920s, with the World Covered Court Championships failing to attract top players and the growing success of American and Australian tennis, the ILTF worked to convince the USNTLA to join them, meeting their demand to drop the designation of "World Championships" from all three tournaments, which led to the demise of both the World Covered Court Championships and the World Hard Court Championships.^[9] By 1923 the power distribution was heavily in favor of Britain, France, Australia, and the US, but no actual definition of "major" was attributed. While many countries had their own national tennis championships, it was obvious by the 1930s that the tournaments in Britain, France, Australia, and the United States were the most prestigious events in the sport, and thus they were subsequently designated as the "Official Championships".^[13]^[14]

In 1933, Jack Crawford won the Australian, French, and Wimbledon Championships, leaving him just needing to win the last major event of the year, the U.S. Championships, to become the reigning champion of all four major tournaments,^[15] a feat described as a "Grand Slam" by both sports columnist Alan Gould of The Reading Eagle,^[16] and John Kieran of The New York Times.^[17]^[18] The term 'Grand Slam' originates from the card game contract bridge, where it is used for winning all the possible tricks, and entered tennis via golf where it had been first used in sports to describe Bobby Jones' achievement of winning the four major golf tournaments three years earlier in 1930.^[18] "Grand Slam" or "Slam" has since also become used to refer to the tournaments individually.^[4]

Although it has been possible to complete a Grand Slam in most years and most disciplines since 1925, it was not possible from 1940 to 1945 because of interruptions at Wimbledon, the Australian and French Championships due to World War II,^[19] the years from 1970 to 1985 when there was no Australian tournament in mixed doubles,^[20] 1986 when there was no Australian Open,^[20] and 2020 when Wimbledon was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.^[21]

Players including John McEnroe and Chris Evert have pointed out that skipping majors was not unusual before counting major titles became the norm, especially the Australian Open because of the traveling distance involved and the inconvenient dates close to Christmas and New Year.^[22]^[23] There were also the professional players who had to skip some major events like the French Open in the 1970s because they were committed to the more lucrative pro circuits.^[23]^[24] In one case, Australian players including Rod Laver, Ken Rosewall and Roy Emerson who had contracts with George MacCall's National Tennis League were prevented from participating in the 1970 Australian Open because the financial guarantees were deemed insufficient.^[25]

Tournaments[]

These are the four major tennis tournaments that comprise a Grand Slam:

Event	Began	Venue	Surface	Draw sizes	Format	Deciding set rule (singles)^[26]	2021 date (2 weeks)	Current champions (singles)		Prize money (2021)
Event	Began	Venue	Surface	Draw sizes	Format	Deciding set rule (singles)^[26]	2021 date (2 weeks)	Men	Women	Prize money (2021)
Australian Open^[a]	1905^[b]	Melbourne Park, Melbourne	Hard^[c]	128: singles 64: doubles 32: mixed doubles 8: wheelchair singles 4: wheelchair doubles	Best of five sets: Men's singles Best of three sets: Women's singles Doubles events Wheelchair events	10-point tiebreaker at 6–6	8−21 February	Novak Djokovic	Naomi Osaka	A$71,500,000^[27]
French Open^[d]	1891^[e]	Stade Roland Garros, Paris	Clay			No tiebreaker	30 May− 13 June	Novak Djokovic	Barbora Krejčíková	€34,367,215^[28]
Wimbledon^[f]	1877^[g]	All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, London	Grass			7-point tiebreaker at 12–12	28 June− 11 July	Novak Djokovic	Ashleigh Barty	£35,016,000^[27]
US Open^[h]	1881^[i]	USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, New York City	Hard^[j]			7-point tiebreaker at 6–6	30 August− 12 September	Daniil Medvedev	Emma Raducanu	US$57,500,000^[29]

Australian Open[]

Rod Laver Arena, Melbourne Park.

The Australian Open is the first Grand Slam tournament of the year, played annually in late January and early February.^[k]^[30] The inaugural edition took place in November 1905 on the grass courts of the Warehouseman's Cricket Ground in Melbourne, Australia. It was held as the Australasian Championships until 1927 and thereafter as the Australian Championships until the onset of the Open Era in 1969,^[31] passing through various venues in Australia and New Zealand before settling at the Kooyong Lawn Tennis Club in Melbourne between 1972 and 1987.^[32] Since 1988, it has been played on the hard courts of the Melbourne Park sports complex, which currently uses GreenSet as its court manufacturer.^[33]

Managed by Tennis Australia, formerly the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia (LTAA), the tournament struggled until the mid-1980s to attract the top international players due to its distance from Europe and America and proximity to the Christmas and holiday season,^[34]^[35] but it has since grown to become one of the biggest sporting events in the Southern Hemisphere and the highest attended Grand Slam tournament, with more than 812,000 people attending the 2020 edition.^[36]

Nicknamed the "Happy Slam"^[37] and billed as "the Grand Slam of Asia/Pacific",^[38] it has become known for its modernity and innovation, being the first Grand Slam tournament to feature indoor play and install retractable roofs on its main courts,^[39] the first to schedule night-time men's singles finals,^[40] and the first to substitute electronic line calling for line judges, using an expanded version of the Hawk-Eye technology known as "Hawk-Eye Live".^[41]

The tournament was designated a major championship by the International Lawn Tennis Federation in 1923.^[42] Nowadays, its draws host 256 singles players, 128 doubles teams and 32 mixed doubles teams, with the total prize money for the 2021 tournament being A$71,500,000.^[43]

French Open[]

Court Philippe Chatrier, Stade Roland Garros.

The French Open, also known as Roland Garros,^[44]^[45] is the second Grand Slam tournament of the year, played annually in late May and early June.^[46] It was first held in 1891, on the sand courts of the Societé de Sport de Île de Puteaux, in Puteaux, Île-de-France,^[47]^[l] and repeatedly changed venues over the years before settling on the clay courts at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris, France, where it has been contested since 1928.^[49]^[50] Both the venue and the tournament are named "Roland Garros" after the pioneering French aviator.^[49]

Organized by the Fédération française de tennis (FFT), formerly known as the Fédération Française de Lawn Tennis until 1976,^[51] the French Open is the only Grand Slam tournament played on a red clay surface.^[52] It's generally considered the most physically demanding tennis tournament in the world.^[53]^[54]

Until 1925, it was known as Championnats de France (French Championships) and only French clubs members were eligible to compete in the tournament,^[49] thus another tournament called the World Hard Court Championships was the premier clay championship in France at the time as it admitted international competitors, and it's often seen as a true precursor to the modern French Open.^[14]^[55] From 1925 onward, the French Championships became open to all international amateurs, being rebranded as Internationaux de France (French Internationals),^[49] and it was designated a major championship by the International Lawn Tennis Federation in the same year.^{[citation needed]}

Today, the event has draws that host 256 singles players, 128 doubles teams and 32 mixed doubles teams, with the total prize money for the 2021 tournament being €34,367,215.^[28] The 2018 edition saw a record attendance of 480,575 spectators.^[56]

Wimbledon[]

Centre Court, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club.

The Championships, Wimbledon, commonly known as Wimbledon,^[57] is the third Grand Slam tournament of the year, played annually in late June and early July.^[58] It was first held on 1877 at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, at the time located off Nursery Road in Wimbledon, London, England.^[59] The tournament has always been contested at this club, which moved to its present site off Church Road in 1922 in order to increase its attendance capacity.^[60]

Wimbledon is organized by a committee of management consisting of nineteen members, with twelve being club members and the remaining seven nominated by the Lawn Tennis Association (LTA).^[61]^[62] As the world's oldest tennis event,^[63] it is widely regarded as the most prestigious tennis tournament,^[64]^[65] and it is known for its commitment to longstanding traditions and guidelines.^[66] It is one of few tournaments and the only Grand Slam event that is still played on grass courts,^[67] tennis's original surface, and where "lawn tennis" originated in the 1800s.^[68] Players are required to wear all-white attire during matches,^[69] and they are referred to as "Gentlemen" and "Ladies".^[70] There is also a tradition where the players are asked to bow or curtsy towards the Royal Box upon entering or leaving Centre Court when either the Prince of Wales or the Queen are present.^[71]

The tournament was given the title "World Grass Court Championships" by the International Lawn Tennis Federation between 1912 and 1923,^[72] and was designated a major championship following the abolition of the three ILTF World Championships.^[42] Since 1937, the BBC has broadcast the tournament on television in the United Kingdom,^[73] with the finals shown live and in full on television in the country each year.^[74] The BBC's broadcast of the 1967 edition was among the first colour television broadcasts in the UK.^[75]

Today, the event has draws that host 256 singles players, 128 doubles teams and 32 mixed doubles teams, with the total prize money for the 2021 tournament being £35,016,000,^[27] with 500,397 people attending the 2019 edition.^[76] The tournament has some of the longest running sponsorships in sports history, having been associated with Slazenger since 1902,^[77] and with the Robinsons fruit drink brand since 1935.^[78]

US Open[]

Arthur Ashe Stadium, USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center.

The US Open is the fourth and final Grand Slam tournament of the year, played annually in late August and early September. It was first held in August 1881 on grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island, United States.^[79] The tournament constantly changed venues over the years,^[80] with each discipline continuing to be held separately at various venues until 1923, when the tournament settled at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, Queens, New York City.^[80] In 1978, it moved to the hardcourts of the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows, Queens, where it has been contested ever since.^[80]^[81]

Organized by the United States Tennis Association (USTA),^[82] previously known as the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA) until 1920,^[83] and as United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USLTA) until 1975,^[84] it is the only Grand Slam tournament to have been played every year since its inception.^[85] In 1997, Arthur Ashe Stadium, the largest tennis stadium in the world with a capacity of 23,771 spectators,^[86]^[87] was opened.^[88] It is named after Arthur Ashe, the winner of the 1968 tournament—the first in which professionals were allowed to compete.^[89]

Over the years, the tournament has pioneered changes and promoted ideas that other tournaments later implemented for themselves, including the introduction of a tiebreak system to decide the outcome of sets tied at 6–6 in 1970,^[90] being first Grand Slam tournament to award equal prize money to the men's and women's events in 1975,^[90] the installation of floodlights in 1975 in order to allow matches to be played at night,^[91] and the introduction of instant replay reviews of line calls using the Hawk-Eye computer system in 2006, the first Grand Slam tournament to do so.^[92]

The ILTF officially designated it as a major tournament in 1923.^[9] Today, the event has draws that host 256 singles players, 128 doubles teams and 32 mixed doubles teams, with the total prize money for the 2020 tournament being US$53,400,000,^[93] and a US television viewership of 700,000.^[94]^[95] Since 2004, the tournament has been preceded by the US Open Series, composed of North American hardcourt professional tournaments that lead up to and culminate with the US Open itself,^[96] The season is organized by the USTA as a way to focus more attention on American tennis tournaments by getting more of them on domestic television.^[29]

Grand Slam[]

The first player to win all four of the current majors in a calendar year was Don Budge, who did so in 1938.^[97] To date, five singles players (two men, three women), nine doubles players (four men, five women) and one junior (boy) completed the Grand Slam. In wheelchair disciplines, two men and eight women did so. Margaret Court is the only player to complete the Grand Slam in two different disciplines—once in women's singles and twice in mixed doubles.^[1]

Instances[]

Don Budge, men's singles in 1938.
Maureen Connolly, women's singles in 1953.
Rod Laver, men's singles in 1962 and 1969.
Margaret Court, women's singles in 1970.
Steffi Graf, women's singles in 1988.

Key	AU	FR	WB	US
Key	Australian Open	French Open	Wimbledon	US Open

#	Year	Player	Discipline	Major				Notes
#	Year	Player	Discipline	1	2	3	4	Notes
1	1938	Don Budge	Men's singles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 6 consecutive titles.
2	1951	Ken McGregor	Men's doubles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 7 consecutive titles for the team.
2	1951	Frank Sedgman	Men's doubles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 8 consecutive titles for Sedgman with Bromwich and McGregor.
3	1953	Maureen Connolly	Women's singles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 6 consecutive titles.
4	1960	Maria Bueno	Women's doubles	AU	FR	WB	US	Partnered with Truman and Hard.
5	1962	Rod Laver	Men's singles	AU	FR	WB	US
6	1963	Margaret Court	Mixed doubles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 7 consecutive titles for Court with Stolle and Fletcher.
6	1963	Ken Fletcher	Mixed doubles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 6 consecutive titles for the team.
7	1965	Margaret Court (2)	Mixed doubles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 5 consecutive titles with Newcombe, Fletcher and Stolle.
8	1967	Owen Davidson	Mixed doubles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 5 consecutive titles with Floyd, Turner and Jean King.
9	1969	Rod Laver (2)	Men's singles	AU	FR	WB	US
10	1970	Margaret Court (3)	Women's singles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 6 consecutive titles.
11	1983	Stefan Edberg	Boys' singles	FR	WB	US	AU
12	1984	Martina Navratilova	Women's doubles	FR	WB	US	AU	Part of 8 consecutive titles.
12	1984	Pam Shriver	Women's doubles	FR	WB	US	AU	Part of 8 consecutive titles.
13	1988	Steffi Graf	Women's singles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 5 consecutive titles.
14	1998	Martina Hingis	Women's doubles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 5 consecutive titles with Lučić, Novotná and Kournikova.
15	2009	Esther Vergeer	WC women's doubles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 12 consecutive titles for Vergeer with Homan, Griffioen and Smit.
15	2009	Korie Homan	WC women's doubles	AU	FR	WB	US
16	2011	Esther Vergeer (2)	WC women's doubles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 8 consecutive titles for Vergeer with Walraven and Buis.
16	2011	Sharon Walraven	WC women's doubles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 7 consecutive titles for the team.
17	2013	Aniek van Koot	WC women's doubles	AU	FR	WB	US
17	2013	Jiske Griffioen	WC women's doubles	AU	FR	WB	US
18	2014	Stéphane Houdet	WC men's doubles	AU	FR	WB	US	Partnered with Gérard and Kunieda.
19	2014	Yui Kamiji	WC women's doubles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 5 consecutive titles.
19	2014	Jordanne Whiley	WC women's doubles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 5 consecutive titles.
20	2019	Aniek van Koot (2)	WC women's doubles	AU	FR	WB	US
20	2019	Diede de Groot	WC women's doubles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 7 consecutive titles for de Groot with Van Koot and Kamiji.
21	2019	Dylan Alcott	WC quad doubles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 6 consecutive titles with Davidson, Wagner and Lapthorne.
22	2021	Alfie Hewett	WC men's doubles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 8 consecutive titles.
22	2021	Gordon Reid	WC men's doubles	AU	FR	WB	US	Part of 8 consecutive titles.
23	2021	Diede de Groot (2)	WC women's singles	AU	FR	WB	US
24	2021	Dylan Alcott (2)	WC quad singles	AO	FR	WB	US

Non-calendar year Grand Slam[]

Terminology[]

In 1982, the International Tennis Federation (ITF) began offering a $1 million bonus to any singles player to win four consecutive major titles, even if they were won across two seasons. Although groups variously identified as the Men's International Professional Tennis Council, "abetted primarily by some British tennis writers",^[98] and "European tennis journalists"^[99] had advocated for the ITF to change the definition of "Grand Slam", ITF General Secretary David Gray made it clear that this was not going to happen. In a 1983 letter to tennis journalist Paul Fein, Gray clarified:

There seems to be some confusion. The ITF's only initiative in this matter has been the organisation of the offer of a bonus of $1m. to any player who holds all four Grand Slam titles simultaneously [...] In spite of all that we have read on this matter, it has never been my Committee of Management's intention to alter the basis of the classic Grand Slam i.e., the capture of all four titles in a year.

The ITF's plan was to offer the cash bonus for three years, apparently to encourage players to compete in all four major tournaments as much as to reward success at them.^[100]

Writing in 1982, before the ITF had announced their bonus, Neil Amdur said, "Now the sport spins nervously under the influence of big dollars and even bigger egos, and tradition has almost gone the way of white balls and long flannels [...] If the four major tournaments want to offer a $1 million incentive for any player in the future who can sweep their titles—and such talks have been rumored—that bonus would be a welcome addition. But changing what the Grand Slam is all about is like a baseball player believing that he 'hit for the cycle' after slugging a single, double and triple in the first game of a doubleheader and a home run in his first time at bat in the second game."^[99]

When Martina Navratilova won the 1984 French Open and became the reigning champion of all four women's singles discipline, she was the first player to receive the bonus prize in recognition of her achievement. Some media outlets did, indeed, say that she had won a Grand Slam.^[101]^[102] Curry Kirkpatrick of Sports Illustrated wrote "Whether the Slam was Grand or Bland or a commercial sham tainted with an asterisk the size of a tennis ball, Martina Navratilova finally did it."^[103]

When Steffi Graf completed the Grand Slam in 1988, George Vecsey wrote, "Even the International Tennis Federation, which should have more respect for history, ruled in 1982 that winning any four straight majors constituted a Grand Slam—and offered a $1 million bonus for it [...] But many tennis people, and most writers, and probably most fans, too, did not accept the new rules, and the ITF has dropped the gimmick."^[104]

When Rafael Nadal was on the verge of completing a non-calendar year Grand Slam at the 2011 Australian Open, one writer observed, "Most traditionalists insist that the 'Grand Slam' should refer only to winning all four titles in a calendar year, although the constitution of the International Tennis Federation, the sports governing body, spells out that 'players who hold all four of these titles at the same time achieve the Grand Slam'."^[105] As of 2021 however, the ambiguity has been resolved, with the ITF's current constitution stating "The Grand Slam titles are the championships of Australia, France, the United States of America and Wimbledon. Players who hold all four of these titles in one calendar year achieve the 'Grand Slam'."^[1]

Combining the Grand Slam and the non-calendar year Grand Slam, only eight singles players on 11 occasions achieved the feat of being the reigning champion of all four majors, three men (Don Budge, Rod Laver, Novak Djokovic)^[106] and five women (Maureen Connolly, Margaret Court, Martina Navratilova, Steffi Graf, Serena Williams).^[107]

Instances[]

The following list is for those players who achieved a non-calendar Grand Slam by holding the four major titles at the same time but not in calendar year.^[108] The players who won the titles in a calendar year are not included here.^[1]

Martina Navratilova completed the feat in singles in 1984.
Steffi Graf completed the feat in singles in 1994.
Serena Williams completed the feat in singles in 2003, 2015.
Novak Djokovic completed the feat in singles in 2016.

Key	AU	FR	WB	US
Key	Australian Open	French Open	Wimbledon	US Open

#	Period	Player	Discipline	Major						Notes
#	Period	Player	Discipline	1	2	3	4	+		Notes
1	1949–50	Louise Brough	Women's doubles	1949 FR	1949 WB	1949 US	1950 AU	N/A		^[m]
2	1967–68	Billie Jean King	Mixed doubles	1967 FR	1967 WB	1967 US	1968 AU	N/A		^[n]
3	1983–84	Martina Navratilova	Women's singles	1983 WB	1983 US	1983 AU	1984 FR	1984 WB	1984 US
4	1986–87	Martina Navratilova (2)	Women's doubles	1986 WB	1986 US	1987 AU	1987 FR	1986 FR		^[o]
4	1986–87	Pam Shriver	Women's doubles	1986 WB	1986 US	1987 AU	1987 FR	N/A
5	1992–93	Gigi Fernández	Women's doubles	1992 FR	1992 WB	1992 US	1993 AU	1993 FR	1993 WB
5	1992–93	Natasha Zvereva	Women's doubles	1992 FR	1992 WB	1992 US	1993 AU	1993 FR	1993 WB
6	1993–94	Steffi Graf	Women's singles	1993 FR	1993 WB	1993 US	1994 AU	N/A
7	1996–97	Natasha Zvereva (2)	Women's doubles	1996 US	1997 AU	1997 FR	1997 WB
8	2002–03	Serena Williams	Women's singles	2002 FR	2002 WB	2002 US	2003 AU
9	2009–10	Stéphane Houdet	WC men's doubles	2009 FR	2009 WB	2009 US	2010 AU	2010 FR		^[p]
10	2009–10	Serena Williams (2)	Women's doubles	2009 WB	2009 US	2010 AU	2010 FR	N/A
10	2009–10	Venus Williams	Women's doubles	2009 WB	2009 US	2010 AU	2010 FR
11	2012–13	Bob Bryan	Men's doubles	2012 US	2013 AU	2013 FR	2013 WB
11	2012–13	Mike Bryan	Men's doubles	2012 US	2013 AU	2013 FR	2013 WB
12	2014–15	Shingo Kunieda	WC men's doubles	2014 WB	2014 US	2015 AU	2015 FR			^[q]
13	2014–15	Serena Williams (3)	Women's singles	2014 US	2015 AU	2015 FR	2015 WB
14	2015–16	Novak Djokovic	Men's singles	2015 WB	2015 US	2016 AU	2016 FR
15	2018–19	Diede de Groot	WC women's singles	2018 WB	2018 US	2019 AU	2019 FR
16	2018–19	Dylan Alcott	WC quad singles	2018 US	2019 AO	2019 FR	2019 WB			^[r]

Career Grand Slam[]

The career achievement of winning all four major championships in one discipline is termed a "Career Grand Slam". In singles, eight men (Fred Perry, Don Budge, Rod Laver, Roy Emerson, Andre Agassi, Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic) and ten women (Maureen Connolly, Doris Hart, Shirley Fry Irvin, Margaret Court, Billie Jean King, Chris Evert, Martina Navratilova, Steffi Graf, Serena Williams and Maria Sharapova) have completed a Career Grand Slam.^[2] Three men (Emerson, Laver and Djokovic)^[109] and five women (Court, Evert, Navratilova, Graf, Williams)^{[citation needed]} managed to achieve the feat more than once over the course of their careers.

Only six players have completed a Career Grand Slam in both singles and doubles: one male (Roy Emerson) and five female (Margaret Court, Doris Hart, Shirley Fry Irvin, Martina Navratilova, and Serena Williams). Court, Hart and Navratilova are the only ones to have completed a "Career Boxed Set", that is, winning all four major titles in singles, doubles, and mixed doubles; this has never been done by a male player.^[110]

Number of players to complete the Career Grand Slam
Singles		Doubles			Wheelchair Singles			Wheelchair Doubles			Junior Singles		Junior Doubles
Men's	Women's	Men's	Women's	Mixed	Men's	Women's	Quad	Men's	Women's	Quad	Boys'	Girls'	Boys'	Girls'
8	10	24	21	17	0	1	1	7	8	3	1	0	1	0

Other related concepts[]

Boxed Set[]

A "career Boxed Set" refers to winning one of every possible major title in the singles, doubles, and mixed doubles disciplines throughout a player's career.^[111] Only three players have completed the Boxed Set; Margaret Court, Doris Hart and Martina Navratilova.^[110] Court's second Box Set, completed in 1969, spans the pre-Open and Open Eras, but she later completed a set entirely within the Open Era in 1973.^{[citation needed]}

The event at which the Boxed Set was completed indicated in bold

Boxed Sets	Player	Age	Australian Open			French Open			Wimbledon			US Open
Boxed Sets	Player	Age	Singles	Doubles	Mixed	Singles	Doubles	Mixed	Singles	Doubles	Mixed	Singles	Doubles	Mixed
2	Margaret Court	22	1960	1961	1963	1962	1964	1963	1963	1964	1963	1962	1963	1961
2	Margaret Court	26	1961	1962	1964	1964	1965	1964	1965	1969	1965	1965	1968	1962
1	Doris Hart	29	1949	1950	1949	1950	1948	1951	1951	1947	1951	1954	1951	1951
1	Martina Navratilova	46	1981	1980	2003	1982	1975	1974	1978	1976	1985	1983	1977	1985

Golden Slam[]

The term "Golden Slam" (initially "Golden Grand Slam") was coined in 1988,^[112] when Steffi Graf won the 1988 Australian Open, 1988 French Open, 1988 Wimbledon Championships, 1988 US Open, as well as the 1988 Olympic gold medal. She and wheelchair tennis players Diede de Groot and Dylan Alcott are the only players to have done so.^[113]^[114]^[115]

Similarly, the term "non-calendar year Golden Slam" has been used since 2013, when Bob and Mike Bryan won the 2012 Olympics, 2012 US Open, 2013 Australian Open, 2013 French Open and 2013 Wimbledon Championships.^[116]^[117] This was also called the "Golden Bryan Slam".^[118]

Career Golden Slam[]

A player who wins all four Grand Slam tournaments and the Olympic or Paralympic gold medal during his or her career is said to have achieved a "Career Golden Slam".^[119]^[116]

Number of players to complete the Career Golden Slam
Singles		Doubles			Wheelchair Singles			Wheelchair Doubles
Men's	Women's	Men's	Women's	Mixed	Men's	Women's	Quad	Men's	Women's	Quad
2	2	5	4	0	0	1	1	4	6	2

Super Slam[]

Soon after the Open Era began in 1968, the new professional tours each held a year-end championship (YEC), which are elite tournaments involving only the top performers of the season. The return of tennis to the Olympics in 1988 gave rise to the notion of a "Super Slam" as a combination of Golden Slam and YEC title.^[120]^[121]^[122] The YECs are currently the ATP Finals for the men's tour, WTA Finals for the women's tour, and the Wheelchair Tennis Masters for the wheelchair tennis tour.

Although no player has ever completed the Super Slam in a single season, Steffi Graf achieved a "non-calendar year Super Slam" by winning all the aforementioned titles consecutively,^[123] with her Golden Slam in 1988 following her victory at the 1987 Virginia Slims Championships,^[124] the year-end championship for women's tennis at that time.

Career Super Slam[]

A player who wins all four Grand Slam tournaments, the Olympic gold medal and the year-end championship throughout his or her career is said to have achieved a "Career Super Slam".^[120]^[121]

Number of players to complete the Career Super Slam
Singles		Doubles		Wheelchair Singles			Wheelchair Doubles
Men's	Women's	Men's	Women's	Men's	Women's	Quad	Men's	Women's	Quad
1	2	5	2	0	1	1	4	6	1

Three-Quarter Slam[]

Several players have won three of the four Grand Slam tournaments in the same year, missing out on the Grand Slam by only one title, an achievement sometimes referred to as a "Three-Quarter Slam".^[125]^[126]^[127] In five notable instances, singles players won the first three events of the year and went to the final major tournament with the opportunity to complete the calendar-year Grand Slam but lost. These were Jack Crawford in 1933,^[128] Lew Hoad in 1956,^[129] and Novak Djokovic in 2021^[130]^[131]^[132] in men's tennis, and Martina Navratilova in 1984^[133] and Serena Williams in 2015 in women's tennis.^[134]

Number of players to complete the Three-Quarter Slam
Singles		Doubles			Wheelchair Singles			Wheelchair Doubles			Junior Singles		Junior Doubles
Men's	Women's	Men's	Women's	Mixed	Men's	Women's	Quad	Men's	Women's	Quad	Boys'	Girls'	Boys'	Girls'
11	8	15	20	12	2	3	1	4	3	0	3	2	9	11

Surface Slam[]

Since 1978, when the US Open changed its playing surface from clay to hard courts,^[135] the four Grand Slam tournaments have been contested on three surfaces: clay, hard and grass.^[136] A player who wins a Grand Slam title on each of those three current surfaces in a calendar year is said to have achieved a "Surface Slam".^[137]^[138] From 1978 to 1987, the Australian Open and Wimbledon were played on grass, the French Open on clay and the US Open on hard, but since 1988 the Australian Open has also been played on hard courts.^[139] In singles, the feat has been accomplished by two men: Rafael Nadal in 2010 and Novak Djokovic in 2021;^{[citation needed]} and three women: Martina Navratilova in 1984, Steffi Graf in 1988,^{[citation needed]} 1993, 1995, 1996, and Serena Williams in 2002 and 2015.^[137]^[138]

Number of players to complete the Surface Slam
Singles		Doubles			Wheelchair Singles			Wheelchair Doubles			Junior Singles		Junior Doubles
Men's	Women's	Men's	Women's	Mixed	Men's	Women's	Quad	Men's	Women's	Quad	Boys'	Girls'	Boys'	Girls'
2	3	5	8	3	1	1	1	4	8	1	3	1	5	8

Channel Slam[]

[Interactive fullscreen map]

Location of the Channel Slam tournaments.

Since their inceptions, the French Open has been contested on clay or sand courts and Wimbledon on grass courts, surfaces that favor very distinct play styles from each other.^[140] Wimbledon usually starts a few weeks after the end of the French Open,^[141] meaning that the players who have deep runs in the French Open have little time to recover mentally and physically, and to adapt to the different surface conditions found at Wimbledon. This has thus made it considered to be one of the hardest feats in a tennis season.^[142] Players who win both tournaments consecutively in the same season are said to have achieved a "Channel Slam",^[141] in reference to the English Channel, a body of water that separates France from the United Kingdom, the host countries of the French Open and Wimbledon, respectively.^[141] In singles tennis, this feat has been achieved by 12 men and 10 women all-time.^{[citation needed]} In the Open Era, Rod Laver, Björn Borg, Rafael Nadal, Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic are the only players to accomplish the feat in men's singles, and Margaret Court, Evonne Goolagong, Billie Jean King, Chris Evert, Martina Navratilova, Steffi Graf and Serena Williams the only in women's singles.^[141]^[142]^[143]

Number of players to complete the Channel Slam
Singles		Doubles			Wheelchair Singles			Wheelchair Doubles			Junior Singles		Junior Doubles
Men's	Women's	Men's	Women's	Mixed	Men's	Women's	Quad	Men's	Women's	Quad	Boys'	Girls'	Boys'	Girls'
12	10	29	31	18	1	1	1	5	8	3	10	7	13	19

Pro Slam[]

Before the Open Era began in 1968, only amateur players were allowed to compete in the four majors. Many male top players "went pro" in order to win prize money legally, competing on a professional world tour comprising completely separate events.^[144] From 1927 to 1967, the three pro events considered to be the "majors" of the pro tour were:

U.S. Pro Tennis Championships,
French Pro Championship
Wembley Championships.^[145]^[146]

A player who won all three in a calendar year was considered to have achieved a "Professional Grand Slam", or "Pro Slam".^[145]^[146] The feat was accomplished by Ken Rosewall in 1963^[147] and Rod Laver in 1967,^[148] while Ellsworth Vines, Hans Nüsslein and Don Budge also won all three major trophies during their pro careers.^[149] The pro slams did not have a women's draw.^[150]

Grand Slam tournament champions[]

Current champions[]

Event	Edition	Singles		Doubles			Wheelchair Singles			Wheelchair Doubles
Event	Edition	Men's	Women's	Men's	Women's	Mixed	Men's	Women's	Quad	Men's	Women's	Quad
Australian Open	2021	Djokovic	Osaka	Dodig Polášek	Mertens Sabalenka	Krejčíková Ram	Gérard	De Groot	Alcott	Hewett Reid	De Groot Van Koot	Alcott Davidson
French Open	2021	Djokovic	Krejčíková	Herbert Mahut	Krejčíková Siniaková	Krawczyk Salisbury	Hewett	De Groot	Alcott	Hewett Reid	De Groot Van Koot	Lapthorne Wagner
Wimbledon	2021	Djokovic	Barty	Mektić Pavić	Hsieh Mertens	Krawczyk Skupski	Gérard	De Groot	Alcott	Hewett Reid	Kamiji Whiley	Lapthorne Wagner
US Open	2021	Medvedev	Raducanu	Ram Salisbury	Stosur Zhang	Krawczyk Salisbury	Kunieda	De Groot	Alcott	Hewett Reid	De Groot Van Koot	Schröder Vink

Former champions[]

Per discipline (all-time)

List of Grand Slam men's singles champions
List of Grand Slam women's singles champions
List of Grand Slam men's doubles champions
List of Grand Slam women's doubles champions
List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions

Finals (Open Era only)

Notes[]

^ Australasian Championships (1905–26),
Australian Championships (1927–68).
^ First women's event was in 1922.
^ Grass (1905–1987).
^ Championnat de France (1891–1924),
Championnats Internationaux de France (1925–1927),
Tournoi de Roland-Garros (since 1928).
^ First women's event was in 1897.
^ The Championships (since 1877).
^ First women's event was in 1884.
^ U.S. National Championship (1881–1967)
^ First women's event was in 1887.
^ Grass (1881–1974), Clay (1975–1977).
^ Since 1987. Dates fluctuated between the start and end of the year before then.
^ Some sources state the 1891 venue was Racing Club de France, Paris.^[48]
^ Partnered with Margaret duPont and Doris Hart.
^ Partnered with Owen Davidson and Dick Crealy.
^ Partnered with Andrea Temesvári in 1986 French Open.
^ Partnered with Jérémiasz, Kunieda and Olsson.
^ Partnered with Stéphane Houdet and Gordon Reid.
^ Part of 5 consecutive titles.

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^ Anderson, Dave (30 August 2009). "The Greatest? Don't Forget Laver's Lost Years". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^ Collins, Bud (2008). The Bud Collins History of Tennis: An Authoritative Encyclopedia and Record Book. New Chapter Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-942257-41-0.
^ Alcheva, Martina. "Tennis: Everything you need to know about the Pro Slam". Bolavip US. Retrieved 30 August 2021.

External links[]

[Aname-27] Australasian Championships (1905–26),
Australian Championships (1927–68).

[FAWE-28] First women's event was in 1922.

[AOSurface-29] Grass (1905–1987).

[Fname-31] Championnat de France (1891–1924),
Championnats Internationaux de France (1925–1927),
Tournoi de Roland-Garros (since 1928).

[FFWE-32] First women's event was in 1897.

[Wname-34] The Championships (since 1877).

[FWWE-35] First women's event was in 1884.

[Uname-36] U.S. National Championship (1881–1967)

[FUWE-37] First women's event was in 1887.

[USOSurface-38] Grass (1881–1974), Clay (1975–1977).

[40] Since 1987. Dates fluctuated between the start and end of the year before then.

[60] Some sources state the 1891 venue was Racing Club de France, Paris.^[48]

[121] Partnered with Margaret duPont and Doris Hart.

[122] Partnered with Owen Davidson and Dick Crealy.

[123] Partnered with Andrea Temesvári in 1986 French Open.

[124] Partnered with Jérémiasz, Kunieda and Olsson.

[125] Partnered with Stéphane Houdet and Gordon Reid.

[126] Part of 5 consecutive titles.

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[3] "About the ITF". Billie Jean King Cup. Retrieved 29 August 2021.

[:0-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b Ginsburg, Yeshayahu (5 March 2014). "Why Indian Wells Is Almost (But Not Quite) a Fifth Slam". Tennis View Magazine. Retrieved 1 March 2020.

[ITFhistory-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b "History". ITF Tennis. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019.

[Robertson-6] Robertson, Max (1974). The Encyclopedia of Tennis: 100 Years of Great Players and Events. Viking Press. pp. 87. ISBN 978-0670294084.

[Collins-7] Jump up to: ^a ^b Collins, Bud. History of Tennis. New Chapter Press. p. 15.

[gillmeister1998-8] Gillmeister, Heiner (1998). Tennis : A Cultural History. London: Leicester University Press. pp. 191–192. ISBN 978-0718501952.

[FOOTNOTERobertson1974[httpsarchiveorgdetailsencyclopediaofte00robepage33_33]-9] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Robertson 1974, p. 33.

[10] Bowers, Chris (2013). Forder-White, Emily (ed.). The International Tennis Federation : a century of contribution to tennis. New York: Rizzoli. pp. 18–20. ISBN 978-0847839902.

[11] "Lawn Tennis". Poverty Bay Herald. XL (13235). 18 November 1913. p. 5.

[FOOTNOTERobertson1974[httpsarchiveorgdetailsencyclopediaofte00robepage33_33,_87]-12] Robertson 1974, pp. 33, 87.

[FOOTNOTERobertson1974[httpsarchiveorgdetailsencyclopediaofte00robepage35_35]-13] Robertson 1974, p. 35.

[Forgotten-14] Jump up to: ^a ^b Bensen, Clark (2013–2014). "The World Championships of 1913 to 1923: the Forgotten Majors" (PDF). Tennis Collectors of America. Newport, RI, United States: Journal of The Tennis Collectors of America. p. 470. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018. Number 30

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[16] Gould, Alan (18 July 1933). "Sports Slants: Tennis "Grand Slam"". The Reading Eagle. p. 10. Retrieved 2 September 2021. Tennis “Grand Slam”: Crawford, now holder of the Australian, French and British singles title, has the chance for a “grand slam” by coming over for the United States championships at Forest Hills in September.

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Grand Slam (tennis)

Contents

History[]

Tournaments[]

Australian Open[]

French Open[]

Wimbledon[]

US Open[]

Grand Slam[]

Instances[]

Non-calendar year Grand Slam[]

Terminology[]

Instances[]

Career Grand Slam[]

Other related concepts[]

Boxed Set[]

Golden Slam[]

Career Golden Slam[]

Super Slam[]

Career Super Slam[]

Three-Quarter Slam[]

Surface Slam[]

Channel Slam[]

Pro Slam[]

Grand Slam tournament champions[]

Current champions[]

Former champions[]

Notes[]

See also[]

References[]

External links[]