Light art

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The Blessing Hand by Stepan Ryabchenko in Saatchi Gallery in London

Light art or luminism[1] is a visual art form in which light is the main medium of expression. It is an art form in which either a sculpture produces light, or light is used to create a "sculpture" through the manipulation of light, colours, and shadows. These sculptures can be temporary or permanent, and can exist in two distinctive spaces: indoor galleries, such as museum exhibits, or outdoors at events like festivals. Light art can be an interaction of light within an architectural space. Light artists are those that devote all their creative experimentation to light art, some artists experiment with light and neon signage and use light in their practice.

History[]

Robert Irwin Scrim Veil—Black Rectangle—Natural Light, Whitney Museum of American Art
Interior of Santa Maria Annunciata in Chiesa Rossa. Milan, Italy.
Projection mapping (San Francisco)

The first examples of modern light art appeared after the discovery of electric lighting made longterm lighting safe and affordable at the end of the 19th century. Light art however didn't become a dedicated form of art until the late 20th century, in large part due to pioneering work begun in 1969, as part of an experimental program at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, by Robert Irwin and James Turrell.[2]

Modernism, Constructivism and the Bauhaus (1920–1935)[]

See also: Modern art, Constructivism (art), and Bauhaus

Light has been used for architectural effect throughout human history. However, the modern concept of light art emerged with the development of artificial electric incandescent light sources and experimentation by modern artists of the Constructivist and Bauhaus movements.[3] "Prounenraum (Proun Room) (1923), by El Lissitzky, is considered by many art historians to be the first time an artist incorporated architectural lighting elements as a component integral to his work."[2][failed verification][4][failed verification] The first object-based light sculpture was the Light-Space Modulator (1922-1930), by László Moholy-Nagy.[5][6] Experimentation and innovations in theatrical light have often influenced other areas of light use such as light art. The development of Modernism and the electric light go hand-in-hand; the idea of the modern city with high-rises and electric light epitomizes this development.

All visual art uses light in some form, but in modern photography and motion pictures, use of light is especially important. However, with the invention of electrical artificial light, possibilities expanded and many artists began using light as the main form of expression, rather than solely as a vehicle for other forms of art. Constructivist Naum Gabo experimented with the transparent materiality light reflects on an object; his Linear Construction No. 1 (1943) provides an example of this.[7] Marcel Duchamp's Hat Rack (1916 and 1964), hangs from the ceiling and casts a shadow against the wall.[8]

Large-scale displays of light require the collaboration of the authorities. An early example is the utilization of the majority of the searchlights of the German Air Force by Albert Speer for his Cathedral of Light, an impressive feature of the Nazi Party rallies at Nuremberg between 1934 an d1938.[9]

Art critic Hilarie M. Sheets explains that "the interplay of dark and light has been a theme running from Greek and Roman sculpture to Renaissance painting to experimental film. But as technology advanced from the glow of the electric light bulb to the computer monitor, artists have been experimenting with actual light as material and subject."[10]

Lumino kinetic and op art (1950–1970)[]

See also: Op art, Kinetic art, and Lumino kinetic art

Minimalism[]

See also: Minimalism
See also: Dan Flavin
See also: François Morellet
See also: James Turrell
See also: Robert Irwin (artist)

Neon art (1980s)[]

See also: Neon art
See also: Neon lighting § Neon lighting and artists in light

Projection mapping[]

See also: Projection mapping

Closely associated art forms are projectors, 3-D map projection, multi-media, video art, and photography where light technology projects images rather than using light as the medium. Large light festivals and events have helped to develop the use of light on large canvases such as architectural facades, building projections, the flood lighting of buildings with colour, and interactive media facades. These forms of light art have their antecedents in new media-based, video art and photography which are sometimes classified as light art since light and movement are important to the work.

Digital graffiti[]

See also: Digital graffiti

Also included in the light art genre is the so-called light graffiti including projection onto buildings,[11] arrangement of lighted windows in buildings, and painting with hand-held lights onto film using time exposure.[12]

Light painting[]

See also: Light painting

Lightpainting[]

See also: Lightpainting

Light Art Installation[]

An example of a light art installation was that of artists Mel and Dorothy Tanner, who began adding light to their paintings and sculptures at their studio in Miami, Florida, in 1967. This was the same time period as that of Light and Space artists James Turrell and Robert Irwin in Los Angeles, on the opposite U.S. coast. The Tanners worked very closely for over 40 years until Mel Tanner died in 1993. Their main project was the creation of Lumonics that consists of their light sculptures, live projection, video, electronics and music as a total art installation. Author and art historian, Michael Betancourt described this conceptual art as a Gesamtkunstwerk in his book, The Lumonics Theater: The Art of Mel & Dorothy Tanner[13], published in 2004. Dorothy Tanner, born in 1923, continues her light art from her studio in Denver, and co-directs the Lumonics School of Light Art with Marc Billard.

Displays[]

Two separate shots side-by-side looking up toward the ceiling in the middle of the Guggenheim Museum in New York during James Turrell's light exhibition Aten Reign.
Light installation of the Luminale 2008 during the trade fair Light + Building in Frankfurt, Germany
The Sydney Opera House during Vivid Sydney (2013).

Museums[]

Many modern art museums include light sculptures and installations in their permanent and temporary collections. The Centre for International Light Art in Unna, Germany is currently the world's only museum dedicated exclusively to the collection and presentation of light art.[14][15]

The Light Art Museum in Eindhoven, Netherlands, another museum dedicated to the display of light art, closed on 5 December 2010[16] due to insufficient funding, but at the Strijp-S complex, one can see the Fakkel by Har Hollands, Daan Roosegaarde's Crystal as well as part of the light festival GLOW.[17][18]

Many well-known art museums, such as the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and the Museum of Modern Art in New York, often have temporary light art exhibits and installations in their galleries.[19][20][21]

Light festivals[]

Light festivals and the smart city LED revolution was driven by outdoor urban light sculpture with low energy LED luminaires. Light artists were able to create new exhibition spaces collectively in the form of light art festivals. These festivals have continued to grow internationally and help to highlight ecological change. This LED low energy movement dates back to the 2009 by the Vivid Smart Light Festival in Sydney.[22] In Singapore, the i Light Marina Bay festival—Asia's only sustainable light festival—was first hosted in 2010.[23] There are many light art festivals, especially in Europe, including the Signal Festival in Prague and the Ghent Light Festival. Light festivals and LEDS have redefined light art as an art genre.[24]

See also: Festival of Lights (Lyon)
See also: Vivid Sydney
See also: Light + Building
See also: GLOW Festival Eindhoven
See also: Light Art Biennale Austria 2010
See also: Lux Helsinki
See also: i Light Marina Bay
See also: Lichtstadt Feldkirch

Light Art Awards[]

The World Light Art Award, presented by the Centre for International Light Art Unna and the RWE Foundation, is given to up-and-coming artists who will contribute "to the development of light art in an innovative and creative way"[25] and has been in existence since 2015.

The award is meant to encourage artists to explore light art, despite the difficulties the relatively new style faces, including the financial and technical requirements needed for a light art exhibit. The foundations behind the ILAA also wish to put emphasis on sustainability and new technologies within the medium of light expression.

The Australian and New Zealand Engineering Illumination Society ANZIES began giving an annual award to light artists at the Vivid Light Festival in 2010. Vivid Light festival grants help support local and international light artists in the pursuit of their medium. 2015 The DARC awards, supported by Mondo Arc Magazine, began selecting winners for their light art awards. The International Association of Lighting Design the IALD, a North American-based organization, also gives out an annual award for light art.

Artists working with light[]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms
  2. ^ a b Glenn Shrum, Light Art Matters - A closer look at the ideas behind the work
  3. ^ Weibel, Peter; Jensen, Gregor, eds. (2006). Lichkunst aus Kunstlicht: Licht als Medium der Kunst im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert. ISBN 978-3-7757-1774-8. Catalog for an exhibition "Light Art from Artificial Light: Light as the Medium of Art in the 20th and 21st Centuries" at the Zentrum fur Kunst und Medientechnologie in Karlsruhe, Germany (19 November 2005 – 1 May 2006).
  4. ^ "Replicas and Reconstructions in Twentieth-Century Art: El Lissitzky, Prounenraum 1923, reconstruction 1971". Tate. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  5. ^ "László Moholy-Nagy, Tate bio". tate.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008.
  6. ^ "Light Art". Kunstlexikon. Hatje Cantz Verlag. 5 February 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  7. ^ "Linear Construction No. 1 1942–3". Tate. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  8. ^ "Hat Rack | The Art Institute of Chicago". www.artic.edu. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  9. ^ Speer, Albert (1970). Inside the Third Reich. New York and Toronto: Macmillan. p. 59. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  10. ^ Sheets, Hilarie M. "Waves of Light." ARTnews Mar. 2007: 131-33. ARTnews. Print. Web. 1 Feb. 2012. http://www.artnews.com/2007/03/01/waves-of-light/.
  11. ^ "Architectural Light Graffiti: Image Projection Bombing". Webist Media. 7 September 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  12. ^ "Luminaries: 20 Light Graffiti Artists & Photographers". Webist Media. 7 December 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  13. ^ Betancourt, Michael (2004). The Lumonics Theater: The Art of Mel and Dorothy Tanner. Maryland, United States: Wildside Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-8095-1193-2.
  14. ^ "Take An Electrifying Look Inside The World's First Light Art Museum". Vice Media Inc. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  15. ^ "The World's Only Light Art Museum Grants the International Light Art Award 2015". International Year of Light 2015 - Blog. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  16. ^ "Closed: The Light Art Museum in Eindhoven", Luminapolis: The World of Lighting, 28 November 2010, archived from the original on 15 August 2017, retrieved 17 January 2016.
  17. ^ 'Herbeleef Glow Eindhoven: Routes en hoogtepunten door de jaren heen', Eindhovens Dagblad.
  18. ^ 'Licht zien, voelen en zelfs opslaan op Glow Next', Eindhovens Dagblad.
  19. ^ "Jim Campbell". SFMOMA. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  20. ^ "Take your time: Olafur Eliasson | MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  21. ^ "SFMOMA CELEBRATES ARTIST LEO VILLAREAL IN ANTICIPATION OF LIGHT INSTALLATION ON BAY BRIDGE". SFMOMA. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  22. ^ "Smart Light Sydney". Smart Light Sydney. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  23. ^ "i Light Marina Bay invites artists to submit proposals". Singapore Urban Redevelopment Authority. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  24. ^ "SuperLux: Smart Light Art, Design & Architecture for Cities" published by Thames and Hudson Author Davina Jackson
  25. ^ NL, Zentrum für Internationale Lichtkunst Unna // Design: RAW COLOR, Eindhoven. "International Light Art Award". www.ilaa.eu. Retrieved 8 August 2016.

Literature[]

  • Jansen, J. (1991), 'Het Electrisch': van lamplicht tot lichtsculptuur, Museum het Princessehof, ISBN 978-90-71588-10-5.
  • Tahara, Keiichi (2001), Light, Sculpture, Photography, Editions Assouline, ISBN 978-2-84323-262-6.
  • JanLeonardo Woellert & Joerg Miedza - Painting With Light: Light Art Performance Photography, Rocky Nook; 1 Edition (10 April 2011), ISBN 978-1933952741.
  • Crisafulli, Fabrizio. 2013. Active Light. Issues of Light in Contemporary Theatre, Dublin: Artdigiland. ISBN 978-1494786922.

External links[]

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