Lepidoptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae

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In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus classified the arthropods, including insects, arachnids and crustaceans, among his class "Insecta". Butterflies and moths were brought together under the name Lepidoptera. Linnaeus divided the group into three genera – Papilio, Sphinx and Phalaena. The first two, together with the seven subdivisions of the third, are now used as the basis for nine superfamily names: Papilionoidea, Sphingoidea, Bombycoidea, Noctuoidea, Geometroidea, Torticoidea, Pyraloidea, Tineoidea and Alucitoidea.[1]

Themes[]

When naming the nearly 200 species of butterflies known to him at the time, Linnaeus used names from classical mythology as specific names. These were thematically arranged into six groups, and were drawn from classical sources including the Fabulae of Gaius Julius Hyginus and Pliny the Elder's Naturalis Historia.[2] The first such group was the Equites, or knights, which were divided into the Equites Trojani (Trojan army) and Equites Achivi (Achaean army), and between them named most of the figures involved in the Trojan War.[2] The second group was the Heliconii, comprising Apollo and Muses. The third group was the Danai, divided into the Danai Candidi and the Danai Festivi, representing the Danaids and their husbands.[2] The fourth group was the Nymphales, or nymphs, divided into the Nymphales gemmati and the Nymphales phalerati, on the basis of the insects' wing markings.[2] The fifth group, the Plebeji, were divided into Plebeji Rurales and Plebeji Urbicolae. There is little thematic connection between their names. The final group was the Barbari, or Argonauts.[2]

Papilio (butterflies)[]

[Note 1]

Equites Trojani[]

The name of Graphium agamemnon (originally Papilio agamemnon) commemorates Agamemnon.
  • Papilio priamusOrnithoptera priamus
  • Papilio hectorPachliopta hector
  • Papilio parisPapilio paris
  • Papilio helenusPapilio helenus
  • Papilio troilusPapilio troilus, spicebush swallowtail
  • Papilio deiphobusPapilio deiphobus
  • Papilio polytesPapilio polytes, common Mormon
  • Papilio pammonPapilio polytes
  • Papilio glaucusPapilio glaucus, eastern tiger swallowtail
  • Papilio anchisesParides anchises
  • Papilio polydamasBattus polydamas
  • Papilio memnonPapilio memnon, great Mormon
  • Papilio agenor – subspecies of Papilio memnon, great Mormon
  • Papilio sarpedonGraphium sarpedon
  • Papilio aeneasParides aeneas
  • Papilio panthousOrnithoptera priamus
  • Papilio pandarusHypolimnas pandarus

Equites Achivi[]

The Old World swallowtail was named Papilio machaon, after Machaon.
The common lime was named Papilio demoleus in 1758.
  • Papilio helenaTroides helena
  • Papilio menelausMorpho menelaus
  • Papilio ulyssesPapilio ulysses
  • Papilio agamemnonGraphium agamemnon
  • Papilio diomedesPapilio ulysses
  • Papilio patroclusLyssa patroclus (a moth)
  • Papilio pyrrhusPolyura pyrrhus
  • Papilio leilusUrania leilus (a moth)
  • Papilio ajax – [rejected]
  • Papilio machaonPapilio machaon, Old World swallowtail
  • Papilio antilochusPapilio glaucus
  • Papilio protesilausProtesilaus protesilaus
  • Papilio nestorMorpho menelaus
  • Papilio telemachusMorpho telemachus
  • Papilio achillesMorpho achilles
  • Papilio podaliriusIphiclides podalirius
  • Papilio teucerCaligo teucer
  • Papilio idomeneusCaligo idomeneus
  • Papilio demoleusPapilio demoleus
  • Papilio demophonArchaeoprepona demophon
  • Papilio eurypylusGraphium eurypylus
  • Papilio nireusPapilio nireus
  • Papilio stelenesSiproeta stelenes
  • Papilio philoctetesAntirrhea philoctetes

Heliconii[]

The Apollo was named Papilio apollo, after Apollo.

Danai candidi[]

The black-veined white was named Papilio crataegi after the hawthorn bushes it feeds on.
The round-winged orange tip was named Papilio euippe, after Euippe.
  • Papilio anacardiiProtogoniomorpha anacardii
  • Papilio crataegiAporia crataegi, black-veined white
  • Papilio brassicaePieris brassicae, large white
  • Papilio rapaePieris rapae, small white
  • Papilio napiPieris napi, green-veined white
  • Papilio sinapisLeptidea sinapis, wood white
  • Papilio daplidicePontia daplidice, Bath white
  • Papilio cardaminesAnthocharis cardamines, orange tip
  • Papilio euippeColotis euippe, round-winged orange tip
  • Papilio glaucippeHebomoia glaucippe
  • Papilio pyrantheCatopsilia pyranthe
  • Papilio arsalte
  • Papilio hypareteDelias hyparete
  • Papilio damone – [nomen dubium]
  • Papilio triteRhabdodryas trite
  • Papilio hyaleColias hyale, pale clouded yellow
  • Papilio sennaePhoebis sennae, cloudless sulphur
  • Papilio rhamniGonepteryx rhamni, common brimstone
  • Papilio hecabeEurema hecabe

Danai festivi[]

The small heath was named Papilio pamphilus, after Pamphilus.
  • Papilio midamusEuploea midamus
  • Papilio niaviusAmauris niavius
  • Papilio enceladus – [nomen dubium]
  • Papilio obrinusNessaea obrinus
  • Papilio perius
  • Papilio plexippusDanaus plexippus, monarch
  • Papilio chrysippusDanaus chrysippus
  • Papilio cassiae
  • Papilio sophoraeBrassolis sophorae
  • Papilio mineusMycalesis mineus
  • Papilio hyperantusAphantopus hyperantus, the ringlet
  • Papilio pamphilusCoenonympha pamphilus, small heath
  • Papilio xanthusCatoblepia xanthus

Nymphales gemmati[]

Junonia lemonias was named Papilio lemonias in 1758.
The large wall was named Papilio maera in 1758.
The purple emperor was named Papilio iris, after Iris.
Linnaeus gave two names to the seasonally polyphenic map butterfly.
The spring generation was named Papilio levana.
The summer generations were named Papilio prorsa.
  • Papilio ioAglais io
  • Papilio almanaJunonia almana
  • Papilio asterieJunonia almana
  • Papilio aonisJunonia lemonias
  • Papilio oenoneJunonia oenone
  • Papilio lemoniasJunonia lemonias
  • Papilio orithyaJunonia orithya
  • Papilio feroniaHamadryas feronia
  • Papilio maeraLasiommata maera, large wall
  • Papilio ligeaErebia ligea
  • Papilio aegeriaPararge aegeria, speckled wood
  • Papilio galatheaMelanargia galathea, marbled white
  • Papilio cyreneSalamis anacardii
  • Papilio semeleHipparchia semele, grayling
  • Papilio ledaMelanitis leda
  • Papilio helie – [nomen dubium]
  • Papilio jurtinaManiola jurtina, meadow brown
  • Papilio aeropaLexias aeropa
  • Papilio janira
  • Papilio carduiVanessa cardui, painted lady
  • Papilio pipleisHypolimnas pandarus
  • Papilio lampetia
  • Papilio irisApatura iris, purple emperor

Nymphales phalerati[]

  • Papilio populiLimenitis populi, poplar admiral
  • Papilio antiopaNymphalis antiopa, Camberwell beauty
  • Papilio polychlorosNymphalis polychloros, large tortoiseshell
  • Papilio urticaeAglais urticae, small tortoiseshell
  • Papilio c-albumPolygonia c-album, comma
  • Papilio c-aureumPolygonia c-aureum
  • Papilio dirceColobura dirce
  • Papilio amatheaAnartia amathea
  • Papilio atalantaVanessa atalanta
  • Papilio veniliaPantoporia venilia
  • Papilio alimenaHypolimnas alimena
  • Papilio leucothoeAthyma perius
  • Papilio phaetusaDryadula phaetusa
  • Papilio bolinaHypolimnas bolina
  • Papilio clytiaPapilio clytia
  • Papilio neaerea
  • Papilio acestaTigridia acesta
  • Papilio similisIdeopsis similis
  • Papilio assimilisHestina assimilis
  • Papilio dissimilisPapilio clytia
  • Papilio panopePapilio clytia
  • Papilio ruminaZerynthia rumina
  • Papilio levanaAraschnia levana, map (spring generation)
  • Papilio prorsaAraschnia levana, map (summer generations)
  • Papilio lucinaHamearis lucina
  • Papilio maturnaEuphydryas maturna, scarce fritillary
  • Papilio cinxiaMelitaea cinxia, Glanville fritillary
  • Papilio paphiaArgynnis paphia
  • Papilio cythereaAdelpha cytherea
  • Papilio aglajaSpeyeria aglaja, dark green fritillary
  • Papilio lathoniaIssoria lathonia
  • Papilio euphrosyneBoloria euphrosyne
  • Papilio niobeFabriciana niobe
  • Papilio vanillaeAgraulis vanillae

Plebeji rurales[]

The silver-studded blue was named Papilio argus in 1758.
The scarce copper was named Papilio virgaureae in 1758.
  • Papilio cupido
  • Papilio betulaeThecla betulae, brown hairstreak
  • Papilio pruniSatyrium pruni, black hairstreak
  • Papilio quercusQuercusia quercus, purple hairstreak
  • Papilio marsyasPseudolycaena marsyas
  • Papilio thamyrasArhopala thamyras
  • Papilio arionMaculinea arion, large blue
  • Papilio argusPlebejus argus, silver-studded blue
  • Papilio argiolusCelastrina argiolus, holly blue
  • Papilio rubiCallophrys rubi, green hairstreak
  • Papilio philocles
  • Papilio timantes – [nomen dubium]
  • Papilio athemon
  • Papilio caricae
  • Papilio phereclus
  • Papilio lysippusRiodina lysippus
  • Papilio virgaureaeLycaena virgaureae, scarce copper

Plebeji urbicolae[]

The grizzled skipper was named Papilio malvae in 1758.
  • Papilio comma
  • Papilio proteusUrbanus proteus, long-tailed skipper
  • Papilio phidias
  • Papilio bixae
  • Papilio polycletus
  • Papilio malvaePyrgus malvae, grizzled skipper
  • Papilio tagesErynnis tages, dingy skipper

Barbari[]

Neptis hylas was named Papilio hylas, after Hylas.

Sphinx (hawk moths)[]

Macroglossum stellatarum, the hummingbird hawk moth, was named Sphinx stellatarum in 1758.
Hyles euphorbiae, the spurge hawk moth (caterpillar pictured), was named Sphinx euphorbiae in 1758.
Zygaena filipendulae, the six-spot burnet moth (Zygaenidae) was included among the hawk moths of the genus Sphinx in 1758.

Phalaena (moths)[]

Bombyces[]

The puss moth Cerura vinula was described as Phalaena vinula in 1758.
Arctia caja was described as Phalaena caja in 1758.
Clostera curtula was described as Phalaena curtula in 1758.
Calliteara pudibunda was described as Phalaena pudibunda in 1758.
Notodonta ziczac was described as Phalaena ziczac in 1758.
The Luna moth Actias luna was described in 1758.

[Note 2]

  • Phalaena atlasAttacus atlas [19]
  • Phalaena hesperus [20]
  • Phalaena cecropiaHyalophora cecropia [21]
  • Phalaena paphiaAntheraea paphia [6]
  • Phalaena lunaActias luna [22]
  • Phalaena pavoniaSaturnia pavonia [23]
  • Phalaena tauAglia tau [24]
  • Phalaena quercifolia
  • Phalaena ilicifoliaPhyllodesma ilicifolia [25]
  • Phalaena pruniOdonestis pruni [26]
  • Phalaena potatoriaEuthrix potatoria [27]
  • Phalaena piniDendrolimus pini [28]
  • Phalaena quercusLasiocampa quercus [29]
  • Phalaena rubiMacrothylacia rubi [30]
  • Phalaena lanestrisEriogaster lanestris [31]
  • Phalaena vinulaCerura vinula
  • Phalaena versicoloraEndromis versicolora [32]
  • Phalaena moriBombyx mori [33]
  • Phalaena neustriaMalacosoma neustria [34]
  • Phalaena castrensisMalacosoma castrense [34]
  • Phalaena cataxEriogaster catax [35]
  • Phalaena processioneaThaumatopoea processionea
  • Phalaena cajaArctia caja
  • Phalaena virgoApantesis virgo
  • Phalaena villicaArctia villica
  • Phalaena plantaginisParasemia plantaginis
  • Phalaena monachaLymantria monacha
  • Phalaena disparLymantria dispar, gypsy moth
  • Phalaena chrysorrhoeaEuproctis chrysorrhoea
  • Phalaena salicisLeucoma salicis
  • Phalaena crataegiTrichiura crataegi [36]
  • Phalaena striataSpiris striata
  • Phalaena populiPoecilocampa populi [37]
  • Phalaena coryliColocasia coryli
  • Phalaena curtulaClostera curtula
  • Phalaena pudibundaCalliteara pudibunda
  • Phalaena fascelinaDicallomera fascelina
  • Phalaena antiquaOrgyia antiqua
  • Phalaena caeruleocephalaDiloba caeruleocephala
  • Phalaena ziczacNotodonta ziczac
  • Phalaena cossusCossus cossus [38]
  • Phalaena fenestraHyalurga fenestra
  • Phalaena perspicuaPitthea perspicua [39]
  • Phalaena odorataAscalapha odorata
  • Phalaena militaris [40]
  • Phalaena purpurataRhyparia purpurata
  • Phalaena aulicaHyphoraia aulica
  • Phalaena lubricipedaSpilosoma lubricipedum
  • Phalaena sannioDiacrisia sannio
  • Phalaena anastomosisClostera anastomosis
  • Phalaena graminisCerapteryx graminis
  • Phalaena lusoriaLygephila lusoria
  • Phalaena grammica
  • Phalaena cribrariaCoscinia cribraria
  • Phalaena celsiaStaurophora celsia
  • Phalaena libatrixScoliopteryx libatrix
  • Phalaena capucina
  • Phalaena camelina
  • Phalaena ooDicycla oo
  • Phalaena rufina
  • Phalaena helvolaAgrochola helvola

Noctuae[]

[Note 3]

Xyleutes strix was described as Phalaena strix in 1758.
Callimorpha dominula was described as Phalaena dominula in 1758.
Tyria jacobaeae was described as Phalaena jacobaeae in 1758.
The angle shades moth, Phlogophora meticulosa, was described as Phalaena meticulosa in 1758.
Orthosia gothica was described as Phalaena gothica in 1758.
Aedia leucomelas was described as Phalaena leucomelas in 1758.
  • Phalaena strixXyleutes strix [6]
  • Phalaena fagiStauropus fagi
  • Phalaena bucephalaPhalera bucephala
  • Phalaena hectaPhymatopus hecta[41]
  • Phalaena humuliHepialus humuli [42]
  • Phalaena lupulinaHepialus lupulinus [43][44]
  • Phalaena lunusNothus lunus [45]
  • Phalaena crepuscularisErebus crepuscularis
  • Phalaena occidua
  • Phalaena punctigera
  • Phalaena dominulaCallimorpha dominula
  • Phalaena matronulaPericallia matronula
  • Phalaena fuliginosaPhragmatobia fuliginosa
  • Phalaena fulviaChionaema fulvium
  • Phalaena batisThyatira batis [46]
  • Phalaena trapezinaCosmia trapezina
  • Phalaena lucerneaStandfussiana lucernea
  • Phalaena pellexUtetheisa pellex
  • Phalaena glyphicaEuclidia glyphica
  • Phalaena pallensMythimna pallens
  • Phalaena russula
  • Phalaena leporinaAcronicta leporina
  • Phalaena ornatrixUtetheisa ornatrix
  • Phalaena jacobaeaeTyria jacobaeae
  • Phalaena heliconiaAsota heliconia
  • Phalaena rubricollisAtolmis rubricollis
  • Phalaena quadraLithosia quadra
  • Phalaena complanaEilema complanum
  • Phalaena pactaCatocala pacta
  • Phalaena pronubaNoctua pronuba
  • Phalaena mauraMormo maura
  • Phalaena fraxiniCatocala fraxini
  • Phalaena chrysitisDiachrysia chrysitis
  • Phalaena gammaAutographa gamma
  • Phalaena interrogationisSyngrapha interrogationis
  • Phalaena jotaAutographa jota
  • Phalaena festucaePlusia festucae
  • Phalaena meticulosaPhlogophora meticulosa
  • Phalaena psiAcronicta psi
  • Phalaena chiAntitype chi
  • Phalaena acerisAcronicta aceris
  • Phalaena aprilinaDichonia aprilina
  • Phalaena ludificaTrichosea ludifica
  • Phalaena occultaEurois occultus
  • Phalaena conspicillarisEgira conspicillaris
  • Phalaena umbraticaCucullia umbratica
  • Phalaena exsoletaXylena exsoleta
  • Phalaena verbasciCucullia verbasci
  • Phalaena exclamationisAgrotis exclamationis
  • Phalaena gothicaOrthosia gothica
  • Phalaena scabriuscula
  • Phalaena strigilisOligia strigilis
  • Phalaena C nigrumXestia c-nigrum
  • Phalaena brassicaeMamestra brassicae
  • Phalaena rumicisAcronicta rumicis
  • Phalaena oxyacanthaeAllophyes oxyacanthae
  • Phalaena oleraceaLacanobia oleracea
  • Phalaena pisiMelanchra pisi
  • Phalaena atriplicisTrachea atriplicis
  • Phalaena praecoxActebia praecox
  • Phalaena triplasiaAbrostola triplasia
  • Phalaena pyramideaAmphipyra pyramidea
  • Phalaena flavicornisAchlya flavicornis [47]
  • Phalaena leucomelasAedia leucomelas
  • Phalaena typicaNaenia typica
  • Phalaena luciparaEuplexia lucipara
  • Phalaena delphiniiPeriphanes delphinii
  • Phalaena citragoXanthia citrago
  • Phalaena secalisMesapamea secalis

Geometrae[]

[48]

Eurrhypara hortulata was described as Phalaena hortulata in 1758.
  • Phalaena lacteariaJodis lactearia
  • Phalaena falcatariaDrepana falcataria [49]
  • Phalaena sambucariaOurapteryx sambucaria
  • Phalaena lacertinariaFalcaria lacertinaria [50]
  • Phalaena alniariaEnnomos alniaria
  • Phalaena syringariaApeira syringaria
  • Phalaena prunariaAngerona prunaria
  • Phalaena piniariaBupalus piniaria
  • Phalaena tiliaria
  • Phalaena vulpinaria – synonym of Diacrisia sannio [18]
  • Phalaena elinguariaCrocallis elinguaria
  • Phalaena melanariaArichanna melanaria
  • Phalaena maculariaPseudopanthera macularia
  • Phalaena atomariaEmaturga atomaria
  • Phalaena pulverariaPlagodis pulveraria
  • Phalaena fasciariaHylaea fasciaria
  • Phalaena betulariaBiston betularia
  • Phalaena scopularia [18]
  • Phalaena wauariaMacaria wauaria
  • Phalaena tentaculariaPolypogon tentacularius [18][51]
  • Phalaena purpurariaLythria purpuraria
  • Phalaena prosapiaria
  • Phalaena punctariaCyclophora punctaria
  • Phalaena teutonaria
  • Phalaena pusariaCabera pusaria
  • Phalaena papilionariaGeometra papilionaria
  • Phalaena tripunctariaNyctemera tripunctaria [18]
  • Phalaena tricinctaria
  • Phalaena jatropharia
  • Phalaena viridataChlorissa viridata
  • Phalaena putataJodis putata
  • Phalaena notataMacaria notata
  • Phalaena amata
  • Phalaena repandataAlcis repandata
  • Phalaena dubitataTriphosa dubitata
  • Phalaena emarginataIdaea emarginata
  • Phalaena atrataOdezia atrata
  • Phalaena clathrataChiasmia clathrata
  • Phalaena undulataHydria undulata
  • Phalaena flaveolata
  • Phalaena aestuata
  • Phalaena grossulariataAbraxas grossulariata
  • Phalaena luteolataOpisthograptis luteolata
  • Phalaena populataEulithis populata
  • Phalaena bilineataCamptogramma bilineata
  • Phalaena chenopodiataScotopteryx chenopodiata
  • Phalaena comitataPelurga comitata
  • Phalaena dotata
  • Phalaena plagiataAplocera plagiata
  • Phalaena miataChloroclysta miata
  • Phalaena prunataEulithis prunata
  • Phalaena aversataIdaea aversata
  • Phalaena tristataEpirrhoe tristata
  • Phalaena alchemillataPerizoma alchemillata
  • Phalaena hastataRheumaptera hastata
  • Phalaena albicillataMesoleuca albicillata
  • Phalaena marginataLomaspilis marginata
  • Phalaena ocellataCosmorhoe ocellata
  • Phalaena janataAchaea janata [18]
  • Phalaena fluctuataXanthorhoe fluctuata
  • Phalaena juniperataThera juniperata
  • Phalaena incanataScopula incanata
  • Phalaena immutataScopula immutata
  • Phalaena immorataScopula immorata
  • Phalaena remutata
  • Phalaena succenturiataEupithecia succenturiata
  • Phalaena strigilataPechipogo strigilata [18]
  • Phalaena didymataMesotype didymata
  • Phalaena rectangulataPasiphila rectangulata
  • Phalaena hortulataEurrhypara hortulata [51]
  • Phalaena nymphaeata [51]
  • Phalaena potamogata [51]
  • Phalaena stratiotataParapoynx stratiotata [51]
  • Phalaena lemnataCataclysta lemnata [51]
  • Phalaena cingulataPyrausta cingulata [51]
  • Phalaena brumataOperophtera brumata

Tortrices[]

[Note 4]

Agapeta hamana was described as Phalaena hamana in 1758.
Eulia ministrana was described as Phalaena ministrana in 1758.
Epinotia solandriana was described as Phalaena solandriana in 1758.
  • Phalaena prasinana [18]
  • Phalaena viridanaTortrix viridana
  • Phalaena literanaAcleris literana
  • Phalaena hamanaAgapeta hamana
  • Phalaena fuscana – synonym of Pseudosciaphila branderiana
  • Phalaena oporanaArchips oporana
  • Phalaena rosanaArchips rosana
  • Phalaena xylosteanaArchips xylosteana
  • Phalaena avellana
  • Phalaena ameriana
  • Phalaena piceana
  • Phalaena ministranaEulia ministrana
  • Phalaena rurinanaClepsis rurinana
  • Phalaena uddmannianaEpiblema uddmanniana
  • Phalaena lecheanaPtycholoma lecheana
  • Phalaena branderianaPseudosciaphila branderiana
  • Phalaena forsskåleanaCroesia forsskaleana
  • Phalaena loeflingianaAleimma loeflingiana
  • Phalaena bergmannianaCroesia bergmanniana
  • Phalaena holmianaCroesia holmiana
  • Phalaena rolandrianaClepsis rolandriana
  • Phalaena solandrianaEpinotia solandriana
  • Phalaena hastianaAcleris hastiana
  • Phalaena wahlbomiana
  • Phalaena ledianaOlethreutes lediana
  • Phalaena heraclianaAgonopterix heracliana

Pyrales[]

Pyrausta purpuralis was described as Phalaena purpualis in 1758.

[Note 5]

Tineae[]

[Note 6]

Alucitae[]

Geina didactyla was described as Phalaena didactyla in 1758.

[Note 7]

  • Phalaena monodactylaEmmelina monodactyla
  • Phalaena didactylaGeina didactyla
  • Phalaena tridactylaPterophorus tridactyla
  • Phalaena tetradactylaPterophorus tetradactyla
  • Phalaena pentadactylaPterophorus pentadactyla
  • Phalaena hexadactylaAlucita hexadactyla

Footnotes[]

  1. ^ The current names of all Linnaeus' Papilio species are taken from Honey & Scoble (2008).[3]
  2. ^ Except where otherwise indicated, all given identities of Linnaeus' Bombyces are taken from Mikkola & Honey (1993).[18]
  3. ^ Except where otherwise indicated, the identities of Linnaeus' Noctuae are taken from Mikkola & Honey (1993).[18]
  4. ^ Except where otherwise indicated, the identities of Linnaeus' Tortrices are taken from Robinson & Nielsen (1983).[51]
  5. ^ The identities of all Linnaeus' Pyrales are taken from Robinson & Nielsen (1983).[51]
  6. ^ The identities of all Linnaeus' Tineae are taken from Robinson & Nielsen (1983).[51]
  7. ^ The identities of all Linnaeus' Alucitae are taken from Robinson & Nielsen (1983).[51]

References[]

  1. ^ Malcolm J. Scoble (1995). "Classification of the Lepidoptera". The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. Oxford University Press. pp. 186–191. ISBN 978-0-19-854952-9.
  2. ^ a b c d e John L. Heller (1945). "Classical mythology in the Systema Naturae of Linnaeus". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 76: 333–357. doi:10.2307/283345. JSTOR 283345.
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