Jan Nyssen

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Jan Nyssen
Jan Nyssen.jpg
Born (1957-08-02) August 2, 1957 (age 64)
Sint-Martens-Voeren
NationalityBelgian
Alma materUniversity of Liège
KU Leuven
Scientific career
FieldsGeography, Geomorphology
InstitutionsUGent

Jan Nyssen (born Sint-Martens-Voeren, 1957) is a Belgian physical geographer, and professor of geography at Ghent University.

Biography[]

Nyssen was employed as a mailman from 1977 to 1997 in Liège in Belgium. In 1991 he started a parallel study of Geography at the University of Liège where he obtained the degree of Licentiate in Geography in 1995 with a dissertation on soil erosion in Ethiopia.[1] Between 1998 and 2001 he carried out PhD research at KU Leuven University, Belgium, in which he investigated the role of human and natural processes in land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands. Promoters of this research were professors Jean Poesen and Seppe Deckers (both at KU Leuven), Jan Moeyersons at the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren) and Mitiku Haile of Mekelle University in Ethiopia. He also worked several years in projects of university development cooperation in Ethiopia.[2] Since 2007 he has been a professor in the Department of Geography of Ghent University where he was appointed a Full Professor in 2014.

Research[]

Invited for a local Siwa (beer) by a farmer in Tigray

His research contributes to the identification and quantification of changes in the coupled system “humans-environment” – with a focus on slope processes, hydrogeomorphology, land degradation and soil conservation. Most of his research activities are in Ethiopia.

Soil erosion in the Ethiopian highlands[]

Nyssen's research showed that high levels of soil loss in the Ethiopian highlands are caused by a combination of , steep slopes (as a consequence of rapid tectonic uplift during Pliocene and Pleistocene), and impacts of deforestation, overgrazing, an agricultural system where the open-field system dominates, and the aftermath of poverty induced by the feudalism.

Red-black soil catena near Hagere Selam

He further studied how the high density of soil and water conservation structures led to in the Ethiopian highlands.[3] Through the use of rephotography, Prof. Nyssen could link up changes in Ethiopian landscapes with land degradation.[4]

Integration with the local population[]

Announcement of Nyssen's book in Ethiopia

In all this, he strongly values indigenous knowledge, as he observed that Ethiopian farmers plough the same lands and hills since thousands of years with their oxen plough. They know their soils and know when rains will come or what they have to plant if rains are late.[5][6][7]

Through the years, he lived the many changes that occurred; since his first stay in 1994, he observed that the amount of food available to rural households, as well as the overall living standard has strongly improved.[3][8]

When war erupted in Tigray in 2020, he advocated strongly for a ceasefire and humanitarian aid for the people of Tigray.[9][10]

Lynchets and beaver dams[]

Beaver dam

Nyssen's research in Belgium is also related to the consequences of human activities on geomorphic processes: the reintroduction of beavers, spoil tips of the derelict coal mining industry, and the age-old agriculture in the Pays de Herve (the region where he was born), which led to the occurrence of lynchets or cultivation terraces, by analogy to a common practice in current Ethiopia;[11] The beaver dams have drawn his attention because they contribute to conserving water in the rivers’ headwaters. He studied their effect on discharges of the Chevral creek, that is part of the Ourthe basin. The research confirmed that such dams have a buffering effect on discharges: downstream the peak discharges are much lower that what was observed before beaver reintroduction.[12]

Teaching[]

Nyssen lectures Geomorphology, Hydrology, Microclimatology, and Regional Geomorphology for students in Geography and Physical Land Resources at UGent. He promoted dozens of Master and PhD theses, particularly at UGent (Belgium), KU Leuven (Belgium), Mekelle University (Ethiopia) and Bahir Dar University (Ethiopia).

Positions outside Ghent University[]

  • 2017-2021: President of the Belgian Association of Geomorphologists[13]
  • 2019-2020: Editor-in-Chief of professional journal Land Degradation and Development[14]

Publications[]

Books[]

  • Nyssen, Jan; Jacob, Miro; Frankl, Amaury, eds. (2019). Geo-trekking in Ethiopia’s Tropical Mountains: The Dogu’a Tembien District. Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. S2CID 199294303.
  • (2016) In Tigrinya: ካብ ሓረስቶት ደጉዓ ተምቤን እንታይ ንስምዕ? (What do we hear from the farmers in Dogu'a Tembien)[7]

Articles in international scientific journals[]

2020

  • Nyssen, Jan; Yonas, Meheretu; Annys, Sofie; Ghebreyohannes, Tesfaalem; Smidt, Wolbert; Welegerima, Kiros; Gebreselassie, Seifu; Sembroni, Andrea; Dramis, Francesco; Ek, Camille; Causer, David (March 2020). "The Zeyi Cave Geosite in Northern Ethiopia". Geoheritage. 12 (1): 6. doi:10.1007/s12371-020-00446-7. S2CID 210913903.

2019

2018

  • Nyssen, Jan; Fetene, Fikre; Dessie, Mekete; Alemayehu, Getachew; Sewnet, Amare; Wassie, Alemayehu; Kibret, Mulugeta; Walraevens, Kristine; Derudder, Ben; Nicolai, Bart; Annys, Sofie; Tegegne, Firew; Van Passel, Steven; Frankl, Amaury; Verleyen, Elie; Teklemariam, Dereje; Adgo, Enyew (October 2018). "Persistence and changes in the peripheral Beles basin of Ethiopia". Regional Environmental Change. 18 (7): 2089–2104. doi:10.1007/s10113-018-1346-2. hdl:10067/1541370151162165141. S2CID 158683399.

2017

  • Nyssen, Jan; Gebreselassie, Seifu; Assefa, Romha; Deckers, Jozef; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Frankl, Amaury (January 2017). "Boulder-Faced Log Dams as an Alternative for Gabion Check Dams in First-Order Ephemeral Streams with Coarse Bed Load in Ethiopia". Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 143 (1): 05016005. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001217.
  • Nyssen, Jan; Biruk, Birhanu; Tesfamariam, Zbelo; Frankl, Amaury; Demissie, Biadgilgn; Ghebreyohannes, Tesfaalem; Meaza, Hailemariam; Poesen, Jean; Van Eetvelde, Veerle; Zenebe, Amanuel; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (November 2017). "Geographical determinants of inorganic fertiliser sales and of resale prices in north Ethiopia". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 249: 256–268. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2017.07.037.

2016

  • Nyssen, Jan; Petrie, Gordon; Mohamed, Sultan; Gebremeskel, Gezahegne; Seghers, Valérie; Debever, Martijn; Hadgu, Kiros Meles; Stal, Cornelis; Billi, Paolo; Demaeyer, Philippe; Haile, Mitiku; Frankl, Amaury (January 2016). "Recovery of the aerial photographs of Ethiopia in the 1930s". Journal of Cultural Heritage. 17: 170–178. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2015.07.010.
  • Nyssen, Jan; Nieuland, Jasper Van; Vandenberghe, Dimitri; Juilleret, Jérôme; Terhorst, Birgit (22 March 2016). "Grèzes litées and their genesis: the site of Enscherange in the Rhenish-Ardennes Massif as a case study". DIE ERDE – Journal of the Geographical Society of Berlin. 147 (1): 1–14. doi:10.12854/erde-147-1.

2015

  • Nyssen, Jan; Frankl, Amaury; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef (October 2015). "Environmental Conservation for Food Production and Sustainable Livelihood in Tropical Africa". Land Degradation & Development. 26 (7): 629–631. doi:10.1002/ldr.2379.
  • Nyssen, Jan; Frankl, Amaury; Zenebe, Amanuel; Deckers, Jozef; Poesen, Jean (October 2015). "Land Management in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands: Local and Global Perspectives; Past, Present and Future". Land Degradation & Development. 26 (7): 759–764. doi:10.1002/ldr.2336.

2014

2012

  • Nyssen, Jan; Diependaele, Stijn; Goossens, Rudi (1 March 2012). "Belgium's burning coal tips - coupling thermographic ASTER imagery with topography to map debris slide susceptibility". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 56 (1): 23–52. Bibcode:2012ZGm....56...23N. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2011/0061.

2011

2010

  • Nyssen, Jan; Frankl, Amaury; Munro, R. Neil; Billi, Paolo; Haile, Mitiku (September 2010). "Digital Photographic Archives for Environmental and Historical Studies: An Example from Ethiopia". Scottish Geographical Journal. 126 (3): 185–207. doi:10.1080/14702541.2010.527856. S2CID 129575038.
Petite Bacnure spoil heap in Herstal, Belgium

2009

  • Nyssen, Jan; Haile, Mitiku; Naudts, Jozef; Munro, Neil; Poesen, Jean; Moeyersons, Jan; Frankl, Amaury; Deckers, Jozef; Pankhurst, Richard (April 2009). "Desertification? Northern Ethiopia re-photographed after 140 years". Science of the Total Environment. 407 (8): 2749–2755. Bibcode:2009ScTEn.407.2749N. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.016. PMID 19155052.
  • Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (August 2009). "Transhumance in the Tigray Highlands (Ethiopia)". Mountain Research and Development. 29 (3): 255–264. doi:10.1659/mrd.00033. S2CID 54058639.
  • Nyssen, Jan; Clymans, Wim; Poesen, Jean; Vandecasteele, Ine; Baets, Sarah De; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Naudts, Jozef; Hadera, Amanuel; Moeyersons, Jan; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2009). "How soil conservation affects the catchment sediment budget – a comprehensive study in the north Ethiopian highlands". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 34 (9): 1216–1233. Bibcode:2009ESPL...34.1216N. doi:10.1002/esp.1805.
  • Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Haile, Mitiku; Moeyersons, Jan; Deckers, Jozef; Hurni, Hans (17 June 2009). "Effects of land use and land cover on sheet and rill erosion rates in the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 53 (2): 171–197. Bibcode:2009ZGm....53..171N. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2009/0053-0171.
  • Nyssen, J.; Simegn, Getachew; Taha, Nurhussen (1 May 2009). "An upland farming system under transformation: Proximate causes of land use change in Bela-Welleh catchment (Wag, Northern Ethiopian Highlands)". Soil and Tillage Research. 103 (2): 231–238. doi:10.1016/j.still.2008.05.020.
  • Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef (May 2009). "Land degradation and soil and water conservation in tropical highlands". Soil and Tillage Research. 103 (2): 197–202. doi:10.1016/j.still.2008.08.002.

2008

  • Nyssen, Jan; Temesgen, Habtamu; Lemenih, Mulugeta; Zenebe, Amanuel; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku (July 2008). "Spatial and temporal variation of soil organic carbon stocks in a lake retreat area of the Ethiopian Rift Valley". Geoderma. 146 (1–2): 261–268. Bibcode:2008Geode.146..261N. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.06.007.
Lake Abijata (right), Ethiopia
  • Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Moeyersons, Jan; Frankl, Amaury; Govers, Gerard; Munro, Neil; Deckers, Jozef (22 September 2008). "Effects of region-wide soil and water conservation in semi-arid areas: the case of northern Ethiopia". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 52 (3): 291–315. Bibcode:2008ZGm....52..291N. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2008/0052-0291.
  • Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Parsons, Tony (September 2008). "Environmental change, geomorphic processes and land degradation in tropical highlands". CATENA. 75 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2008.04.010.
  • Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Moeyersons, Jan; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2008). "Dynamics of soil erosion rates and controlling factors in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands – towards a sediment budget". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 33 (5): 695–711. Bibcode:2008ESPL...33..695N. doi:10.1002/esp.1569. hdl:1854/LU-416185.
  • Nyssen, J.; Naudts, J.; De Geyndt, K.; Haile, Mitiku; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Deckers, J. (May 2008). "Soils and land use in the Tigray highlands (Northern Ethiopia)". Land Degradation & Development. 19 (3): 257–274. doi:10.1002/ldr.840.

2007

2006

  • Nyssen, J.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Deckers, J.; Haile, Mitiku (November 2006). "Processes and rates of rock fragment displacement on cliffs and scree slopes in an amba landscape, Ethiopia". Geomorphology. 81 (3–4): 265–275. Bibcode:2006Geomo..81..265N. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.04.021.
  • Nyssen, Jan; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; Poesen, Jean; Haile, Mitiku; Moeyersons, Jan; Buytaert, Wouter; Naudts, Jozef (June 2006). "Comment on 'Modelling the effect of soil and water conservation practices in Tigray, Ethiopia' [Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 105 (2005) 29–40]". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 114 (2–4): 407–411. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2005.11.009.
  • Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Veyret-Picot, Maude; Moeyersons, Jan; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef; Dewit, Joke; Naudts, Jozef; Teka, Kassa; Govers, Gerard (2006). "Assessment of gully erosion rates through interviews and measurements: a case study from northern Ethiopia". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 31 (2): 167–185. Bibcode:2006ESPL...31..167N. doi:10.1002/esp.1317.

2005

  • Nyssen, J.; Vandenreyken, H.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Deckers, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Salles, C.; Govers, G. (September 2005). "Rainfall erosivity and variability in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands". Journal of Hydrology. 311 (1–4): 172–187. Bibcode:2005JHyd..311..172N. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.12.016.

2004

  • Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Moeyersons, Jan; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku; Lang, Andreas (February 2004). "Human impact on the environment in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands—a state of the art". Earth-Science Reviews. 64 (3–4): 273–320. Bibcode:2004ESRv...64..273N. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(03)00078-3.
  • Nyssen, Jan; Haile, Mitiku; Moeyersons, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef (March 2004). "Environmental policy in Ethiopia: a rejoinder to Keeley and Scoones". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 42 (1): 137–147. doi:10.1017/S0022278X03004518. S2CID 154710586.
  • Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). "The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, northern Ethiopia". Soil Use and Management. 20 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x.

2002

  • Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Moeyersons, Jan; Lavrysen, Els; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (February 2002). "Spatial distribution of rock fragments in cultivated soils in northern Ethiopia as affected by lateral and vertical displacement processes". Geomorphology. 43 (1–2): 1–16. Bibcode:2002Geomo..43....1N. doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00096-4.
  • Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Moeyersons, Jan; Luyten, Edith; Veyret-Picot, Maude; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku; Govers, Gerard (November 2002). "Impact of road building on gully erosion risk: a case study from the Northern Ethiopian Highlands". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 27 (12): 1267–1283. Bibcode:2002ESPL...27.1267N. doi:10.1002/esp.404.
  • Nyssen, Jan; Moeyersons, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef (January 2003). "The environmental significance of the remobilisation of ancient mass movements in the Atbara–Tekeze headwaters, Northern Ethiopia". Geomorphology. 49 (3–4): 303–322. Bibcode:2003Geomo..49..303N. doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00192-7.

2001

  • Nyssen, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Poesen, J.; Deckers, J.; Moeyersons, J. (19 January 2006). "Removal of rock fragments and its effect on soil loss and crop yield, Tigray, Ethiopia". Soil Use and Management. 17 (3): 179–187. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00025.x.

2000

  • Nyssen, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Moeyersons, J.; Poesen, J.; Deckers, J. (1 May 2000). "Soil and water conservation in Tigray (Northern Ethiopia): the traditional dagat technique and its integration with introduced techniques". Land Degradation & Development. 11 (3): 199–208. doi:10.1002/1099-145X(200005/06)11:3<199::AID-LDR376>3.0.CO;2-Y.
  • Nyssen, Jan; Moeyersons, Jan; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku; Poesen, Jean (21 June 2000). "Vertic movements and the development of stone covers and gullies, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 44 (2): 145–164. Bibcode:2000ZGm....44..145N. doi:10.1127/zfg/44/2000/145.
  • Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Haile, Mitiku; Moeyersons, Jan; Deckers, Jozef (November 2000). "Tillage erosion on slopes with soil conservation structures in the Ethiopian highlands". Soil and Tillage Research. 57 (3): 115–127. doi:10.1016/S0167-1987(00)00138-0.
Ploughing in Tigray, Ethiopia

Others[]

Nyssen also contributed to many other publications as co-author – see UGent's academic bibliography[15]

Involvement for and with society[]

Nyssen's interest in Geography "was mainly motivated by his willingness to contribute to solving issues of unequal development worldwide”.[16] His current research is related to land degradation and land rehabilitation. For instance, in Ethiopia he monitored how large tracts of land could be restored thanks to the conservation activities of millions of farmers. With colleagues, he also supports reforestation projects, leading to a yearly 10,000 tonnes of additional carbon storage.[16]

Starting points are the consequences of climate change for the inhabitants of developing countries, such as in Ethiopia, where increases in rainfall are linked to climate change. Yet, as rain is highly seasonal - with most of the rains falling within two months - additional rain in the rainy season also leads to flooding and other catastrophes.[17]

Nyssen also stresses the social context of global warming, in as much as authorities stimulate unnecessary energy consumption with policies such as tax-free company cars or the non-taxation of kerosene or airport expansion plans.[16] He stated that:

Finally, one gets the feeling that the ‘Big Oil’ lobby is so strong, can we have an impact at all? (…) Society should switch from fossil-fuel based growth to socially-adapted green shrinking, which is possible if the economy does not need to sustain corporate greed.[16]

In Ethiopia he continues to support the population of the villages where he stays several weeks a year[18] by, for example, projects for water and ecological sanitation as well as carbon sequestration in soils. These efforts have resulted in a book in the local Tigrinya language.[7]

Links with climate change and the situation in his home country are common; Nyssen stressed in 2019 in a video message in the framework of the “We Change for Life” campaign, that the inhabitants of 9 small villages in their projects in Ethiopia could annually sequester about half the carbon volume[19] as compared to what the whole Flemish region in Belgium could reach as reduction of carbon emissions (that was a meagre 2.5% of the objectives).[20]

Nyssen is also involved in favour of public footpaths in the area of Vottem, Herstal and Liège in Belgium.[21]

During the 2020-2021 Tigray War in Ethiopia, Nyssen exposed the starvation and the extreme civilian sufferings, including massacres in his adoptive town Hagere Selam and beyond by the Ethiopian and Eritrean armies.[22][23][24][25]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "Foreword I of "Geotrekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains" (Mitiku Haile)" (PDF).
  2. ^ "Foreword II (Hans Hurni) "Geotrekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains"" (PDF).
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Nyssen, Jan; Frankl, Amaury; Zenebe, Amanuel; Deckers, Jozef; Poesen, Jean (October 2015). "Land Management in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands: Local and Global Perspectives; Past, Present and Future". Land Degradation & Development. 26 (7): 759–764. doi:10.1002/ldr.2336.
  4. ^ Pennisi, E. (2 August 2013). "Humans Greening a Landscape". Science. 341 (6145): 485. Bibcode:2013Sci...341..485P. doi:10.1126/science.341.6145.485. PMID 23908224.
  5. ^ "Ethiopië boert goed, maar kiest helaas opnieuw voor extensieve landbouw". MO*.
  6. ^ Nyssen, J.; Naudts, J.; De Geyndt, K.; Haile, Mitiku; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Deckers, J. (May 2008). "Soils and land use in the Tigray highlands (Northern Ethiopia)". Land Degradation & Development. 19 (3): 257–274. doi:10.1002/ldr.840.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c "ካብ ሓረስቶት ደጉዓ ተምቤን እንታይ ንስምዕ? What do we hear from the farmers in Dogu'a Tembien? in Tigrinya".
  8. ^ "In 1984 stierven in Ethiopië 400.000 mensen. Dreigt er nu een herhaling?". RD.nl.
  9. ^ Ethiopia’s Tigray region has seen famine before: why it could happen again The Conversation, 17 November 2020
  10. ^ People go hungry in Ethiopia's Tigray as conflict marches on Associated Press, 18 November 2020
  11. ^ Nyssen, Jan; Debever, Martijn; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef (October 2014). "Lynchets in eastern Belgium — a geomorphic feature resulting from non-mechanised crop farming". CATENA. 121: 164–175. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2014.05.011.
  12. ^ Nyssen, J.; Pontzeele, J.; Billi, P. (May 2011). "Effect of beaver dams on the hydrology of small mountain streams: Example from the Chevral in the Ourthe Orientale basin, Ardennes, Belgium". Journal of Hydrology. 402 (1–2): 92–102. Bibcode:2011JHyd..402...92N. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.008.
  13. ^ "Activity report of the Belgian Association of Geomorphologists(2017-2018)" (PDF).
  14. ^ "Land Degradation & Development". Wiley Online Library. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-145X.
  15. ^ "prof. dr. Jan Nyssen". biblio.ugent.be.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Jan Nyssen / Full Professor". WeChangeForLife. April 24, 2019.
  17. ^ ""Afrikaanse klimaatvluchtelingen zullen massaal komen." Maar klopt dat wel?". Radio 1. June 13, 2018.
  18. ^ "Bezoekje van de proffen". August 23, 2016.
  19. ^ "#WeChangeForLife – Prof. Jan Nyssen" – via www.youtube.com.
  20. ^ Voortgangsrapport 2016-2017, Vlaams Klimaatbeleidsplan 2013-2020 (Tabel 3-1)
  21. ^ "A Rocourt, François Fornieri s'approprie des sentiers publics!". Édition digitale de Liège. June 26, 2020.
  22. ^ Nyssen, Jan (2021). "The situation in Tigray at the beginning of 2021". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2021-01-14. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
  23. ^ SPIEGEL, Fritz Schaap, DER. "Hunger in Tigray: "Die Menschen essen teils Blätter und Zweige"". www.spiegel.de.
  24. ^ "In Tigray is aan alles tekort: 'Mensen eten takken en bladeren'". NPO Radio 1.
  25. ^ The Guardian, 2 April, 2021. Ethiopia: 1,900 people killed in massacres in Tigray identified

External links[]

Media offices
Preceded by
Chris Barrow 		Editor-in-Chief of Land Degradation & Development
2019–2020 		Succeeded by
Vanessa Wong
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