Kite (geometry)

Kite
A kite, showing its pairs of equal length sides and its inscribed circle.
Type	Quadrilateral
Edges and vertices	4
Symmetry group	D1 (*)

In Euclidean geometry, a kite is a quadrilateral whose four sides can be grouped into two pairs of equal-length sides that are adjacent to each other. In contrast, a parallelogram also has two pairs of equal-length sides, but they are opposite to each other instead of being adjacent. Kite quadrilaterals are named for the wind-blown, flying kites, which often have this shape and which are in turn named for a bird. Kites are also known as deltoids, but the word "deltoid" may also refer to a deltoid curve, an unrelated geometric object.

A kite, as defined above, may be either convex or concave, but the word "kite" is often restricted to the convex variety. A concave kite is sometimes called a "dart" or "arrowhead", and is a type of pseudotriangle.

Special cases[]

The deltoidal trihexagonal tiling is made of identical kite faces, with 60-90-120 degree internal angles.

It is possible to classify quadrilaterals either hierarchically (in which some classes of quadrilaterals are subsets of other classes) or partitionally (in which each quadrilateral belongs to only one class). With a hierarchical classification, a rhombus (a quadrilateral with four sides of the same length) is considered to be a special case of a kite, because it is possible to partition its edges into two adjacent pairs of equal length, and a square is a special case of a rhombus that has equal right angles, and thus is also a special case of a kite. According to this classification, all equilateral kites are rhombi, and all equiangular kites (which are by definition equilateral) are squares. However, with a partitioning classification, rhombi and squares are not considered to be kites, and it is not possible for a kite to be equilateral or equiangular. For the same reason, with a partitioning classification, shapes meeting the additional constraints of other classes of quadrilaterals, such as the right kites discussed below, would not be considered to be kites.

The remainder of this article follows a hierarchical classification, in which rhombi, squares, and right kites are all considered to be kites. By avoiding the need to treat special cases differently, this hierarchical classification can help simplify the statement of theorems about kites.^[1]

A kite with three equal 108° angles and one 36° angle forms the convex hull of the lute of Pythagoras.^[2]

The kites that are also cyclic quadrilaterals (i.e. the kites that can be inscribed in a circle) are exactly the ones formed from two congruent right triangles. That is, for these kites the two equal angles on opposite sides of the symmetry axis are each 90 degrees.^[3] These shapes are called right kites.^[1] Because they circumscribe one circle and are inscribed in another circle, they are bicentric quadrilaterals. Among all the bicentric quadrilaterals with a given two circle radii, the one with maximum area is a right kite.^[4]

There are only eight polygons that can tile the plane in such a way that reflecting any tile across any one of its edges produces another tile; a tiling produced in this way is called an edge tessellation. One of them is a tiling by a right kite, with 60°, 90°, and 120° angles. The tiling that it produces by its reflections is the deltoidal trihexagonal tiling.^[5]

A right kite

An equidiagonal kite inscribed in a Reuleaux triangle

Among all quadrilaterals, the shape that has the greatest ratio of its perimeter to its diameter is an equidiagonal kite with angles π/3, 5π/12, 5π/6, 5π/12. Its four vertices lie at the three corners and one of the side midpoints of the Reuleaux triangle (above to the right).^[6]

In non-Euclidean geometry, a Lambert quadrilateral is a right kite with three right angles.^[7]

Characterizations[]

Example convex and concave kites. The concave case is called a dart.

A quadrilateral is a kite if and only if any one of the following conditions is true:

• Two disjoint pairs of adjacent sides are equal (by definition).
• One diagonal is the perpendicular bisector of the other diagonal.^[8] (In the concave case it is the extension of one of the diagonals.)
• One diagonal is a line of symmetry (it divides the quadrilateral into two congruent triangles that are mirror images of each other).^[9]
• One diagonal bisects a pair of opposite angles.^[9]

Symmetry[]

The kites are the quadrilaterals that have an axis of symmetry along one of their diagonals.^[10] Any non-self-crossing quadrilateral that has an axis of symmetry must be either a kite (if the axis of symmetry is a diagonal) or an isosceles trapezoid (if the axis of symmetry passes through the midpoints of two sides); these include as special cases the rhombus and the rectangle respectively, which have two axes of symmetry each, and the square which is both a kite and an isosceles trapezoid and has four axes of symmetry.^[10] If crossings are allowed, the list of quadrilaterals with axes of symmetry must be expanded to also include the antiparallelograms.

Basic properties[]

Every kite is orthodiagonal, meaning that its two diagonals are at right angles to each other. Moreover, one of the two diagonals (the symmetry axis) is the perpendicular bisector of the other, and is also the angle bisector of the two angles it meets.^[10]

One of the two diagonals of a convex kite divides it into two isosceles triangles; the other (the axis of symmetry) divides the kite into two congruent triangles.^[10] The two interior angles of a kite that are on opposite sides of the symmetry axis are equal.

Area[]

As is true more generally for any orthodiagonal quadrilateral, the area A of a kite may be calculated as half the product of the lengths of the diagonals p and q:

${\displaystyle A={\frac {p\cdot q}{2}}.}$

Alternatively, if a and b are the lengths of two unequal sides, and θ is the angle between unequal sides, then the area is

${\displaystyle \displaystyle A=ab\cdot \sin {\theta }.}$

Tangent circles[]

Every convex kite has an inscribed circle; that is, there exists a circle that is tangent to all four sides. Therefore, every convex kite is a tangential quadrilateral. Additionally, if a convex kite is not a rhombus, there is another circle, outside the kite, tangent to the lines that pass through its four sides; therefore, every convex kite that is not a rhombus is an ex-tangential quadrilateral.

For every concave kite there exist two circles tangent to all four (possibly extended) sides: one is interior to the kite and touches the two sides opposite from the concave angle, while the other circle is exterior to the kite and touches the kite on the two edges incident to the concave angle.^[11]

Dual properties[]

Kites and isosceles trapezoids are dual: the polar figure of a kite is an isosceles trapezoid, and vice versa.^[12] The side-angle duality of kites and isosceles trapezoids are compared in the table below.^[9]

Tilings and polyhedra[]

All kites tile the plane by repeated inversion around the midpoints of their edges, as do more generally all quadrilaterals. A kite with angles π/3, π/2, 2π/3, π/2 can also tile the plane by repeated reflection across its edges; the resulting tessellation, the deltoidal trihexagonal tiling, superposes a tessellation of the plane by regular hexagons and isosceles triangles.^[13]

The deltoidal icositetrahedron, deltoidal hexecontahedron, and trapezohedron are polyhedra with congruent kite-shaped facets. There are an infinite number of uniform tilings of the hyperbolic plane by kites, the simplest of which is the deltoidal triheptagonal tiling.

Kites and darts in which the two isosceles triangles forming the kite have apex angles of 2π/5 and 4π/5 represent one of two sets of essential tiles in the Penrose tiling, an aperiodic tiling of the plane discovered by mathematical physicist Roger Penrose.

Face-transitive self-tesselation of the sphere, Euclidean plane, and hyperbolic plane with kites occurs as uniform duals: for Coxeter group [p,q], with any set of p,q between 3 and infinity, as this table partially shows up to q=6. When p=q, the kites become rhombi; when p=q=4, they become squares.

Deltoidal polyhedra and tilings

• v

Polyhedra			Euclidean	Hyperbolic tilings
V4.3.4.3	V4.3.4.4	V4.3.4.5	V4.3.4.6	V4.3.4.7	V4.3.4.8	...
Polyhedra	Euclidean	Hyperbolic tilings
V4.4.4.3	V4.4.4.4	V4.4.4.5	V4.4.4.6	V4.4.4.7	V4.4.4.8	...	V4.4.4.∞
Polyhedra	Hyperbolic tilings
V4.3.4.5	V4.4.4.5	V4.5.4.5	V4.6.4.5			...
Euclidean	Hyperbolic tilings
V4.3.4.6	V4.4.4.6	V4.5.4.6	V4.6.4.6		V4.8.4.6	...	V4.∞.4.6
Hyperbolic tilings
V4.3.4.7	V4.4.4.7					...
Hyperbolic tilings
V4.3.4.8	V4.4.4.8		V4.6.4.8			...

Conditions for when a tangential quadrilateral is a kite[]

A tangential quadrilateral is a kite if and only if any one of the following conditions is true:^[14]

• The area is one half the product of the diagonals.
• The diagonals are perpendicular. (Thus the kites are exactly the quadrilaterals that are both tangential and orthodiagonal.)
• The two line segments connecting opposite points of tangency have equal length.
• One pair of opposite tangent lengths have equal length.
• The bimedians have equal length.
• The products of opposite sides are equal.
• The center of the incircle lies on a line of symmetry that is also a diagonal.

If the diagonals in a tangential quadrilateral ABCD intersect at P, and the incircles in triangles ABP, BCP, CDP, DAP have radii r₁, r₂, r₃, and r₄ respectively, then the quadrilateral is a kite if and only if^[14]

${\displaystyle r_{1}+r_{3}=r_{2}+r_{4}.}$

If the excircles to the same four triangles opposite the vertex P have radii R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ respectively, then the quadrilateral is a kite if and only if^[14]

${\displaystyle R_{1}+R_{3}=R_{2}+R_{4}.}$

References[]

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deltoids.

• Weisstein, Eric W., "Kite", MathWorld
• area formulae with interactive animation at Mathopenref.com