List of African-American newspapers in Alabama

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Front page of the Birmingham Wide-Awake from January 1900.

This is a list of African-American newspapers that have been published in Alabama. It includes both current and historical newspapers.

The first such newspaper in Alabama was , published in Mobile from 1865 to 1869.[1] Many more followed it, with some 100 newspapers established in the 1890s alone as the reading population grew and became more urbanized.

Alabama's first state organization of African-American newspapers was the , which was founded by the editors of nine papers in 1887.[2] However, the association ceased to function after two years, due to many of its key members having been driven out of the state by racist violence.[2] As the growth of the African-American press continued unabated, the was established in 1894.[2]

Newspapers[]

City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks
Aldrich
  • The Alabama Time-Piece[4]
  • The Alabama Timepiece[3]
 1895[3] 1902?[3] Weekly[3]
  • LCCN sn85044527
  • OCLC 11359168
  • Published by Aldrich Publishing Company.[3]
  • Edited by B.L. Lester.[3]
Anniston / Birmingham (1909–1911)[5] The Baptist Leader 1880s[5] 1900s[5] Weekly[5]
Anniston The Union Leader 1901[7] 1903?[7] Weekly[7]
Bay Minette American Banner 1895?[8] ?[8] Weekly, bimonthly in 1899[8]
  • Published by Boykin, S.J.[8]
  • Attested through at least 1902.[8]
Belmont News 1902[9] 1903[9] Weekly[9]
Bethel The Southern Star 1890s[10] 1900s[10] Weekly[10]
Birmingham / Montgomery (1877–1882)[11] Advance 1876[11] 1882[11] Weekly[11]
  • First Democratic African-American newspaper in Alabama.[11]
  • Edited by James A. Scott.[11]
Birmingham The Afro-American Labor Sentinel 1896[12] ?[12] Twice monthly[12]
  • Published by The Afro-American Labor and Protective Association.[12]
Birmingham The Birmingham American 1910s[13] 1900s[13] Weekly[13]
Birmingham
  • Birmingham Blade[14]
  • The Birmingham Blade[15]
 1907[14] 1909[14] Weekly[14]
  • Published and edited by L.H. Harrison.[14]
Birmingham Broad Axe 1891[16] 1895[16]
  • Edited by T.H. Jordan.[2]
Birmingham By Any Means Necessary: (BAMN) 1985?[17] ? Irregular[17]
  • Published by New Afrikan People’s Organization. Edited by Thandisizwe Chimurenga.[17]
  • Attested through at least 1993.[17]
Birmingham
  • Christian Era
  • Birmingham Era
 1886[18] 1887[18]
Birmingham / Demopolis The Christian Hope 1894?[19] ?[19] Weekly[19]
  • Edited by L.S. Steinbeck.[19]
  • Attested through at least 1902.[19]
Birmingham Birmingham Free Speech 1901[20] ?[20] Weekly[20]
  • Published by Francis P. McAlpin.[20]
Birmingham Hot Shots 1896[21] 1900s[21] Irregular[21]
Birmingham
  • Birmingham Mirror[23]
  • The Birmingham Mirror[22]
 1939?[22] ?[22] Weekly[22]
  • Published by J. Howard Williamson.[22]
  • Attested through at least 1974.[22]
Birmingham
  • Negro American[25]
  • The Negro American[24]
  • American Citizen (1888–)[18]
 1886[24] 1891?[24] Weekly[24]
  • Edited by R.C.O. Benjamin from 1886 to 1887, when threats of white violence forced him to leave.[26] Subsequent editors included J.W. White, Albert Boyd, and A.N. Jackson.[18]
  • "The most outspoken black paper in Birmingham".[26]
Birmingham The New Era Banner 1918[28] or 1919[27] ?[27] Weekly[27]
Birmingham The Pleiades 1888[29] ?[29] Weekly[29]
Birmingham The Birmingham Reporter 1900?[30] ?[30] Weekly[30]
Birmingham
  • The Birmingham Reporter
  • Birmingham Eagle Reporter
 1915?[32] 1930s[31] Weekly[32]
  • "Official organ of the Masons, Eastern Stars, and Knights of Pythias of Alabama and Knights and Ladies of Honor of the World."[31]
Birmingham The Times Plain Dealer 1910s[33] 1900s[33] Weekly[33]
  • Attested through at least 1921.[33]
Birmingham The Birmingham Times 1964[34] current Weekly[34]
Birmingham The Birmingham Truth 1902[36] 1900s[35] Weekly[35]
Birmingham The Truth 1903[37] 1900s[37] Weekly[37]
  • Attested through at least 1905.[37]
  • Published by Tuggle Printing Company.[37]
Birmingham
  • The Voice of the People[39]
  • Weekly Voice (1916–1917)[38]
 1913?[39] 1920s[38] Weekly[39]
  • Published by E.W. Howell.[39]
Birmingham The Alabama Voice 1946[40] ?[40] Bimonthly newspaper[40]
  • Published by H.D. Coke.[40]
Birmingham Weekly Pilot 1883[41] ?[41] Weekly[41]
  • Edited by J.H. Thomason. Published by Pilot Publishing Company.[41]
Birmingham The Weekly Review 1934?[42] ?[42] Weekly[42]
  • Published and edited by Robert Durr.[42]
Birmingham
  • Wide Awake Bulletin (1880s–1890s)[43]
  • Wide-Awake (1890s–)[44]
  • Birmingham Wide-Awake (1906–)[45]
 1887[43] or 1889?[46] 1890s[43] Weekly[43][46]
Birmingham
  • The Workmen's Chronicle[48]
  • The Workmens Chronicle[47]
 1917[47] ?[47] Weekly[47]
  • "Issued under the auspices of the Afro-American Sociological Congress."[48]
Birmingham 1930[50] 1996[49] Weekly,[50] twice weekly from 1940 to 1969[49]
  • Founded by W.A. Scott. Published by Joe N. Dickson & Associates.[50]
Decatur The Guardian 1910[51] 1900s[51] Monthly newspaper[51]
  • Attested through at least 1914.[51]
Decatur
  • Speakin' Out Weekly News[52]
  • Speakin’ Out News[53]
 1980[54] current Weekly[54]
Dothan Southern Star 1916[55] ?[55] Weekly[55]
  • Published by M.S. Brown. Edited by M.J. Adams from 1918 to 1919.[55]
Dothan
  • The Voice Of The Negro[57]
  • Voice of the Negro[56]
 1912?[56] ?[56] Weekly[56]
  • Attested through at least 1915.[57]
Epes The Sumter Enterprise 1907[58] ?[58] Weekly[58]
  • Published and edited by A.G. Idrell.[58]
Eufaula Vindicator 1889[59] ?
Eutaw Greene County Democrat ? current Weekly[60]
Eutaw Western Guide 1905[9] 1909[9] Weekly[9]
Fayette Watchman 1902[9] 1903[9] Weekly[9]
Florence The Shoals News Leader 1979?[61] ?[61] Weekly[61]
  • Published by Reginald Liner.[61]
Florence The Watcher 1888[63] 1800s[62] Weekly[63]
  • Suspended publication in 1889.[62]
Georgiana The Temple Star 1916?[64] ?[64] Twice monthly[64]
Girard Eastern Sunlight 1901[9] 1914[9] Weekly[9]
Grove Hill Grove Hill Herald 1800s[65] 1850s[65] Weekly[65]
Hayneville / Montgomery The Republican Sentinel and Hayneville Times 1878[67] 1878[66] Weekly[68]
Huntsville 1879[69] 1894[69] Weekly[69]
  • Edited by Charles Hendley, Jr.[6]
  • "[T]he most financially successful and enduring black newspaper in Alabama before 1900."[6]
Huntsville The Herald 1878[70] 1884[70] Weekly[71]
  • Edited by W.H. Councill.[71]
Huntsville The Huntsville Journal 1895[72] 1897[72] Weekly[72]
Huntsville The Journal 1897[74] 1912[73] Weekly[74]
  • Edited by H.C. Binford from 1897 to 1911, and then by J.A. Binford.[74]
Huntsville The Huntsville Mirror 1935?[75] ?[75] Weekly[75]
  • Edited by L.C. Jamar.[76]
Huntsville The Huntsville Star 1900[77] ?[77] Weekly[77]
  • Edited by Richard C. Hancock.[77]
Huntsville The Weekly News 1968[79] 1980s[78] Weekly[79] or bimonthly[78]
Huntsville The Weekly News 1900s[78] 1900s[78] Weekly[78]
  • Attested from at least 1931.[78]
Kempsville
1800s[81] 1910s[80] Twice monthly[80]
Lovan The Eagle 1880s[81] 1900s[81] Twice monthly[81]
Marion The Journal Reporter 1870s[82] ?[82] Weekly[82]
  • Attested through at least 1881.[82]
Mobile Ace 1975[83] ?[83] Weekly[83]
  • Edited by William Shirley and Arthur Johnson Jr.[83]
  • Attested through at least 1979.[83]
Mobile
  • Mobile Beacon[84]
  • The Mobile Beacon & Alabama Citizen[85]
  • The Mobile Beacon and Alabama Citizen[86]
 1943[86] current Weekly[86]
  • Published by Lancie M. Thomas.[86]
  • Conflicting reports of closure in 2019.[87]
Mobile Gazette 1883[88] 1884[88] Twice weekly, then weekly (1882–1884)[88]
Mobile Herald 1871[66] 1872[66]
  • "[E]stablished in August 1871 to defend the Turner-Spencer faction of the party from attacks by the Mobile Republican."[66]
Mobile Methodist Vindicator 1888[59] 1889[59]
Mobile 1865[1] 1869[1] Triweekly[89]
  • First African American newspaper in Alabama.[90]
  • Owned and managed by African Americans.[90] Edited in 1865 by John Silsby, and from 1866 to 1869 by Albert Griffin, "two white carpetbaggers".[90]
Mobile The New Times 1981[91] current[91] Weekly[91]
Mobile The Press Forum Sun 1900s[92] 1900s[92] Weekly[92]
Mobile The Press-Forum Weekly[93] 1929[93] 1941[93] Weekly[93]
Mobile The Mobile Republican 1870[94] 1872?[94] Weekly; daily in 1870[94]
  • Initially a daily, purchased and turned into a weekly by Philip Joseph later in 1870.[95] became editor and publisher in 1871.[95]
  • "[P]ossibly the first in the state to be edited by an Afro-American."[95]
Mobile The Southern Watchman 1899[96] 1904[96] Weekly[97]
  • Edited by Anderson N. McEwen.[97]
Mobile
  • The Mobile Watchman
  • Watchman
 1873[99] 1874[98] Weekly[99]
Mobile The Mobile Weekly Advocate 1911[100] ?[100] Weekly[100]
  • Attested through at least 1958.[100]
Mobile 1896?[101] 1929[101] Weekly[101]
Montgomery The Advance 1877?[103] 1880s[102] Weekly[103]
  • Published by James A. Scott.[103]
Montgomery The Alabama Enterprise 1885?[104] ?[104] Weekly[104]
  • Attested from 1886.[105]
  • Edited by Sam B. Davis.[105]
Montgomery The Alabama Guide 1884[106] ?[106] Monthly newspaper[106]
  • Published and edited by M.G. Thomas.[106]
Montgomery Alabama Republican 1880[107] ?[107] Weekly[107]
  • Published and edited by Charles O. Harris.[107]
Montgomery Alabama Tribune 1951[108] 1964?[108] Weekly[108]
  • Published by E.G. Jackson.[108]
Montgomery The Montgomery Argus 1890[109] ?[109] Weekly[109]
Montgomery The Colored Alabamian 1907[110] 1916[110] Weekly[110]
Montgomery The Colored Citizen 1884[111] 1884[111] Weekly[111]
  • Published by Brown Brothers.[111]
Montgomery The Emancipator 1917[112] 1920s[112] Weekly[112]
  • Edited by J. Edward McCall.[112]
Montgomery The Montgomery Enterprise 1898[113] 1900[113] Weekly[113]
Montgomery The Evening Appeal 1886?[114] ?[114] Unknown[114]
Montgomery The Evening Appeal 1880s[115] ?[115] Daily[115]
  • Published by Allred Bros.[115]
Montgomery The Helping Hand 1907?[117] 1910s[116] Weekly[117]
  • Published by Jackson A. Stokes.[117]
  • Attested through at least 1912.[116]
Montgomery The Herald 1886[118] 1887[118] Weekly[118]
  • Published by , who was driven from the state by a lynch mob after writing an anti-lynching editorial in The Herald in 1887.[119]
Montgomery The Montgomery Mirror 1935?[120] ?[120] Weekly[120]
Montgomery
  • Montgomery-Tuskegee Times: The Alternative[121]
  • The Montgomery-Tuskegee Times[122]
 1979[121] 2000s Weekly[121]
Montgomery The Odd Fellows Journal 1885[123] ?[123] Monthly newspaper[123]
  • Attested through at least October 1886.[123]
Montgomery The Republican Sentinel 1872?[124] ?[124] Weekly[124]
Montgomery[126] The Southern Courier 1965[126] 1968[125] Weekly[126]
  • Moved from Atlanta to Montgomery in September 1965.[125]
Montgomery The Montgomery Times 1977[127] 1979[127] Weekly[127]
Montgomery Voice of Action 1970[128] ?[128] Weekly[128]
Montgomery
  • Watchman
  • Negro Watchman (1874)[70]
 1873[70] 1874[70]
Montgomery The Weekly Citizen 1884[129] ?[129] Weekly[129]
  • Numerous editors and publishers.[129]
Montgomery The Weekly News 1884[130] ?[130] Weekly[130]
  • Published by C.M. Brown, noted for his advocacy of black self-defense.[119]
Montgomery Montgomery Weekly Review 1936?[131] ?[131] Weekly[131]
  • Edited by William P. Smith.[131]
Opelika 1894[132] ?[132] Weekly[132]
  • Edited by John P. Lawrence.[132]
  • Circulation of 300.[133]
Patton Junction The Patton Pointer 1897[9] or 1898[134] 1904[9] Weekly[134]
  • Edited by J.T. Nall.[134]
Selma The Baptist Pioneer 1878[135] or 1879?[136] 1886[135] Weekly[136] or monthly[137]
  • Published by the .[136]
  • Edited by W.H. McAlpine.[136]
Selma The Selma Cyclone 1886[138] 1890s[138] Weekly[138]
  • Edited by William J. Stevens from 1886 to 1887 and by John Mitchell Gee from 1887 to 1890.[26]
  • Known for its conciliatory political stance.[26]
Selma Dallas Post 1884[139] 1884[139]
  • Edited by W.H. Mixon.[139]
  • "[T]he first secular Negro news journal ever published in Dallas County."[139]
Selma
  • The Independent
  • Southern Independent
 1800s[140] ?[140] Weekly[140]
  • Edited by from 1886 to 1889.[139]
  • Absorbed Selma Social Circle and Gospel Messenger in 1888.[139]
Selma Selma Record 1900[141] ?[141] Weekly[141]
  • Attested through at least 1902.[141]
Selma Selma Sentinel 1965[142] ?[142] Weekly[142]
Selma Southern Christian Age 1898[143] ?[143] Weekly[143]
  • Edited by W.H. Mixon.[143]
  • Attested through at least 1901.[143]
Selma Southern Christian Recorder 1888[139] 1891[139]
  • Newspaper of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Edited by .[139]
  • Moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 1891 after Bryant was arrested for his outspoken writing and his life was threatened by a lynch mob.[26]
Slocomb Ardis Times 1909[9] 1911[9] Weekly[9]
Talladega Reporter and Watchtower 1873[144] 1886?[144] Weekly[144]
  • Published by T.J. Cross and M.H. Cruikshank.[144]
Talladega The Southern Sentinel 1877[145] 1881?[145] or 1886[70] Monthly during school year[145]
  • Edited by Edward P. Lord from 1877 to 1879, and George N. Ellis from 1879 to 1881.[145]
Tunnell Springs Eagle 1888 1913
Tuscaloosa
  • Alabama Citizen[147]
  • The Alabama Citizen and the Tuscaloosa Weekly Review[146]
 1944?[146] or 1947[147] 1947[146] or 1963[147] Weekly[146]
  • Published by James R. Greene.[146]
  • Published in Mobile from October 1961 to September 1963.[147]
Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa Courier 1979?[148] ?[148] Monthly newspaper[148]
  • Published by Charles Steele Jr. [148]
Tuscaloosa Tuskaloosa Chronicle 1896[149] ?[149] Weekly[149]
Tuscumbia 1901[151] 1929?[150] Monthly[151]
  • "[T]he leading black paper in northwest Alabama."[150]
  • Edited by G.W. Trenholm.[150]
Tuskegee The Alabama Headlight 1900[152] 1902?[152] Semimonthly[152]
  • Published by Alabama Headlight.[152]
Tuskegee The Tuskegee Herald 1950[153] 1958[153] Monthly newspaper[153]
  • Published by Hal Fisher. Edited by Mrs. E.M. Washington.[153]
Tuskegee The Messenger 1905[154] 1900s[154] Weekly[154]
Tuskegee The Negro Farmer 1940[155] ?[155] Monthly newspaper[155]
Tuskegee The Tuskegee Progressive 1970?[156] 1971[156] Weekly[156]
  • Published by Joseph Ervin Morse.[156]
Tuskegee The Tuskegee Times 1974[157] 1976[157] Weekly[157]
Tuskegee The Tuskegee Voice 1976[158] 1977[158] Weekly[158]
  • Published by J. Lowell Ware and edited by Rick Dunn.[158]
Tuskegee The Zion Church Worker: The Home Newspaper 1900[159] ?[159] Monthly newspaper[159]
Union Springs The Union Springs Enterprise 1895[160] ?[160] Weekly[160]
  • Edited by B.F. Rollins, then by R.T. Timothy in September–October 1896.[160]
Uniontown
1900[162] 1917[9] Weekly[162]
  • Official organ of the .[161]
Wetumpka Observer 1910[9] 1912[9] Weekly[9]
Yantley Racial Endeavors 1906[9] 1907[9] Weekly[9]

See also[]

Works cited[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c Smith 2012, p. 408.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Jones 1983, p. 35.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 317.
  4. ^ "About The Alabama time-piece. [volume] (Aldrich, Ala.) 1895-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "About The Baptist leader. [volume] (Anniston, Ala.) 188?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c Jones 1983, p. 29.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6025.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 39, ¶ 400.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Jones 1983, p. 59.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c "About The Southern star. (Bethel, Ala.) 189?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Jones 1983, p. 27.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 25, ¶ 249.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c "About The Birmingham American. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 727.
  15. ^ "About The Birmingham blade. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1907-1909". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b Jones 1983, p. 56.
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 126, ¶ 1314.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jones 1983, p. 33.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 150, ¶ 1563.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 728.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b c "About Hot shots. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1896-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 729.
  23. ^ "About Birmingham mirror. (Birmingham, Ala.) 19??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 398, ¶ 4149.
  25. ^ "About Negro American. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1886-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jones 1983, p. 32.
  27. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 408, ¶ 4247.
  28. ^ "About The New era banner. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1918-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b c "About The Pleiades. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1888-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  30. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 730.
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b "About The Birmingham reporter. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1???-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 731.
  33. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "About The Times plain dealer. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  34. ^ Jump up to: a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 71, ¶ 732.
  35. ^ Jump up to: a b c "About The Birmingham truth. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  36. ^ Jump up to: a b Flynt, Wayne (2004). Alabama in the Twentieth Century. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817314309.
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  38. ^ Jump up to: a b "About The Voice of the people. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-192?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  39. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 598, ¶ 6252.
  40. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 32, ¶ 319.
  41. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "About Weekly pilot. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1883-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  42. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 608, ¶ 6351.
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  44. ^ "About Wide-awake. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 189?-1906". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  45. ^ "About Birmingham wide-awake. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1906-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  46. ^ Jump up to: a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 615, ¶ 6424.
  47. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 621, ¶ 6487.
  48. ^ Jump up to: a b "About The Workmen's chronicle. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  49. ^ Jump up to: a b Birmingham Public Library. "Birmingham World". Local Databases. Retrieved 2020-02-11. Frequency: semi-weekly from 1940 - April 2, 1969; weekly from April 9, 1969 - 1996.
  50. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 71, ¶ 735.
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  52. ^ "About Speakin' out weekly news. (Decatur, Ala.) 198?-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  53. ^ Jump up to: a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 533, ¶ 5558.
  54. ^ Jump up to: a b "About Speakin' out news. (Decatur, Ala.) 1980-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  55. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 529, ¶ 5522.
  56. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 598, ¶ 6250.
  57. ^ Jump up to: a b "About The Voice of the Negro. [volume] (Dothan, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  58. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 548, ¶ 5718.
  59. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jones 1983, p. 34.
  60. ^ "About Greene County democrat. [volume] (Eutaw, Ala.) 1???-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  61. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 514, ¶ 5374.
  62. ^ Jump up to: a b "About The watcher. [volume] (Florence, Ala.) 1888-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  63. ^ Jump up to: a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 604, ¶ 6311.
  64. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 556, ¶ 5806.
  65. ^ Jump up to: a b c "About Grove Hill herald. [volume] (Grove Hill, Ala.) 18??-185?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  66. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Jones 1983, p. 25.
  67. ^ Jump up to: a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 490, ¶ 5112.
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  70. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Jones 1982, p. 26.
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  73. ^ Jones 1983, p. 38.
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  75. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 286, ¶ 3010.
  76. ^ "About The Huntsville mirror. (Huntsville, Ala.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  77. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 287, ¶ 3011.
  78. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "About The Weekly news. (Huntsville, Ala.) 1968-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  79. ^ Jump up to: a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 607, ¶ 6344.
  80. ^ Jump up to: a b c "About The Cagie. (Kempsville, Ala.) 1899-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
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  82. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "About The Journal reporter. (Marion, Ala.) 187?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  83. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 6, ¶ 62.
  84. ^ "About Mobile beacon. (Mobile, Ala.) 195?-196?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  85. ^ "About The Mobile beacon & Alabama citizen. [volume] (Mobile, Ala.) 1963-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  86. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3876.
  87. ^ WPMI Web Staff (2018-12-12). "Mobile Beacon closing in 2019?". Retrieved 2020-02-15. Today the Lagniappe reported that Alabama's oldest African-American newspaper, The Mobile Beacon, will close next year . . . . But tonight the Mobile Beacon's owner tells NBC 15 she's not closing.
  88. ^ Jump up to: a b c Jones 1983, p. 26.
  89. ^ "About The Nationalist. [volume] (Mobile, Ala.) 1865-1869". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  90. ^ Jump up to: a b c Jones 1982, p. 23.
  91. ^ Jump up to: a b c "About The new times. [volume] (Mobile, Ala.) 1981-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  92. ^ Jump up to: a b c "About The Press forum sun. (Mobile, Ala.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  93. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 472, ¶ 4915.
  94. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3877.
  95. ^ Jump up to: a b c Jones 1982, p. 24.
  96. ^ Jump up to: a b Jones 1983, p. 37.
  97. ^ Jump up to: a b "About The Southern watchman. (Mobile, Ala.) 189?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  98. ^ Jones 1982, p. 53.
  99. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3879.
  100. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3880.
  101. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3881.
  102. ^ "About The Advance. (Montgomery, Ala.) 187?-188?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  103. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 8, ¶ 83.
  104. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 310.
  105. ^ Jump up to: a b "About The Alabama enterprise. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 188?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  106. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 311.
  107. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 313.
  108. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 318.
  109. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3893.
  110. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 161, ¶ 1672.
  111. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "About The Colored citizen. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 1884-1884". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  112. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "About The Emancipator. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 1917-192?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  113. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3895.
  114. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 215, ¶ 2252.
  115. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "About The Evening appeal. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 188?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  116. ^ Jump up to: a b "About The Helping hand. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 19??-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  117. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 273, ¶ 2864.
  118. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 274, ¶ 2872.
  119. ^ Jump up to: a b Jones 1983, p. 30.
  120. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3896.
  121. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 374, ¶ 3899.
  122. ^ "About The Montgomery-Tuskegee times. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 1979-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  123. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "About The Odd fellows journal. (Montgomery, Ala.) 1885-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  124. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 490, ¶ 5111.
  125. ^ Jump up to: a b "About The Southern courier. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1965-1968". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  126. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 527, ¶ 5500.
  127. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 374, ¶ 3897.
  128. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 595, ¶ 6221.
  129. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 606, ¶ 6337.
  130. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 607, ¶ 6345.
  131. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 374, ¶ 3898.
  132. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 459, ¶ 4779.
  133. ^ Jones 1983, p. 36.
  134. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 455, ¶ 4746.
  135. ^ Jump up to: a b Jones 1982, pp. 25–26.
  136. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 60, ¶ 616.
  137. ^ "About The Baptist pioneer. [volume] (Selma, Ala.) 18??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  138. ^ Jump up to: a b c "About The Selma cyclone. [volume] (Selma, Ala.) 1886-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  139. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Jones 1983, p. 31.
  140. ^ Jump up to: a b c "About The Independent. [volume] (Selma, Ala.) 18??-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  141. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 509, ¶ 5317.
  142. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 509, ¶ 5318.
  143. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 526, ¶ 5496.
  144. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 489, ¶ 5106.
  145. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 529, ¶ 5520.
  146. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 308.
  147. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "About Alabama citizen. (Tuscaloosa, Ala.) 1947-1963". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  148. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 571, ¶ 5964.
  149. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 571, ¶ 5965.
  150. ^ Jump up to: a b c Jones 1983, p. 39.
  151. ^ Jump up to: a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 42, ¶ 425.
  152. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 312.
  153. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 571, ¶ 5967.
  154. ^ Jump up to: a b c "About The Messenger. (Tuskegee, Ala.) 1905-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  155. ^ Jump up to: a b c "About The Negro farmer. [microfilm reel] (Tuskegee, Ala.) 1940-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  156. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 572, ¶ 5971.
  157. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 572, ¶ 5974.
  158. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 572, ¶ 5977.
  159. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 627, ¶ 6557.
  160. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6028.
  161. ^ Jump up to: a b "About The Negro leader. (Uniontown, Ala.) 19??-1915". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  162. ^ Jump up to: a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6031.
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