La Balme's Defeat

La Balme's Defeat
Part of American Revolutionary War
DAR LaBalme Defeat Historical Marker on Dela Balme Road in Whitley County, Indiana
Date 5 November 1780 Location Near present-day Columbia City, Indiana Result Miami victory
Belligerents
Miami tribe	French Colonial Militia
Commanders and leaders
Little Turtle	Augustin de La Balme †
Strength
?	104
Casualties and losses
5 killed[1]	30-40 killed

LaBalme's Defeat was a short but decisive battle on 5 November 1780 between French colonials in Illinois Country led by French cavalry officer Augustin de La Balme and Miami forces under the leadership of Little Turtle (Mihšihkinaahkwa). The target of LaBalme was British occupied Fort Detroit, but after he sacked the large Miami town of Kekionga, the Miami enacted their revenge. The victory gained notoriety for Little Turtle, who would become one of the most successful Native American military commanders to engage with the United States Army.

Background[]

Augustin de La Balme arrived in the United States with a group of French volunteers that included the Marquis de Lafayette,^[2] and was appointed as the Colonial Army's Inspector General of Cavalry in 1777.^[3] This position was later given to Kazimierz Pułaski. LaBalme resigned in October 1777.^[4] However, in 1780, he traveled down the Ohio River to Kaskaskia.^[5] The success of General Clark's capture of Fort Sackville at Vincennes inspired La Balme to attempt a similar feat against the British at Fort Detroit.

La Balme arrived in Kaskaskia as a French officer and was "greeted as Masiah" by the local Canadien residents,^[6] who had been living under British rule for over a decade. He represented himself as a representative of Louis XVI of France^[6] and gathered a list of grievances from residents living under the rule of the Virginians, which was to be delivered to the French Ambassador at Fort Pitt.^[7] La Balme openly disdained Clark, whom he considered an uneducated woodsman.^[2] He coordinated a diversionary attack against Fort St. Joseph,^[8] then began his journey to Detroit, recruiting militia from among the Canadian citizens of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes. At Vincennes, he started up the Wabash River with the expectation of adding to his force from the Canadian villages of Ouiatenon (present day West Lafayette, Indiana) and Kekionga (present day Fort Wayne). La Balme apparently expected Canadian residents at Fort Detroit to join him once they arrived. La Balme kept the French ambassador, Anne-César de La Luzerne, updated on his movements,^[9] and the expedition marched under a French flag.^[10]

La Balme's mounted force moved so quickly that it had little opposition until reaching Kekionga,^[2] where La Balme had planned to arrest Charles Beaubien, the British agent. Beaubien and many of the Miami were not there, however, so the force raised the French flag^[11] and raided British stores for two weeks^[2] while awaiting reinforcements that never arrived. Upon learning of the return of a Miami hunting party to Kekionga, Le Balme departed to raid another trading post on the Eel River. La Balme left twenty French soldiers to guard the captured stores at Kekionga and marched his force out over the Eel River trail (the same trail Colonel John Hardin would follow ten years later).^[12]

Battle[]

The Miami Indians, learning of the invasion, destroyed the small group of 20 men left at Kekionga, who were all killed.^[2] Little Turtle, who lived in a village along the Eel River, received permission from the Kekionga Miami to lead an attack.^[2] He gathered available warriors and attacked La Balme's camp at dawn on 5 November, before he reached the Eel River trading post^[13] and just 3 miles from Little Turtle's village.^[2]

The first casualty of the attack was a French soldier named Antoine Rembault who was serving as a "look out" for La Balme's forces. As Rembault alerted the rest of the French soldiers about the presence of Little Turtle's men, Little Turtle struck Rembault in the head with a tomahawk hard enough to have the tomahawk "buried in (Rembault's) brain."^[14]

La Balme and his men fortified themselves on the banks of the river but were only able to fire one volley before being overwhelmed.^[2] The ensuing battle was entirely one sided, only a few survivors managed to escape. Multiple French soldiers were heard begging to surrender while they were scalped alive by Little Turtle's men.^[15] La Balme also died in the battle, which became known as "La Balme's Defeat".

A group of French officers were deliberately taken alive by Little Turtle. Three of the French officers who were captured alive were burnt alive at the stake, another one of them had his hands and feet cut off before being executed by having his face struck with a tomahawk killing him. The remaining four were then set free as a warning to the rest of the French.^[16]

When French forces allied to the Americans attempted to scout out the location a few days later, they saw that the path was blocked by the heads of several French soldiers impaled on pikes. After seeing this, they turned back.^[17] These events occurred in and around what is today Columbia City, Indiana in Whitley County, Indiana.^[18] In another subsequent operation a small detachment under earlier orders from La Balme was defeated by Miami forces on December 5, 1780 at Petit Fort, Indiana.

Aftermath[]

• For his leadership in this battle, Little Turtle gained a reputation that initiated a successful career as a military commander in the Northwest Indian War.^[2] 11 years later, almost to the day, he led an attack that remains one of the worst defeats in U.S. Army history.
• Although La Balme's expedition resulted in failure, it did cause the British considerable concern. Major de Peyster subsequently deployed a detachment of British Rangers to protect Kekionga.
• The Miami tribes, some of whom had favored the United States or wished to remain neutral, were enraged at the attack on Kekionga and united in an alliance with the British.^[2]
• Fort Detroit would remain under British control until the Jay Treaty was ratified in 1796. (Detroit was again surrendered to the British in the War of 1812, but was returned at the conclusion of the war.) In a log entry dated 13 November, Major Arent DePeyster, in command of the British garrison at Detroit, recorded:

A detachment of Canadians from the Illinois and Post Vincennes arrived Kekionga about 10 days ago, and entered the village, took the horses, destroyed the horned cattle and plundered a store I allowed to be kept there for the convenience of the Indians, soon after assembled and attacked the Canadians, led by a French colonel.

… The Miami resisting the fire of the enemy, had five of their party killed, being, however, more resolute than savages are in general, they beat off the enemy, killed 30 and took La Balme prisoner with his papers … I expect the Colonel in every hour … ^[19]

• The Spanish Governor at St. Louis, Francisco Cruzat, wrote

… I am very sorry for what has happened to Monsieur La Balme ... [he] having, perhaps, attempted with imprudence an undertaking which needed more time, more strength and better circumstances ...

Memorials[]

Musket salute commemorating the 225th anniversary of La Balme's Defeat, 5 November 2005

• In northeast Indiana, near the Allen – Whitley County line, along the Eel River, A brass and stone marker placed by the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1930, reads: "In memory of Col. Augustin de La Balme and his soldiers who were killed in battle with the Miami Indians under Little Turtle at this place, November 5, 1780."
• 5 November 2005, the Indiana Society Sons of the American Revolution erected a bronze marker and commemorated the event's 225th anniversary. The ceremony involved descendants of Revolutionary War soldiers and Miami Indians.
• 6 November 2010, the Indiana Society Sons of the American Revolution erected a bronze historical marker commemorating the event.

References[]

Notes[]

Sources[]

• Allison, Harold (1986). The Tragic Saga of the Indiana Indians. Turner Publishing Company, Paducah. ISBN 0-938021-07-9.
• Barnhill, John (2006). "Mottin de La Balme, Augustin (1740–1780)". In Richard Alan Ryerson, Gregory Fremont-Barnes (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
• Birzer, Bradley J. (Summer 2000). "French Imperial remnants on the middle ground: The strange case of August de la Balme and Charles Beaubien" (PDF). Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
• Carter, Harvey Lewis (1987). The Life and Times of Little Turtle: First Sagamore of the Wabash. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01318-2.
• Ferreiro, Larrie D (2016). Brothers At Arms. American Independence and the Men of France and Spain who saved it. New York: Knopf. ISBN 9781101875247. LCCN 2016007136.
• Gaff, Alan D. (2004). Bayonets in the Wilderness. Anthony Waynes Legion in the Old Northwest. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3585-9.
• English, William Hayden (1896). Conquest of the Country Northwest of the River Ohio 1778-1783 and Life of Gen. George Rogers Clark, Vol II. The Bowen-Merrill Company. Indianapolis, Ind., and Kansas City, Mo.
• Hogeland, William (2017). Autumn of the Black Snake. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374107345. LCCN 2016052193.
• Keiper, Karl A. (2010). "10". Land of the Indians - Indiana. ISBN 978-0982470312.
• Magnin, Frédéric (2005). Mottin de la Balme, cavalier des deux mondes et de la liberté. L'Harmattan, Paris. ISBN 2-7475-9080-1.
• Ryerson, Richard Alan; Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2009). "Mottin de La Balme, Augustin (1740-1780)". The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
• Seineke, Kathrine Wagner (1981). George Rogers Clark: Adventure in the Illinois and Selected Documents of the American Revolution at the Frontier Posts. Polyanthos. ISBN 99920-1-653-1.

External links[]

• The Whitley County Historical Society - LaBalme
• LaBalme History - Sons of the American Revolution
• A letter from Gen. Washington to LaBalme