Hemolivia
Hemolivia | |
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Hemolivia argantis (A–H) and Hemolivia stellata (I) in their invertebrate hosts [1] | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Clade: | SAR |
Infrakingdom: | Alveolata |
Phylum: | Apicomplexa |
Class: | Conoidasida |
Order: | Eucoccidiorida |
Family: | Karyolysidae |
Genus: | Hemolivia |
Species | |
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Hemolivia (also spelled Haemolivia) is a genus of the phylum Apicomplexia.
History[]
This genus was described in 1990 by Petit et al.[2]
The type species is . Molecular data on H. stellata were provided in 2015 by Karadjian, Chavatte and Landau, from a 25-year-old archived smear of crushed tick ().[1]
Hepatozoon argantis Garnham, 1954 was reassigned to Hemolivia as (Garnham, 1954) Karadjian, Chavatte and Landau, 2015.[1]
Characteristics of the genus[]
The species in this genus are haemogregarines and infect exothermic vertebrates. They have erythrocytic gamogony, both erythrocytic and extra-erythrocytic merogony and . The definitive hosts are ixodid ticks.
Sporogony occurs in two phases. In the first phase conjugation and fertilization occur within the tick gut. This is followed by the formation of oocysts and the generation of . In the second phase the sporokinetes invade the body of the tick and give rise to sporocysts containing sporozoites infective to the vertebrate host.
Life cycle[]
The vertebrate host of this species is the cane toad (Bufo marinus). The invertebrate host is the tick .[2]
Toads become infected by ingesting infected ticks. The sporozoites are released from the sporocysts within the tick and penetrate the intestinal wall. Within the toad they replicate within the endothelial cells and erythrocytes. Liver cysts may form.
Circulating gamonts are then ingested by a tick. Within the tick gut the gamonts form pairs and penetrate the epithelial cells. Within these cells they associate in . Gametes are formed and fuse forming an oocyst. The oocysts are star shaped. The oocyst undergoes meiosis and then mitosis producing numerous sporozoites.
These sporozoites invade the body of the tick, undergo merogony and giving rise to many merozoites which are infective for the toad.
Host records[]
H. mariae - blue-tongued skink (Tiliqua rugosa)
H. mauritanica - Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca), marginated tortoise (Testudo marginata),
H. stellata - teiid lizard (Ameiva ameiva), cane toad (Bufo marinus)
Vectors[]
H. mariae -
H. mauritanica -
H. stellata - .
References[]
- ^ a b c Karadjian, Grégory; Chavatte, Jean-Marc; Landau, Irène (2015). "Systematic revision of the adeleid haemogregarines, with creation of Bartazoon n. g., reassignment of Hepatozoon argantis Garnham, 1954 to Hemolivia, and molecular data on Hemolivia stellata". Parasite. 22: 31. doi:10.1051/parasite/2015031. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 4639712. PMID 26551414.
- ^ a b Petit, G.; Landau, I.; Baccam, D.; Lainson, R. (1990). "Description et cycle biologique d'Hemolivia stellata n. g., n. sp., hémogrégarine de crapauds brésiliens". Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée. 65 (1): 3–15. doi:10.1051/parasite/1990651003. ISSN 0003-4150.
- Apicomplexa genera