Harold Keith Johnson

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Harold Keith Johnson
HaroldJohnson.png
Joseph Richards Essig's portrait of General Johnson
Nickname(s)Johnny[1]
Born(1912-02-22)February 22, 1912
Bowesmont, North Dakota, U.S.
DiedSeptember 24, 1983(1983-09-24) (aged 71)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Buried
Arlington National Cemetery
AllegianceUnited States
Service/branchUnited States Army
Years of service1930–1968
RankGeneral
Commands heldChief of Staff of the United States Army
United States Army Command and General Staff College
8th Cavalry Regiment
3rd Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment
Battles/warsWorld War II
Korean War
AwardsDistinguished Service Cross
Army Distinguished Service Medal (2)
Legion of Merit (4)
Bronze Star Medal

Harold Keith "Johnny" Johnson (February 22, 1912 – September 24, 1983) was a United States Army general who served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1964 to 1968. Regarded as a premier tactician, Johnson became skeptical that the level of resources given to the Vietnam War, much of which went into 'find, fix, and destroy the big main force units' operations, could deliver victory. Johnson came to believe that the Communist forces held a trump card, because they controlled whether there were engagements with U.S. forces, giving an option to simply avoid battle with U.S. forces if the situation warranted it.

Early life[]

Harold Keith Johnson was born in Bowesmont, North Dakota, on February 22, 1912. After graduation from high school in 1929, Johnson attended the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York. On June 13, 1933, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the infantry. Johnson's first duty assignment was with the 3rd Infantry (Old Guard) at Fort Snelling, Minnesota.

Military career[]

In 1938, Johnson attended Infantry School at Fort Benning. Upon graduation, he was assigned to the 28th Infantry at Fort Niagara, New York. Requesting an overseas transfer, Johnson was reassigned to the 57th Infantry (Philippine Scouts) at Fort McKinley, Philippine Islands in 1940.

World War II[]

After the Battle of Bataan, Johnson became a prisoner of war (POW) of the Japanese on 9 April 1942. Participating in the Bataan Death March, Johnson was eventually imprisoned at Camp O'Donnell, Cabanatuan and Bilibid Prison. In December 1944, the Japanese attempted to transfer Johnson and 1600 other POWs out of the Philippines. On 14 December 1944, American fighter planes sank the Japanese ship Ōryoku Maru, killing over 300 of the POWs. Johnson survived and was eventually transferred to Japan. Unwilling to give up their POWs to the advancing Allies, Japan again transferred Johnson. Finally ending up in Korea, Johnson was liberated by the 7th Infantry Division on September 7, 1945.

Korean War and rise to senior command[]

After Johnson's return to the United States, his first assignment was with the Ground Forces School. In August 1946, he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he remained as an instructor for another two years. Johnson next attended the Armed Forces Staff College in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1949. After graduation, he was assigned as commanding officer, 3rd Battalion, 7th Infantry at Fort Devens, Massachusetts.

Johnson organized the 1st Provisional Infantry Battalion at Fort Devens and, in August 1950, he was dispatched to Korea. The battalion became the 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, assigned to the 1st Cavalry Division for the defense of the Pusan Perimeter. Still with the 1st Cavalry Division, Johnson was later promoted to command the 5th and the 8th Cavalry Regiments. In February 1951, he was reassigned as Assistant Chief of Staff, G3 of I Corps.

Returning to the United States, Johnson was assigned to the Office of the Chief of the Army Field Forces, Fort Monroe, Virginia. In 1952, he attended the National War College. After graduation, Johnson was assigned to the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G3, where he served first, as Chief of Joint War Plans Branch, then as the Assistant to the Chief of the Plans Division, and finally as the Executive Officer of the Assistant Chief of Staff.

In January 1956, Johnson was assigned to duty as Assistant Division Commander of the 8th Infantry Division at Fort Carson, Colorado. Later in 1956, he transferred with the 8th Division to West Germany. Johnson's next assignment was as chief of staff, Seventh Army Headquarters at Stuttgart-Vaihingen. Then in April 1959, Johnson moved to Headquarters, United States Army Europe as Assistant Chief of Staff, G3. The following December, he was appointed chief of staff, Central Army Group at NATO Headquarters concerned with planning for the employment of French, German, and American troop operations in Central Europe.

Returning to the United States, Johnson was assigned as commandant, Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. In February 1963, he became assistant deputy chief of staff for military operations (operations and plans), Department of the Army, and in July was appointed as deputy chief of staff for military operations.

Chief of Staff[]

On July 3, 1964, Johnson was appointed the 24th Chief of Staff of the United States Army; his reputation as an expert tactician led to him being selected over candidates with more seniority. He had told the National Guard Association that year that "military force ... should be committed with the object beyond war in mind" and "broadly speaking, the object beyond war should be the restoration of stability with the minimum of destruction, so that society and lawful government may proceed in an atmosphere of justice and order."[2]

Vietnam War[]

Johnson went to Vietnam in December 1965 after the Battle of Ia Drang. He "concluded that it had not been a victory at all and that Westmoreland's big-unit strategy was misconceived".[3] However, Johnson publicly said there was no alternative to disrupting enemy main force units in the Central Highlands as preventing them from establishing base areas in the middle of the country was essential. After talking to junior officers involved in the first major actions, Johnson concluded that enemy main force units had the ability to evade engagements, giving them the option to keep casualties below an acceptable level, but they were in fact accepting the actual kill ratios being achieved, as evidenced by them attacking United States forces. Johnson started the process to have Westmoreland replaced in Vietnam, and commissioned the PROVN Study, which noted that "aerial attacks and artillery fire, applied indiscriminately, also have exacted a toll on village allegiance." There was a deep-seated reluctance among the Joint Chiefs of Staff to interfere with the command decisions of Westmoreland, but harassing artillery fire, by United States forces at least, was greatly reduced.[4][5]

As Johnson saw it, the communist units would always keep their casualties below what they considered a prohibitive level, and could not be swept away by US firepower. He did, however, acknowledge that the U.S. Commander in Vietnam, General William Westmoreland, had little choice but to engage the enemy's main formations, which had to be prevented from securing base areas where they could concentrate. Johnson was instrumental in altering the focus to a counterinsurgency approach, but was frustrated at the US Congress' refusal to provide the manpower necessary for successful pacification. In his later years Johnson said it had been obvious that US national mobilization was required to win in Vietnam, and he regretted not resigning in protest at the government asking the army to fight a war without hope of ultimate victory.

Conditions for enlisted personnel[]

As Chief of Staff, one of Johnson's noteworthy accomplishments was creating the office of the Sergeant Major of the Army to improve the quality of life for enlisted personnel. He selected Sergeant Major William O. Wooldridge to be the first to hold this post. Johnson also served as acting Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for a few months in 1967 during the convalescence of General Earle Wheeler. Johnson retired from active duty in July 1968. For three years, General Johnson headed the Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge and afterwards worked as a banking executive until retiring for good.

Final years[]

Johnson married Dorothy Rennix in 1935. During his term as chief of staff, he had been involved in many policy debates regarding the escalation of the Vietnam War as a proponent of full military mobilization to achieve a pacification of South Vietnam. He considered resigning in protest over President Lyndon B. Johnson's decision not to mobilize the reserves, and at the end of his life expressed regret at not doing so. He was the subject of a biography, Honorable Warrior, by Lewis Sorley. Johnson died on September 24, 1983, in Washington, D.C.. Johnson came to regret not opposing the escalation of the Vietnam War, lamenting that "I am now going to my grave with that lapse in moral courage on my back."[6]

Tributes[]

"He had an unusual sense of loyalty to the men under him, the kind of thing ordinary soldiers notice and value when they grade an officer..."[7]

"He was the best, someone born to lead men. I think he was always thinking about what was good for us. Nothing ever got by him."[8]


Decorations and awards[]

CIB2.png   Combat Infantryman Badge, 2 awards
Distinguished Service Cross
Bronze oak leaf cluster
 Distinguished Service Medal with bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
 Legion of Merit with three bronze oak leaf clusters
Bronze Star
Prisoner of War Medal
Bronze star
 American Defense Service Medal with one bronze service star
American Campaign Medal
Bronze star
Bronze star
Bronze star
Bronze star
 Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with four bronze campaign stars
World War II Victory Medal
Bronze oak leaf cluster
 National Defense Service Medal with one bronze oak leaf cluster
Silver star
Bronze star
 Korean Service Medal with silver and bronze campaign stars
Cheon-Su Medal
Sam IL Medal
Philippine Legion of Honor
Order of Military Merit (Brazil), Grand Cross
Bronze star
 Philippine Defense Medal with one bronze service star
Bronze star
 Philippine Liberation Medal with one bronze service star
Philippine Independence Medal
United Nations Korea Medal
Korean War Service Medal
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
 Army Presidential Unit Citation with two bronze oak leaf clusters
Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation (Army Version)
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation (Army Version)

Dates of rank[]

No insignia Cadet, United States Military Academy: July 1, 1929
US-O1 insignia.svg Second lieutenant, Regular Army: June 13, 1933
US-O2 insignia.svg First lieutenant, Regular Army: June 13, 1936
US-O3 insignia.svg Captain, Army of the United States: September 9, 1940
US-O4 insignia.svg Major, Army of the United States: December 19, 1941
US-O5 insignia.svg Lieutenant colonel, Army of the United States: April 7, 1942
US-O3 insignia.svg Captain, Regular Army: June 13, 1943
US-O6 insignia.svg Colonel, Army of the United States: September 2, 1945
US-O5 insignia.svg Lieutenant colonel, Army of the United States: May 1, 1946
(Reduced in rank.)
US-O4 insignia.svg Major, Regular Army: July 15, 1948
US-O5 insignia.svg Lieutenant colonel, Regular Army: July 28, 1950
US-O6 insignia.svg Colonel, Army of the United States: December 30, 1950
US-O7 insignia.svg Brigadier general, Army of the United States: January 1, 1956
US-O6 insignia.svg Colonel, Regular Army: February 1, 1956
US-O8 insignia.svg Major general, Army of the United States: July 1, 1959
US-O7 insignia.svg Brigadier general, Regular Army: May 22, 1960
US-O8 insignia.svg Major general, Regular Army: November 5, 1962
US-O9 insignia.svg Lieutenant general, Army of the United States: July 1, 1963
US-O10 insignia.svg General, Army of the United States: July 1, 1964
US-O10 insignia.svg General, Regular Army, Retired: June 30, 1968

References[]

  1. ^ The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War, David Halberstam, p. 19, Hyperion, 2007
  2. ^ Parameters.To Change a War: General Harold K. Johnson and the PROVN Study, LEWIS SORLEY
  3. ^ Parameters.To Change a War: General Harold K. Johnson and the PROVN Study, LEWIS SORLEY
  4. ^ The Ia Drang Campaign 1965: A Successful Operational Campaign or Mere Tactical Failure?, Peter J. Schifferle (1994)
  5. ^ Parameters.To Change a War: General Harold K. Johnson and the PROVN Study, LEWIS SORLEY
  6. ^ Wood, David (30 August 2016). "Would The Military Obey Commander In Chief Trump? Probably". Huffington Post. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  7. ^ Corporal Lester Urban, cited in Halberstam, p. 19
  8. ^ Halberstam, p. 19

External links[]

Military offices
Preceded by
Earle G. Wheeler 		Chief of Staff of the United States Army
1964–1968 		Succeeded by
William C. Westmoreland
Preceded by
 Commandant of the Command and General Staff College
1960–1963 		Succeeded by
Lionel C. McGarr
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