High Street

High Street in Oxford, England

High Street sign in English and French, St Peter Port, Guernsey

High Street is a common street name for the primary business street of a city, town, or other population center, especially in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth. It implies that it is the focal point for business, especially shopping. It is also a metonym for the retail sector.

The number of High Streets grew from the 17th century and reached a peak in Victorian Britain. Since the latter half of the 20th century, the prosperity of High Streets has been in decline, forcing many shop closures and prompting the UK government to consider initiatives to reinvigorate and preserve the High Street.

High Street is the most common street name in the UK, which according to a 2009 statistical compilation has 5,410 High Streets, 3,811 Station Roads and 2,702 Main Streets.^[1]

Definition and usage[]

In Middle English the word "high" denoted a very meaning of excellence or superior rank ("high sheriff", "Lord High Chancellor", "high society"). "High" also applied to roads as they improved: "highway" was a new term taken up by the church and their vestries during the 17th century as a term for all public roads between settlements.^[2] From the 19th century, which saw a proliferation in the number of public roads (public highways), in countries using the term motorway, the term highway fell out of common speech and was supplanted by the legal definition, denoting any public road, as in the Highway Code. Thus the term "High Street" assumed a different meaning; that of a street where the most important shops and businesses were located.^[3]

In Britain, the term 'High Street' has both a generic and a specific meaning: people refer to 'shopping on the high street' both when they mean the main retail area, as well as the specific street of that name. Many former British colonies, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand and New England (especially Massachusetts), adopted the term to refer to retail shopping areas.^{[example needed]} High Street is used less commonly in the Republic of Ireland.

Incidence[]

In Britain, some 3,000 streets called High Street and about 2,300 streets with variations on the name (such as Upper High Street, High Street West) have been identified, giving a grand total of approximately 5,300.^[4] Of these, more than 600 High Streets are located in London's boroughs.^[5]

Main Street is a term also used in smaller towns and villages in Scotland. In North East England, the main commercial district is Front Street (especially in cities located alongside a waterway). In Cornwall, some places in Devon and some places in the North of England, the equivalent is Fore Street; in some parts of the UK Market Street is also used, although sometimes this may be a different area where street markets are currently (or were historically) centred.

History[]

Following the Great Fire of London (1666), the city of London was completely rebuilt. New planning laws, governing rebuilding, designated four types of street based on the size of their carriageways and the types of buildings. Shops were permitted in the principal street or 'high street', but not in the by-lanes or back streets. This may have been based on the need for high visibility in order to regulate retail trade, as well as to avoid congestion in the narrow lanes and back streets.^[6] Accordingly, from the 17th century, the term "High Street" gradually assumed a narrower meaning and came to describe thoroughfares with significant retail in large villages and towns.

In the late 17th and 18th centuries, the number of High Streets increased markedly. The 19th century was a "golden era" for High Street shops.^[7] The rise of the middle class in Victorian England contributed to a more favourable attitude to shopping and consumption. Shopping centres became places to see and be seen, for recreational shopping, and for promenading.^[8] By the 20th century, however, the viability of high streets began to decline.

Postwar[]

In the second half of the 20th century, traditional British High Street precincts came under pressure from out-of-town shopping centres in the United Kingdom, with the balance shifting towards the latter.^[9] In the early 21st century, bricks and mortar retailers confronted another major threat from online retailers operating in a global marketplace. To confront this threat, High Street precincts have been forced to evolve; some have become smaller as shops shut their doors, while others have become more like social spaces with a concentration of retail services including cafes, restaurants and entertainment venues while yet others have positioned themselves as more up-market shopping precincts with a preponderance of stores selling luxury branded goods.^[10]

In the United Kingdom, geographic concentration of goods and services (including at industrial estates and out of town shopping centres) has reduced the share of the economy contributed to by workers in the high street. High Street refers to only a part of commerce. The town centre in many British towns combines a group of outdoor shopping streets (one or more of which may be pedestrianised), with an adjacent indoor shopping centre.^{[citation needed]}

High Streets through the centuries

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  The Peacock Inn, High Street, Islington, c. 1800

• 

  High Street, Edinburgh in the 18th century

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  Lincoln High Street, c. 1820

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  Winchester High Street, 1853

• 

  Angel Inn on High Street, 1882

• 

  Houses in High Street, 1888

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  Corner of High Street, 1888

• 

  High Street, Belfast, 1888

• 

  High Street, Dunedin, 1914

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  High Street, Charing, Kent, 1905

• 

  Crawley High Street, 1922

• 

  High Street, Fremantle, c. 1940

Trends[]

Orpington High Street, London, England

The popularity of shopping malls in the mid-20th century, combined with the rise of online retail at the turn of the century has threatened the viability of high street retail precincts.^[11]

Initiatives to preserve the traditional British High Street are evident. Research into the customer's shopping preferences and patterns reveals that the continued vitality of towns is predicated on a number of different variables. Research has highlighted the ongoing challenges faced by towns and cities and suggested that "[t]he town centre serves not only social, utilitarian or hedonic shopping purposes but also supports out-of-hours entertainment and leisure services. The way that consumers perceive and use town centres has also fundamentally changed."^[12] In order to address the issues threatening the sustainability of towns it is increasingly important to consider consumer behaviour and customer experience. This is in line with research that proposes that for high street retail to thrive in spite of the growth threat of eCommerce, the sensual hedonic experiences (e.g. scent, feel, etc.) need to be presented to visitors while allowing for discovery of hidden experiences in the built environment.^[13]

Small shop preservationist movement[]

Christmas Shopping in Nottingham City Centre 2016

In 2006, a House of Commons committee concluded that the loss of small shops on high streets in favor of chain stores contributes to the formation of clone towns, leading to "a loss of sociability".^[14]

The Portas Review[]

In 2011, business consultant, Mary Portas, best known for the TV series Mary Queen of Shops, was commissioned by the UK government to provide an independent review of High Street shopping.^[15] The report provided evidence for the decline of High Street precincts such as data indicating that retail spending in High Street shops had fallen to below 50 per cent.^[16] Her final report set out a vision for High Streets and a number of recommendations. However, her plan has failed to stem the number of High Street store closures, leaving authorities in a quandary about how to proceed.^[17]

Comparative usage[]

Ilfracombe High Street, Devon, England

The term "High Street" is used to describe stores found on a typical high street to differentiate them from more specialised, exclusive and expensive outlets (often independent stores) – for example, "High Street banks" (instead of the less-common private or investment banks) or "High Street shops" (instead of boutiques).

The phrase "High Street banks" is used to refer to the retail banking sector in the United Kingdom.^[18]

International equivalents[]

Australia[]

Alongside High Street, the term Main Street is also used in smaller towns and villages.

Belgium and the Netherlands[]

The Dutch equivalent is Hoogstraat, or in villages Dorpsstraat ("village street')

Canada[]

Front Street, Toronto, Canada

Alongside the term High Street, the term Main Street is also used. In Canada, east of Lake Superior, King Street and Queen Street are often major streets; rue Principale, as the literal French language equivalent of Main Street is frequently used in Quebec towns, and "a village where the main street is still Main Street" is a phrase that is used in respect for small towns. In some sections of Canada, the main commercial district is Front Street (especially in cities located alongside a waterway).

Germany[]

In Germany, the equivalent is Hauptstraße (Main Street), though this can also refer to a road with a lot of traffic (i.e., a highway). In Cologne the Hohe Straße (literally, High Street) is the main shopping street, but was named after a gate at its southern end (the Hohe Pforte, or High Gate).^[19]

The name "High Street" may also be used as a multilingual joke. Viktoriastraße in Hagen has been given this nickname because students from the Cuno Berufskolleg have the habit of smoking weed in front of their school during breaks. Since an incident in 2019 when a group of students got high there and puked on the street, they say "Komm zur High Street!" ("Let's meet on High Street").^{[citation needed]}

Ireland[]

Bilingual Main Street sign in Killough, County Down, Northern Ireland

High Streets are less commonly seen in Ireland. Neither of Dublin's two main shopping streets (Grafton Street and Henry Street) carry this name, nor does its main thoroughfare (O'Connell Street). While Dublin has a High Street near Christchurch, formerly the centre of the medieval city, it is not today a shopping street.^[20] The city of Cork's main shopping street is St Patrick's Street. The city's oldest streets are named North Main Street and South Main Street. Limerick's principal thoroughfare, like Dublin, is also O'Connell Street (the name is used in a number of other Irish towns in honour of Daniel O'Connell).

Main Street (Irish: An tSráid Mhór, literally "The Big/Great Street") is used in many smaller towns and villages. For example, the OSI North Leinster Town Maps book lists sixteen "Main Streets" and only two "High Streets" in its thirty-town index of street names. Similarly, the OSI Dublin Street Guide (covering all of Dublin City and County Dublin) lists twenty "Main Streets" and only two "High Streets".

Some Irish towns do have a major shopping street named High Street (Irish: An tSráid Ard), including Killarney, Galway, Wexford, Ballinrobe, Westport, Muine Bheag, Macroom, Tuam, Wicklow, Trim, Monaghan and Kilrush.^[21]

Bantry, County Cork is an interesting variant; the main shopping street is called High Street in its western part and Main Street in its eastern part.^[22] The same is found in Athlone and Birr, County Offaly.^[23]

Jamaica[]

In Jamaica, the main commercial district is Front Street (especially in cities located alongside a waterway).

United States[]

The equivalent in the United States is Main Street. In some sections of the United States, the main commercial district is Front Street (especially in cities located alongside a waterway).

See also[]

• High Street chic
• History of Retail
• Main street
• Shopping

References[]

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to High streets.

• World Wide Words Etymology of High Street
• Pictures, information and shops for many of the High Streets in Britain (mainly Scotland at the moment)
• HighStreet – UK Highstreet Opening Times