Helena Modjeska
Helena Modjeska | |
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Born | Jadwiga Benda (baptized Helena Opid) 12 October 1840 |
Died | 8 April 1909 | (aged 68)
Spouse(s) | Gustav Modrzejewski
(m. 1861; div. 1868)Count Karol Bozenta Chłapowski
(m. 1868) |
Children | 2, including Ralph Modjeski |
Relatives | Władysław T. Benda (nephew) |
Signature | |
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Helena Modrzejewska (Polish pronunciation: [mɔdʐɛˈjɛfska]; born Jadwiga Benda, 12 October 1840 – 8 April 1909), known professionally as Helena Modjeska, was a renowned Polish actress who specialized in Shakespearean and tragic roles.
Early life[]
Helena Modjeska was born in Kraków, Poland, on 12 October 1840.[1][2] Her name was recorded at birth as Jadwiga Benda, but she was later baptized Helena Opid, being given her godfather's surname.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Helena_Modrzejewska_1865_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/220px-Helena_Modrzejewska_1865_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg)
The question of her origins is a complicated one. Modjeska's mother was Józefa (Misel) Benda, the widow of a prosperous Kraków merchant, Szymon Benda.[3] In her autobiography, Modjeska claimed that her father was a musician named Michael Opid.[4] While it is true that the Benda family did employ a music teacher named Michal Opid, who later stood as Helena's godfather, Opid was not the father of Józefa Benda's two youngest children.[3]
There is evidence to suggest that Helena and her older brother Adolf were the results of an affair between Józefa and Prince Władysław Sanguszko, a wealthy and influential Polish nobleman.[1][3] Helena also had a younger sister, Josephine, and several half-brothers from Józefa's first marriage. Helena and Josephine were primarily raised by their great-aunt Teresa.
Also glossed over in Modjeska's autobiography were the details concerning her first marriage, to her former guardian, Gustave Sinnmayer (known in Poland as Gustaw Zimajer). Gustave was an actor and the director of a second-rate provincial theater troupe.[5] The date of Modjeska's marriage to Gustave is uncertain. She discovered many years later that they had never been legally married, as he was still married to his first wife when they wed.[6] Together the couple had two children, a son Rudolf (later renamed Ralph Modjeski), and a daughter Marylka, who died in infancy.[7]
Gustaw Zimajer used the stage name "Gustaw Modrzejewski."[8] It was the feminine version of this name that Modjeska adopted when she made her stage debut in 1861 as Helena Modrzejewska.[9] Later, when acting abroad, she used a simplified version of her name ("Modjeska"), which was easier for English-speaking audiences to pronounce.[10]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Helena_Modrzejewska_Krak%C3%B3w_1867.jpg/220px-Helena_Modrzejewska_Krak%C3%B3w_1867.jpg)
In her early Polish acting career, Modrzejewska played at Bochnia, Nowy Sącz, Przemyśl, Rzeszów and Brzeżany. In 1862 she appeared for the first time in Lwów, playing in her first Romantic drama, as "Skierka" in Juliusz Słowacki's Balladyna. From 1863 she appeared at Stanisławów and Czerniowce, in plays by Słowacki.
In 1865 Zimajer tried to get her a contract with Viennese theaters, but the plan came to naught due to her poor knowledge of the German language. Later that year Helena left Zimajer, taking their son Rudolf, and returning to Kraków.[11] Once there she accepted a four-year theatrical engagement. In 1868 she began appearing in Warsaw; during her eight years there, she consolidated her status as a theater star. Her half-brothers Józef and Feliks Benda were also well regarded actors in Poland.
An incident illustrates the circumstances under which Polish society then labored. At one of Modrzejewska's Warsaw performances, seventeen secondary-school pupils presented her with a bouquet of flowers tied with a ribbon in the red-and-white Polish national colors. The pupils were accused by the Russian Imperial authorities of conducting a patriotic demonstration. They were expelled from their school and banned from admission to any other school. One of the pupils, Ignacy Neufeld, subsequently shot himself; Modrzejewska attended his funeral.[12]
Chłapowski[]
On September 12, 1868, Modjeska married a Polish nobleman, Karol Bożenta Chłapowski.[1][13] Best known in America as "Count Bozenta," he was not a count. His family belonged to the untitled landed gentry (ziemiaństwo). In the United States he adopted the stage name "Count Bozenta" as a ploy to gain publicity. "Bozenta" was easier for an English-speaking audience to pronounce than "Chłapowski."[14]
At the time of their marriage, Chłapowski was employed as the editor of a liberal nationalist newspaper, Kraj (The Country), which was owned by Adam Sapieha and a Mr. Sammelson.[15] Modjeska wrote that their home "became the center of the artistic and literary world [of Kraków]." Poets, authors, politicians, artists, composers and other actors frequented Modjeska's salon.[15]
Emigration[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Modrzejewska_Camille.jpg/220px-Modrzejewska_Camille.jpg)
In July 1876, after spending more than a decade as the reigning diva of the Polish national theater, for reasons both personal and political, Modjeska and her husband chose to emigrate to the United States.[16]
My husband's only desire was to take me away from my surroundings and give me perfect rest from my work ... Our friends used to talk about the new country, the new life, new scenery, and the possibility of settling down somewhere in the land of freedom, away from the daily vexations to which each Pole was exposed in Russian or Prussian Poland. Henryk Sienkiewicz was the first to advocate emigration. Little by little others followed him, and soon five of them expressed the desire to seek adventures in the jungles of the virgin land. My husband, seeing the eagerness of the young men, conceived the idea of forming a colony in California on the model of the Brook Farm. The project was received with acclamation.[17]
Once in America, Modjeska and her husband purchased a ranch near Anaheim, California. Julian Sypniewski, Łucjan Paprowski, and Henryk Sienkiewicz (winner of the Nobel Prize for literature in 1905), were among the friends who had accompanied them to California. It was during this period that Sienkiewicz wrote his Charcoal Sketches (Szkice węglem). Originally the artists Stanisław Witkiewicz (father of Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz) and Adam Chmielowski (the future St. Albert) were also to have come with Modjeska's group, but they changed their plans.
Modjeska intended to abandon her career and envisioned herself living "a life of toil under the blue skies of California, among the hills, riding on horseback with a gun over my shoulder."[17] The reality proved less cinematic. None of the colonists knew the first thing about ranching or farming, and they could barely speak English.[18] The utopian experiment failed, the colonists went their separate ways, and Modjeska returned to the stage, reprising the Shakespearean roles that she had performed in Poland.[1][19] Perhaps the best account of daily life on the ranch is Theodore Payne's memoir, Life on the Modjeska Ranch in the Gay Nineties.
American career[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Helena_Modrzejewska_by_Melecjusz_Dutkiewicz.jpg/220px-Helena_Modrzejewska_by_Melecjusz_Dutkiewicz.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/PortretHelenyModrzejewskiej.TadeuszAjdukiewicz.1880.ws.jpg/220px-PortretHelenyModrzejewskiej.TadeuszAjdukiewicz.1880.ws.jpg)
On 20 August 1877 Modjeska debuted at the California Theatre in San Francisco in an English version of Ernest Legouvé's Adrienne Lecouvreur. She was seen by theatrical agent Harry J. Sargent who signed her for a tour on the east coast where she made her New York debut.[20][21] She then spent three years abroad (1879–82), mainly in London, attempting to improve her English, before returning to the stage in America.[22] In 1880, she visited the Lizard Peninsula in Cornwall and on hearing that the parish church of Ruan Minor was in need of an organ she collaborated with Mr J Forbes-Robertson to put on a performance. Romeo and Juliet was performed on a temporary stage in the vicarage garden and watched by many local people. A resident of Penzance and soon to be, member of parliament for the St Ives constituency, Charles Campbell Ross played the part of Friar Laurence.[23]
Despite her accent and imperfect command of English, she achieved great success.[24] During her career, she played nine Shakespearean heroines, Marguerite Gautier in Camille, and Schiller's Maria Stuart. In 1883, the year she obtained American citizenship, she produced Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House in Louisville, Kentucky, the first Ibsen play staged in the United States. In the 1880s and 1890s, she had a reputation as the leading female interpreter of Shakespeare on the American stage.[25]
In 1893 Modjeska was invited to speak to a women's conference at the Chicago World's Fair, and described the situation of Polish women in the Russian and Prussian-ruled parts of dismembered Poland. This led to a tsarist ban on her traveling in Russian territory.[26]
Modjeska suffered a stroke and partially was paralyzed in 1897, but recovered and soon returned to the stage, continuing to perform for several additional years.[27]
During her last stay in Poland, from 31 October 1902 to 28 April 1903, she appeared on the stage in Lwów, Poznań, and her native Kraków.
On 2 May 1905, she gave a jubilee performance in New York City. Then she toured for two years and ended her acting career, afterward only appearing sporadically in support of charitable causes.
Modjeska died at Newport Beach, California on 8 April 1909, aged 68, from Bright's disease.[28] Her remains were sent to Kraków to be buried in the family plot at the Rakowicki Cemetery.
Her autobiography Memories and Impressions of Helena Modjeska was published posthumously in 1910. A Polish translation ran the same year in the Kraków newspaper Czas (Time). The last Polish edition of the book appeared in 1957.
Modrzejewska's son, Rudolf Modrzejewski (Ralph Modjeski), was a civil engineer who gained fame as a designer of bridges.[29][30]
Legacies[]
Arden, Modjeska's home from 1888 to 1906, is a registered National Historic Landmark.
Named for her are:
- Modjeska Park in Anaheim, California (33°48'53"N 117°57'8"W)
- Helene Street in Anaheim, California
- Modjeska Canyon, California (where Arden is located)
- Modjeska Falls, California, at the Glen Alpine Springs Resort
- Modjeska Peak (the north peak of Saddleback Mountain).
- Bouquet Helena Modjeska by American perfumer John Blocki of Prussian and Polish descent
- Modjeskas, a caramel-covered marshmallow confection invented in 1889 by a local candy-maker named Anton Busath (and later made by other candy-makers, including Bauer's Candies, Muth's Candies and Schimpff's Confectionery) in her honor when she visited Louisville, Kentucky.
- A street in Wrocław, formerly named after the German actress Agnes Sorma when the city was part of Germany as Breslau.
- Modjeska Youth Theater Company in Milwaukee Wisconsin
- A Pullman car, the Helena Modjeska, was named for her.
- SS Helena Modjeska, a 7,000 ton US cargo steamer that ran aground on Goodwin Sands in 1946.[32]
Also a statue of Modjeska is located outside the Pearson Park Amphitheater in Anaheim, California.
Modjeska was the mother of bridge engineer Ralph Modjeski and godmother to artist-author-philosopher Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (son of artist Stanisław Witkiewicz, who almost accompanied Modjeska and her family to California in 1876). She was also the aunt of artist Władysław T. Benda.
She was godmother to American actress Ethel Barrymore.
Roles[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Modrzejewska_Maria_Stuart_1886.jpg/220px-Modrzejewska_Maria_Stuart_1886.jpg)
Modjeska's chief tragic roles were:
- Ophelia in Hamlet
- Juliet in Romeo and Juliet
- Desdemona in Othello
- Queen Anne in Richard III
- Nora in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House
- Louisa Miller
- Friedrich Schiller's Maria Stuart and Princess Eboli
- Marion Delorme in Victor Hugo's Marion Delorme
- Victor Hugo's Tisbé
- Juliusz Słowacki's Maria Stuart and Mazeppa
Modrzejewska was also the Polish interpreter of the more prominent plays by Ernest Legouvé, Alexandre Dumas, père and fils, Émile Augier, Alfred de Musset, Octave Feuillet and Victorien Sardou.
In literature[]
Susan Sontag's award-winning 1999 novel In America, though fiction, is based on Modjeska's life.[33] The book precipitated a controversy when Sontag was accused of having plagiarized other works about Modjeska.[34]
Modjeska was a character in the novella My Mortal Enemy by Willa Cather.
Scholars Joanna and Catharina Polatynska have posited that Modjeska might have been Arthur Conan Doyle's model for the character Irene Adler, the only woman that Sherlock Holmes came close to loving. In "A Scandal in Bohemia", Doyle mentions Adler having been prima donna of the fictional Imperial Opera of Warsaw in the same years when Modjeska was at the peak of her theatrical career in Warsaw, and the fictional character's personality recalls that of the actual actress.[35]
Death anniversary[]
In 2009, in honor of the 100th anniversary of her death, the Historical Museum of the City of Kraków presented the exhibition "Helena Modjeska (1840-1909): For the Love of Art" (8 April – 20 September 2009). The Warsaw staging of the same exhibition ran from October 2009 through January 2010.[36] The exhibition included items from the Bowers Museum in Santa Ana, California.
See also[]
- Helena Modrzejewska National Stary Theater in Kraków
- Starring Madame Modjeska
- List of Poles
- Legitimacy
Notes[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Shattuck, Shakespeare on the American Stage, p. 126.
- ^ Modjeska, Memories and Impressions, p. 15.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Coleman, Fair Rosalind, p. 1.
- ^ Modjeska, Memories and Impressions, page 17.
- ^ Osnes, Acting.
- ^ Shattuck, Shakespeare on the American Stage, pp. 126 and 317.
- ^ Modjeska, Memories and Impressions, p. 114.
- ^ The surname "Modrzejewski" would seem to derive from "modrzew," the Polish for "larch."
- ^ Wilmeth, Cambridge Guide to American Theatre, p. 263.
- ^ Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia Archived 2006-03-16 at the Wayback Machine at www.britannica.com
- ^ Helena Modjeska. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-08-10. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
- ^ Information from the Polish Wikipedia article, edition of 19:53, 25 January 2009.
- ^ Modjeska, Memories and Impressions, p. 154.
- ^ Modjeska, Memories and Impressions, p. 346.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Modjeska, Memories and Impressions, p. 174.
- ^ Modjeska, Memories and Impressions, p. 257.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Modjeska, Memories and Impressions, p. 249.
- ^ Modjeska, Memories and Impressions, p. 250.
- ^ Obst, "Ralph Modjeski—Bridge Builder" "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-05-20. Retrieved 2009-02-16.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link).
- ^ HELENA, HELENA (1910). MEMORIES AND IMPRESSIONS OF HELENA MODJESKA. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. p. 336. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
- ^ San Francisco Chronicle (Oct.17, 2010) "Modjeska--Woman Triuimphant"
- ^ Shattuck, Shakespeare on the American Stage, p. 128.
- ^ "Madame Modjeska Recruiting Her Strength". The Cornishman (113). 9 September 1880. p. 5.
- ^ "Modjeska, Helena," Encyclopedia Americana, 1986 ed., vol. 19, p. 313.
- ^ Shattuck, Shakespeare on the American Stage, p. 127.
- ^ Modjeska, Memories and Impressions, p. 518.
- ^ "Gerald Boardman and Thomas S. Hischak, The Oxford Companion to American Theatre, 2004". Archived from the original on 2009-02-14. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
- ^ "Modjeska Woman Triumphant". www.modjeskawomantriumphantmovie.com. Archived from the original on 2010-02-06. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ Obst, "Ralph Modjeski—Bridge Builder" "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-05-20. Retrieved 2009-02-16.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Jerzy Jan Lerski et al., Historical Dictionary of Poland, p. 361.
- ^ Inkersley, Arthur (February 1911). "Modjeska's Life in California". Overland Monthly. LVII (2): 178–185.
- ^ "SS Helena Modjeska". www.ramsgatehistory.com. Archived from the original on 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2016-11-24.
- ^ Susan Sontag, In America: A Novel, introduction, New York, 1999.
- ^ Doreen Carvajal, 27 May 2002. "So Whose Words Are They? Susan Sontag Creates a Stir." New York Times Book Review.
- ^ WebDesign, Quintessential. "The Diogenes Club: A Few Words about Theatres in Warsaw or Where Sang Irene Adler". www.diogenes-club.com. Archived from the original on 2010-02-24. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
- ^ Malgorzata Palka (translator: Piotr Krasnowolski), exhibition notes: Helena Modjeska (1840-1909): For the Love of Art. Muezeum Histoyczne Miasta Krakowa and Teatr Wielki – Polish National Opera in Warsaw.
References[]
- Gerald Boardman and Thomas S. Hischak, The Oxford Companion to American Theatre, 2004.
- Marion Moore Coleman, Fair Rosalind: the American Career of Helena Modjeska, Cheshire, Cherry Hill Books, 1969.
- Mabel Collins, The Story of Helena Modjeska, London, 1883.
- Jerzy Got, ed, Korespondencja Heleny Modrzejewskiej i Karola Chłapowskiego (Correspondence of Helena Modrzejewska and Karol Chłapowski), Warsaw, 1965.
- Antoni Gronowicz, Modjeska: Her Life and Loves, New York, 1956.
- Lerski, George J. (Jerzy Jan); Wróbel, Piotr; Kozicizi, Richard J. (1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-26007-9.[dead link]
- Modjeska, Helena (1910). Memories and Impressions of Helena Modjeska: An Autobiography. New link, The Macmillan Company.
- Peter J. Obst, "Ralph Modjeski—Bridge Builder," Polish Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo, 2000.
- Beth Osnes, Acting: An Encyclopedia of Traditional Culture, New York, ABC-Clio, 2001.
- Anne Seagraves, Women Who Charmed the West, Post Falls, 1991.
- Charles Harlen Shattuck, Shakespeare on the American Stage, Washington, Associated University Presses, 1987.
- Don B. Wilmeth, Cambridge Guide to American Theatre, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
- Bill Kemp, "Famed actress Modjeska wowed locals," Pantagraph, April 10, 2016
Further reading[]
- Holmgren, Beth (2011). Starring Madame Modjeska: On Tour in Poland and America. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35664-2.
- Modjeska, Helena (1910). Memories and Impressions of Helena Modjeska, An Autobiography. New York, NY: Macmillan – via HathiTrust.
External links[]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Helena Modrzejewska. |
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Wikisource has original works written by or about: Helena Modjeska |
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Wikiquote has quotations related to: Helena Modjeska |
Archival collections[]
- Works by or about Helena Modjeska at Internet Archive
- Guide to the Ellen K. Lee Collection on Helena Modjeska and Orange County. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
- Guide to the Collection of Helena Modjeska Theater Memorabilia. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
- Guide to the Helena Modjeska Collection. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
- Madam Modjeska scrapbooks, 1877-1898, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
- Heroines of the Modern Stage p. 52 by Forrest Izard c.1915
Other[]
- Helena Modrzejewska at culture.pl
- Modjeska, Helena at American National Biography
- Diogenes Club. Theaters in Warsaw, Where Irene Adler Sang
- A play in which Modjeska reflects on her life
- A documentary film about Helena Modjeska's life and passions
- Helena Modjeska-Icon of Style. Reconstructions of XIX century costumes
- Helena Modjeska at Find a Grave
- 1840 births
- 1909 deaths
- 19th-century American actresses
- American stage actresses
- Polish stage actresses
- Actresses from Kraków
- People from Los Angeles County, California
- Actors from Orange County, California
- History of Orange County, California
- Polish emigrants to the United States
- 19th-century Polish actresses
- Burials at Rakowicki Cemetery