Gruit

Beer brewed after a 13th-century recipe using gruit herbs

Gruit (alternately grut or gruyt) is a herb mixture used for bittering and flavouring beer, popular before the extensive use of hops. The terms gruit and grut ale may also refer to the beverage produced using gruit.

Historically, gruit is the term used in an area today covered by the Netherlands, Belgium, and westernmost Germany. Today, however, gruit is a colloquial term for any beer seasoned with gruit-like herbs.

Gruit is a combination of herbs, commonly including:

• Sweet gale (Myrica gale)
• Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris)
• Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
• Ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea)
• Horehound (Marrubium vulgare)
• Common heather (Calluna vulgaris).

Gruit varied somewhat; each gruit producer including different herbs to produce unique flavors and effects. Other adjunct herbs include juniper berries, ginger, caraway seed, aniseed, nutmeg, cinnamon, mint, and occasionally hops in variable proportions (although gruit today is often sought out for lacking hops).

Historical context[]

The word "gruit" stems from an area now in the Netherlands, Belgium and westernmost Germany. Here, the sale of gruit was a monopoly held by various local authorities, and as such a de facto tax on beer. The word could also refer to the herb mixture itself or the monopoly of its sale.

The earliest reference to gruit dates from the late 10th century, and although largely replaced by hops in the 14th and 15th centuries, gruit beer was locally produced in Westphalia until the 17th century.^[1]

Outside the area where the gruit monopoly applied, other countries and regions produced ales containing spices, but they were not named gruit. For instance, some traditional types of unhopped beer such as sahti in Finland, which is spiced with juniper berries and twigs, have survived the advent of hops.^{[citation needed]}

In both the area where gruit existed and outside it, the traditional spices were gradually replaced by hops, in a slow sweep across Europe occurring between the 11th century (in the south and east of the Holy Roman Empire) and the late 16th century (Great Britain).

In 16th-century Britain, a distinction was made between "ale", which was unhopped, and "beer", brought by Dutch merchants, which was hopped.^[2]

Currently, however, ale usually refers to beer produced through a top-fermentation process, not unhopped beer.^{[citation needed]}

The main factor for the replacement of spices by hops is that hops were cheaper (especially in the gruit area, where the price of beer flavouring spices was artificially kept high) and were better at rendering the beer more stable. This preservative effect is thought to have had a large impact on the early movement to switch over, although other plants commonly used in gruit mixes, for example sage, rosemary, or bog myrtle, also have antiseptic properties likely to extend the shelf life of beer.^{[citation needed]}

Spruce tips as a local food ingredient has a practical aspect, as well; it is a plentiful resource in northern latitudes such as Alaska, whereas hops must be imported from the lower 48 United States.^[3]

Modern brews[]

The 1990s microbrewery movement in North America and Europe renewed interest in unhopped beers, and several have tried reviving ales brewed with gruits, or plants that once were used in it. Commercial examples include:

Since 2013, craft brewers with an interest in making gruit ales have banded together to mark February 1 as International Gruit Day.^[7] The day is intended to raise awareness of and pay homage to the historical traditions of brewing with botanicals.

See also[]

• Adjuncts
• Spruce beer
• Witbier

References[]

Books[]

• Oliver, Garrett; Colicchio, Tom (2011), "Pine, fir and spruce tips", The Oxford Companion to Beer, Oxford University Press, p. 655, ISBN 978-0-19-991210-0
• Heilshorn, Butch (2017), Against All Hops: Techniques And Philosophy For Creating Extraordinary Botanical Beers, Page Street Publishing, ISBN 978-1-62414-379-3

Further reading[]

• Behre, Karl-Ernst (1999). "The history of beer additives in Europe — A review". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 8: 35. doi:10.1007/BF02042841.
• Mika Rissanen. "The Reformation had some help from hops". Retrieved 21 September 2016.

External links[]

• Gruit history, brewing and recipes at gruitale.com
• Gruit recipe from Patrick Kaeding
• Vanberg & DeWulf profile of Posca Rustica
• International Gruit Day