Hoagland solution

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The Hoagland solution is a hydroponic nutrient solution that was developed by Hoagland and Snyder in 1933,[1] modified by Hoagland and Arnon in 1938[2] and revised by Arnon in 1950.[3] It is one of the most popular solution compositions for growing plants, in the scientific world at least, with more than 18,000 citations listed by Google Scholar.[4] The Hoagland solution provides every essential nutrient required by green plants and is appropriate for supporting growth of a large variety of plant species.[5]

The original solution described by Dennis Hoagland in 1933, known as Hoagland solution (0), has been modified several times, mainly to add ferric chelates to keep iron effectively in solution,[6] and to optimize the composition and concentration of micronutrients of a so-called "A-Z solution", which includes a total of 26 elements.[7] In Hoagland's nutrient recipe of 1938 the number of micronutrients was reduced to five essential elements (B, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Mo). In the revision of 1950, only one concentration (Mo 0.011 ppm) was changed compared to 1938 (Mo 0.048 ppm), while the concentration of macronutrients of the Hoagland solutions (0), (1), and (2) remained the same since 1933, with the exception of calcium (160 ppm) in solution (2).[8] The main difference between solution (1) and solution (2) is due to the different use of nitrate-nitrogen and ammonium-nitrogen based stock solutions to prepare the respective Hoagland solution of interest (cf. Tables (1) and (2)). Accordingly, the original and the modified concentrations for each essential element and sodium are shown below, the calculation of these values being derived from Tables (1), (2), and "A-Z solution".[9]

  • N 210 ppm
  • K 235 ppm
  • Ca 200 ppm / 160 ppm
  • P 31 ppm
  • S 64 ppm
  • Cl 0.14 ppm / 0.65 ppm
  • Na 0.023 ppm / 1.2 ppm
  • Mg 48.6 ppm
  • B 0.11 ppm / 0.5 ppm
  • Mn 0.11 ppm / 0.5 ppm
  • Zn 0.023 ppm / 0.05 ppm
  • Cu 0.014 ppm / 0.02 ppm
  • Mo 0.018 ppm / 0.048 ppm / 0.011 ppm
  • Fe 1 ppm / 2.9 ppm / 5 ppm

The Hoagland solution, which is supposed to imitate a (nutrient-) rich soil solution,[10] has high concentrations of N and K so it is very well suited for the development of large plants like tomato and bell pepper. For example, a half-strength macronutrient solution (1) of Hoagland can be combined with a full micronutrient solution of Long Ashton and a tenth-strength ferric EDTA solution to fertilize tomato seedlings.[11] Due to relatively high concentrations in the aqueous stock solutions (cf. Tables (1) and (2)) the solution is very good for the growth of plants with lower nutrient demands as well, such as lettuce and aquatic plants, with the further dilution of the preparation to 1/4 or 1/5 of the modified solution.[12]

Salts and acids to make up the Hoagland hydroponic and soil culture solution formulations (1) and (2):[13]

  1. Potassium nitrate, KNO3
  2. Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, Ca(NO3)2•4H2O
  3. Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, MgSO4•7H2O
  4. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, KH2PO4 or
  5. Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, (NH4)H2PO4
  6. Boric acid, H3BO3
  7. Manganese chloride tetrahydrate, MnCl2•4H2O
  8. Zinc sulfate heptahydrate, ZnSO4•7H2O
  9. Copper sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO4•5H2O
  10. Molybdic acid monohydrate, H2MoO4•H2O or
  11. Sodium molybdate dihydrate, Na2MoO4•2H2O
  12. Ferric tartrate or Iron(III)-EDTA− or Iron chelate (Fe-EDDHA−)

Table (1) to prepare the stock solutions and a full Hoagland solution (1)*

Component Stock Solution mL Stock Solution/1 L
Macronutrients
2M KNO3 202 g/L 2.5
2M Ca(NO3)2•4H2O 236 g/0.5 L 2.5
2M MgSO4•7H2O 493 g/L 1
1M KH2PO4 136 g/L 1
Micronutrients
H3BO3 2.86 g/L 1
MnCl2•4H2O 1.81 g/L 1
ZnSO4•7H2O 0.22 g/L 1
CuSO4•5H2O 0.08 g/L 1
H2MoO4•H2O or 0.09 g/L 1
Na2MoO4•2H2O ☆ 0.12 g/L 1
Iron
C12H12Fe2O18 or 5 g/L 1
Sprint 138 iron chelate ☆ 15 g/L 1.5

*according to Hoagland and Arnon (1938), except ☆

Table (2) to prepare the stock solutions and a full Hoagland solution (2)**

Component Stock Solution mL Stock Solution/1 L
Macronutrients
2M KNO3 202 g/L 3
2M Ca(NO3)2•4H2O 236 g/0.5 L 2
2M MgSO4•7H2O 493 g/L 1
1M NH4H2PO4 115 g/L 1
Micronutrients
H3BO3 2.86 g/L 1
MnCl2•4H2O 1.81 g/L 1
ZnSO4•7H2O 0.22 g/L 1
CuSO4•5H2O 0.08 g/L 1
H2MoO4•H2O 0.02 g/L 1
Iron
C12H12Fe2O18 or 5 g/L 1
Sprint 138 iron chelate ☆ 15 g/L 1.5

**according to Hoagland and Arnon (1950), except ☆

Sprint 138 iron chelate is produced as sodium Fe-EDDHA, while Hoagland's solution formulations contain ferric tartrate but no sodium ions because sodium is considered non-essential to plants. Synthesizing a sodium-free ferric EDTA complex in a laboratory is therefore sometimes preferred to buying ready-made products. Variable micronutrients (e.g., Co, Ni) and rather non-essential elements (e.g., Pb, Hg) mentioned in Hoagland's 1933 original publication (known as "A-Z solutions a and b"[14]) are no longer included in his later circulars. Most of these metallic elements, as well as organic compounds, are not necessary for normal plant nutrition.[15] As an exception, there is evidence that, for example, some algae require cobalt for the synthesis of vitamin B12.[16] On the other hand, it is evident that the modified Hoagland solutions of 1938 and 1950 (cf. Tables (1) and (2)) are balanced nutrient solutions that answer Hoagland's initial question how to compose and concentrate the solutions best suited to the growth of plants.[17]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Hoagland, D.R.; Snyder, W.C. (1933). "Nutrition of strawberry plant under controlled conditions. (a) Effects of deficiencies of boron and certain other elements, (b) susceptibility to injury from sodium salts". Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 30: 288–294.
  2. ^ Hoagland & Arnon (1938). The water-culture method for growing plants without soil (Circular (California Agricultural Experiment Station), 347. ed.). Berkeley, Calif. : University of California, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station. OCLC 12406778.
  3. ^ Hoagland & Arnon (1950). The water-culture method for growing plants without soil. (Circular (California Agricultural Experiment Station), 347. ed.). Berkeley, Calif. : University of California, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station. (Revision). Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  4. ^ "The water-culture method for growing plants without soil". Google Scholar. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  5. ^ Smith, G. S.; Johnston, C. M.; Cornforth, I. S. (1983). "Comparison of nutrient solutions for growth of plants in sand culture". The New Phytologist. 94 (4): 537–548. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb04863.x. ISSN 1469-8137.
  6. ^ Jacobson, L. (1951). "Maintenance of Iron Supply in Nutrient Solutions by a Single Addition of Ferric Potassium Ethylenediamine Tetra-Acetate". Plant Physiology. 26 (2): 411–413. doi:10.1104/pp.26.2.411. PMC 437509. PMID 16654380.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  7. ^ Arnon, D.I. (1938). "Microelements in culture-solution experiments with higher plants". American Journal of Botany. 25 (5): 322–325. doi:10.2307/2436754.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  8. ^ Kilinc, S. S.; Ertan, E.; Seferoglu, S. (2007). "Effects of different nutrient solution formulations on morphological and biochemical characteristics of nursery fig trees grown in substrate culture". Scientia Horticulturae. 113: 20–27. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2007.01.032.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  9. ^ Hewitt E. J. (1966). Sand and Water Culture Methods Used in the Study of Plant Nutrition. Farnham Royal, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, pp. 547. Technical Communication No. 22 (Revised 2nd Edition) of the Commonwealth Bureau of Horticulture and Plantation Crops.
  10. ^ Arrhenius, O. (1922). "Absorption of nutrients and plant growth in relation to hydrogen ion concentration". Journal of General Physiology. 5 (1): 81–88. doi:10.1085/jgp.5.1.81. PMC 2140552. PMID 19871980.
  11. ^ He, F.; Thiele, B.; Watt, M.; Kraska, T.; Ulbrich, A.; Kuhn, A. J. (2019). "Effects of root cooling on plant growth and fruit quality of cocktail tomato during two consecutive seasons". Journal of Food Quality. Article ID 3598172: 1–15. doi:10.1155/2019/3598172.
  12. ^ "The Hoaglands Solution for Hydroponic Cultivation". Science in Hydroponics. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  13. ^ Epstein E. (1972). Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and Perspectives. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 412.
  14. ^ Schropp, W.; Arenz, B. (1942). "Über die Wirkung der A‐Z‐Lösungen nach Hoagland und einiger ihrer Bestandteile auf das Pflanzenwachstum". Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 26 (4–5): 198–246. doi:10.1002/jpln.19420260403.
  15. ^ Murashige, T; Skoog, F (1962). "A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures". Physiologia Plantarum. 15 (3): 473–497. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x.
  16. ^ Kumudha, A.; Selvakumar, S.; Dilshad, P.; Vaidyanathan, G.; Thakur, M.S.; Sarada, R. (2015). "Methylcobalamin – a form of vitamin B12 identified and characterised in Chlorella vulgaris". Food Chemistry. 170: 316–320. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.035. PMID 25306351.
  17. ^ Hoagland, D.R. (1920). "Optimum nutrient solutions for plants". Science. 52 (1354): 562–564. Bibcode:1920Sci....52..562H. doi:10.1126/science.52.1354.562. PMID 17811355.

External links[]

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