Karacahisar Castle

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For other uses, see Karacahisar (disambiguation).
Karacahisar Castle
Karacahisar Kalesi
Eskişehir, Turkey
Karacahisar Castle is located in Turkey
Karacahisar Castle
Karacahisar Castle
Coordinates39°43′58″N 30°26′51″E / 39.7328°N 30.4474°E / 39.7328; 30.4474Coordinates: 39°43′58″N 30°26′51″E / 39.7328°N 30.4474°E / 39.7328; 30.4474
TypeFortress
Site information
Open to
the public		Yes
ConditionRuined
Site history
Built11th century
Built byByzantine Empire
MaterialsStone

Karacahisar Castle, Karaca Hisar Castle or Karajahisar Castle (Turkish: Karacahisar Kalesi, Greek: Κάστρο Καρακαχίσαρ) is a ruined Byzantine castle on a plateau near the Porsuk River, southwest of Eskişehir, Turkey.[1][2][3] It stands 1,010 metres (3,310 ft) above sea level, is surrounded by walls, and covers an area of 60,000 square meters.[4]

Before being captured by Osman I in 1288,[1] which the castle is known for, Seljuk Sultan Kayqubad I besieged Karacahisar Castle in 1231. However, when he received news that the Mongols had entered Anatolia, he gave the siege to Ertugrul (father of Osman I). In the siege (1231-1232), Ertugrul and his veteran warriors conquered the castle after a long struggle.[5]

Osman I's conquest[]

Illustration of Osman rallying his warriors into battle.

After establishing his beylik, Osman Gazi focused on expanding at the expense of the Byzantine Empire, and since that time, the primary Ottoman goal became the conquest of the remaining Byzantine lands.[6] Indicated by some accounts, attempting to avenge a defeat, Osman I fought a battle against the Tekfur of Inegol, in which he was defeated and forced to withdraw with casualties including his nephew Koca Saruhan bey.[7][8] Based on this, in the next year, Osman went forward to Kulacahisar at night and managed to conquer it.[9][6]

The battle[]

The Ottoman victory at Kulacahisar triggered the fort's governor, who refused to be a subordinate subject to a Muslim ruler, especially a border emir, to ally himself with Karacahisar's governor. Both men agreed to fight the Muslims aiming at retaking all Byzantine lands that were lost recently. Thus, the Ottomans and the Byzantines met again in battle, on ikizce hills , where fierce fighting took place in which Osman's brother Savcı Bey and the Byzantine commander were killed. The Battle ended with an Ottoman victory. Then, the Ottomans entered Karacahisar where they, reportedly for the first time, converted the town's church into a mosque, as a right of conquest by force of arms instead of by peaceful submission. Osman appointed dursun fakih (student of shiekh edebali) Qadi (magistrate) and Subaşı (chief of police) for the newly conquered city. Historians differ in determining the date of this conquest, yet none made it prior to 685 AH / 1286 CE, or exceeding 691 AH / 1291 CE. Osman made his new city a staging base of his military campaigns against the Byzantines, and ordered that his name be delivered at the Friday sermon (khuṭbah), which was the first manifestation of his sovereignty and authority.[9][6]

Response by the Seljuks[]

Osman's latest victory was his greatest up to that date. Seljuk Sultan Alâeddin Kayqubad III expressed his deep appreciation for Osman's accomplishments in the name of the Seljuks and Islam, giving him the title of Ḥaḍrat ʻUthmān ghāzī marzubān 'âli jâh ʻUthmān Shāh (the honourable conqueror and border guardian Osman Shah).[10] The Seljuk Sultan also bestowed upon Osman the governance of all the land he had conquered as well as the towns of Eskişehir and İnönü. Moreover, the Sultan issued a decree exempting Osman from all types of taxes. Osman also received several gifts from the Sultan reflecting the new high stature to the Seljuk court. These gifts included: a golden war banner, a Mehter (war drum), a Tuğ (a pole with circularly arranged horse tail hairs), a tassel, a gilded sword, a loose saddle, and one hundred thousand Dirhams.[11][12] The decree also included the recognition of Osman's right to be mentioned in the Friday khuṭbah in all lands subject to him, and was permitted to mint coins in his name.[13] Thus, Osman became a sultan, only lacking the title.[14]

A Mehter war drum, similar to the one sent to Osman from the Seljuk Sultan

It is narrated that when drums were beaten announcing Sultan Kayqubad's arrival, Osman stood up in glorification, and remained so till the march music halted. Since that day, Ottoman soldiers enacted standing in glorification for their Sultan whenever drums were beaten.[15][16]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b "Karacahisar Kalesi (Osmanlı'nın İlk Fethettiği Kale) -". eskisehir.ktb.gov.tr.
  2. ^ "Karacahisar Kalesi nerde? - Galeri - Kültür Sanat - 25 Eylül 2019 Çarşamba". 25 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-09-25.
  3. ^ "Castle findings point toward tolerance of Ottoman state". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
  4. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ^ "ERTUĞRUL GAZİ at TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi Site - Published in the 11th Volume of İslâm Ansiklopedisi in 1995". islamansiklopedisi.org.tr (in Turkish). Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  6. ^ a b c Ṭaqqūsh, Muḥammad Suhayl (2013). Tārīkh al-ʻuthmānīyīn min qiyām al-Dawlah ilá al-inqilāb ʻalá al-khilāfah [History of the Ottomans: from the rise of the Empire to the coup against the caliphate] (in Arabic) (3rd ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Nafa'is. pp. 29–30. ISBN 9789953184432. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  7. ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet (1999). Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi, C.2 [Encyclopedia of the Lives and Works of the Ottomans] (in Turkish). Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık. pp. 392–395. ISBN 9789750800719.
  8. ^ Başar, Fahameddin (1995). "Ertuğrul Gazi". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 11 (Elbi̇stan – Eymi̇r) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 314. ISBN 9789753894388.
  9. ^ a b Shaw, Ottoman Empire, p. 14
  10. ^ al-Shinnāwī, ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz Muḥammad (1980). al-Dawlah al-ʻUthmānīyah: Dawlah Islāmīyah Muftara ʻalayhā [The Ottoman Empie: A slandered Islamic state] (in Arabic). Vol I. Cairo: The Anglo Egyptian Bookshop. p. 39. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020. |volume= has extra text (help)
  11. ^ Öztuna, Yılmaz (1988). Mawsūʻat tārīkh al-Imbarāṭūrīyah al-ʻUthmānīyah al-siyāsī wa-al-ʻaskarī wa-al-ḥaḍārī [Encyclopedia of the political, military and cultural history of the Ottoman Empire] (in Arabic). Vol. I. Translated by Salman, Adnan Mahmud (1st ed.). Istanbul: Faisal Finance Institution. p. 91. |volume= has extra text (help)
  12. ^ Akgündüz, Ahmet; Öztürk, Said (2008). al-Dawlah al-ʻUthmānīyah al-majhūlah: 303 sūʼal wa-jawāb tuwaḍiḥ ḥaqāʼiq ghāʼibah ʻan al-dawlah al-ʻUthmānīyah [The unknown Ottoman Empire: 303 questions and answers clarifying missing facts about the Ottoman Empire] (in Arabic). Istanbul: Ottoman Researches Foundation. p. 46. ISBN 9789757268390. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
  13. ^ Dehaish, ʻAbd al-Laṭīf bin ʻAbd Allāh (1995). Qiyām al-Dawlah al-ʻUthmānīyah [Rise of the Ottoman Empire] (in Arabic) (2nd ed.). Mecca: Maktabat wa-Maṭbaʻat al-nahḍah al-ḥadīthah. pp. 26–27. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  14. ^ Farīd, Muḥammad (2006). Tārīkh al-Dawlah al-ʻAlīyah al-ʻUthmānīyah [History of the Exalted Ottoman State] (in Arabic) (10th ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Nafa'is. p. 118. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019.
  15. ^ al-Qusṭanṭīnī, Muṣṭafa bin 'Abd Allāh (Kâtip Çelebi) (2003). Fadhlakat aqwāl al-akhyār fī ʻilm al-tārīkh wa-al-akhbār [A historiographical compendium of what was told by the good folk] (in Arabic). Sohag: South Valley University. pp. 133–134. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  16. ^ al-Nahrawālī, Qutb al-Dīn Muhammad bin Ahmad (1996). kitāb al-aʻlām bi aʻlām bayt Allāh al-Ḥ̣arām [A book of Biographies from the land of the Sacred House of God] (in Arabic). Mecca: al-Maktabah al-tijārīyah. p. 265. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
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