Hogback (sculpture)

A hogback in Dalserf Churchyard in South Lanarkshire, Scotland; the stone was found on the site in 1897. The patterned carvings are thought to represent wooden roof shingles.

Hogbacks are stone carved Anglo-Scandinavian sculptures from 10th- to 12th-century England and Scotland. Singular hogbacks were found in Ireland and Wales. Hogbacks fell out of fashion by the beginning of the 11th century. Their function is generally accepted as grave markers. Similar grave markers have been found in Scandinavia.

Geography and description[]

Hogbacks take the form of recumbent monuments, generally with a curved ('hogbacked') ridge, often also with outwardly curved sides. This shape, and the fact that they are frequently decorated with 'shingles' on either side of the central ridge, show that they are stylised 'houses' for the dead. The 'house' is of a Scandinavian longhouse type associated with the 'mead hall' feasting at Valhalla in pre-Christian Norse religion. One theory is that hogbacks originated among the Danish settlers who emigrated to northern England in the 870s. However, there is not sufficient research to prove or disprove this.

Hogbacks conserved in St Mary's Church, Gosforth, Cumbria

It has been suggested that the monument-type was invented about 920. There are particular concentrations of hogbacks in Yorkshire, Cumbria, and Govan on the River Clyde – the first being their likely area of origin. Individual examples are found over a much wider area, however, from Derbyshire to Central Scotland. The presence of hogbacks in Scotland is likely due to the Forth-Clyde route, which connected York, England to Dublin. Most hogback sites in Scotland are along maritime routes.

English hogback sites do not follow this same trajectory. There are stray examples as far afield as the Northern Isles, Orkney and Cornwall.^[1] Ireland has a single example at Castledermot, County Kildare, which is similar to two hogbacks in Ingleby Arncliffe, North Yorkshire.^[2] Wales also has a single example at Llanddewi Aberarth Church.

The most numerous collections are the ones preserved in St Thomas's church at Brompton, North Yorkshire. Discovered in 1867 following the restoration of the church, six were taken to Durham Cathedral Library, leaving four whole ones and fragments of others at Brompton. They are characterized by carvings of bears hugging the slabs with strapwork in their mouths. Elsewhere five are in the parish kirk of Govan, once a rural parish, but now part of Glasgow. There is a fine example in the visitor centre on Inchcolm island in the Firth of Forth.

Typology[]

Hogbacks outside St Andrew's Church in Penrith, Cumbria.

There are two main types of hogbacks. One is the Brompton type, which is characterized by massive end beasts. The other type is the warrior's tomb, which looks more like a house. It does not have massive end beasts.^[3] Within the two main groups of hogback styles are smaller subsets. The scroll type hogback is a subset of the warrior's tomb type. It is characterized by scroll motifs on the horizontal band below the tegulation.^[4]

Hogbacks at Govan[]

Govan sits on the south bank of the Clyde River. It has the four largest known hogbacks. There are five hogbacks at Govan Parish Church. The earliest has been dated to the mid-tenth century. It has two rows of tegulation with concave, contoured lines. It has a band of interlace beneath the rows of shingles. The interlace pattern is not the same on either side. It is not continuous on either side. This is the only hogback at Govan with stopped-plait interlacing. The stopped plait on this hogback is characterized by a series of small, separated elements with pellet fillers. It also has a running ring-knot interlace with frets. On the other side, the sections of four-cord plait are stylistically reduced to a contoured diagonal bar crossed with a bar and four small pellets flanking it.^[4]

The later four hogbacks at Govan are dated to the end of the 10th century. The longest hogback at Govan does not have the decorative motifs that its earlier brother has. It is covered in rows of shingles, but they are not contoured. It is wider with a shallower roof pitch. The third hogback is massive. It has a full-bodied, 3-dimensional end-beast with legs. This single animal straddles the monument from one end to the other. The fourth hogback is also characterized by a single end-beast. Its head faces outward, an uncommon feature in hogbacks. The animal's four bent legs point toward its head. The roof ridges resemble a spine and the rows of tegulation are like scales. The fifth hogback has two end-beasts, one at either end. The beasts' faces and bodies are shown in profile with jaws gaping open, their legs intersecting along the base. This is the only known hogback with end-beasts in this position.^[4]

See also[]

A grave slab of the lily stone type, from Näs Church, Västergötland, Falköping, decorated with a tree of life.

• Anglo-Saxon art#Monumental sculpture and wall painting
• The Botkyrka monument (in Swedish)
• Eskilstuna cist (in Swedish)
• Lily stone (in Swedish)
• Västergötland Runic Inscription 81

Footnotes[]

Further reading[]

• Bailey, R. N. (1980). Viking Age Sculpture in Northern England, London: Collins Archaeology ISBN 0-00-216228-8.
• Batey, Colleen E. "Hogback Gravestones at Govan and Beyond." Scottish Archaeological Journal 25, no. 1 (March 2003): 96-97. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost.
• Campbell, Ewan. 2004. "Early Medieval Sculpture in the West Highlands and Islands." Scottish Historical Review 83, 1, no. 215: 86-87. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost.
• Cramp, Rosemary. “Conclusion from the Govan Conference.” Govan and its Early Medieval Sculpture (1994): 135-136.
• Crawford, Barbara E. "Vikings in Scotland." Scottish Archaeological Journal 25, no. 1 (March 2003): 91-94. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost.
• Crawford, Barbara E. "The “Norse Background” to the Govan Hogbacks." Govan and its Early Medieval Sculpture (1994): 103-112.
• Graham-Campbell, James; Batey, Colleen E. (1998). Vikings in Scotland: an archaeological survey. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0641-6.
• Lang, James T. "The Govan Hogbacks: A Re-appraisal." Govan and its Early Medieval Sculpture (1994): 123-132.
• Lang, James T. (1976). "Hogback Monuments in Scotland". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 105: 206–35..
• Lang, James T. "Hogback monuments in Scotland." In Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. 105, 1972, pp. 206–235.
• Lang, James T. (1984). "The Hogback: a Viking colonial monument", Anglo-Saxon Studies; 3, Oxford.
• Lang, James T. Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture. Oxford: Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 2001.
• Lang, James T. (2001). Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture: Northern Yorkshire. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-726256-2..
• Poole, Russell. Review of Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries, by Dawn M. Hadley Julian D. Richards. The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Vol. 102, No. 1 (January 2003): pp. 136–138.
• Richards, J. D. (2000). Viking Age England, Stroud: Tempus ISBN 0-7524-2888-8.
• Ritchie, Anna (ed.) (1994). Govan and its Early Medieval Sculpture, Stroud: Alan Sutton ISBN 0-7509-0717-7.
• Thomas, Charles. “Christianity at Govan.” Govan and its Early Medieval Sculpture (1994): 20-25.

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hogbacks.

• Brompton Church; hogbacks
• Third Stone; hogbacks^{[permanent dead link]}