Kamviri dialect
Kamviri | |
---|---|
کامويري | |
Native to | Afghanistan, Pakistan |
Region | Bashgal Valley, and Southern Chitral District, , and the |
Native speakers | 20,000 (2011)[1] |
Indo-European
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | xvi |
Glottolog | kamv1242 |
Linguasphere | 58-ACB-ad |
Kamviri (کامويري) is a dialect of the Kamkata-vari language spoken by 5,000 to 10,000 of the Kom people of Afghanistan and Pakistan. There are slight dialectal differences of the Kamviri speakers of Pakistan. The most used alternative names are Kati, Kamozi or Bashgali.
Phonology[]
The inventory as described by Richard Strand.[2] In addition, there is stress.
The neutral articulatory posture, as in the reduced vowel /a/, consists of the tip of the tongue behind the lower teeth and a raised tongue root is linked with a raised larynx, producing a characteristic pitch for unstressed vowels of about an octave above the pitch of a relaxed larynx.
Consonants[]
Labial | Apical Dental |
Apical Alveolar |
Laminal Alveolar |
Velar | Post-velar | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪ | t | k | k̠ ⟨q⟩ | (ʔ) | ||
voiced | b | d̪ | d | ɡ | |||||
Affricate | voiceless | t͡s̪ | t͡s | t͡s̻ | |||||
voiced | d͡z̪ | d͡z | d͡z̻ | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | (f) | s̪ | s | s̻ | (x) | (ħ) | (h) | |
voiced | β̞ | (z̪) | z | (z̻) | (ɣ) | (ʕ) | |||
Nasal | m | n̪ | n | ŋ | |||||
Tap | d̆ (ɾ) | ||||||||
Approximant | lateral | l̪ | |||||||
central | ɹ ɹ̃ |
- Sounds in parentheses are found in loanwords.
- /d̆/ is an (upward) tap and /ɾ/ a (forward) flap.
Between vowels, /s̪, s, s̻/ voice to [z̪, z, z̻]. /k/ becomes a velar tap [ɡ̆]. For most speakers, and especially in Kombřom, /t/ becomes a retroflex flap [ɽ]. One suffix /t̪i/ voices to [d̪i] for most speakers.
/tl, dl/ are phonetic affricates.
Nasals voice a following obstruent.
Laminal consonants change a following /a/ from [ɨ] to [i].
Vowels[]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i y | ɨ ⟨a⟩ | u |
Mid | e | o | |
Low | a ⟨â⟩ | (ɔ) |
/a/ is [ː] after another vowel, [i] after a laminal consonant and after /ik, ek, iɡ, eɡ/. For some speakers, it is [u] after /uk, yk, uɡ, yɡ/. Otherwise it is [ɨ].
Vocabulary[]
Pronouns:
1sg. õć (nominative), ĩa (accusative), ĩ (genitive)
1pl. imo (nominative/genitive), imoa (accusative)
2sg. tū (nominative), tua (accusative), tu (genitive)
2pl. šo (nominative/genitive), šoa (accusative)
Numbers:
1: ev
2: dū
3: tre
4: što
5: puc
6: ṣu
7: sut
8: uṣṭ
9: nu
10: duć
References[]
- ^ Kamviri at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ The Sound System of kâmvʹiri
Bibliography[]
- The Kom. Retrieved July 2, 2006, from Richard F. Strand: Nuristan, Hidden Land of the Hindu-Kush [1].
External links[]
Kamviri dialect test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator |
- Strand, Richard F. (1997). "Nuristan: Hidden Land of the Hindu Kush". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
- Strand, Richard F. (1999). "Kâmv'iri Lexicon". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
- Strand, Richard F. (1997). "The Sound System of Kâmv'iri". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
- Nuristani languages of Afghanistan
- Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- Nuristani languages
- Indo-European language stubs