List of Chinese flags

This is a list of flags of entities named "China".

National flags[]

Flag	Duration	Use	Description
	9 December 1928 – present	Flag of the Republic of China	Commonly known as "Taiwan". A red field, with a blue canton containing a 12-ray white sun. This flag flew over mainland China until 1949, and is presently flown on the island of Taiwan and other islands under the control of the ROC. This flag can sometimes be seen in Mainland China, for historical and unofficial use.
	1 October 1949 – present	Flag of the People's Republic of China	Commonly known as "China". A red field, with a large yellow star with four smaller stars to the right at the canton. This flag is flown in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau.

Imperial flags[]

Duration	Use	Description
1862–1890	Flag of the Qing dynasty	Azure Dragon on a plain right triangle yellow field with the red sun of the three-legged crow in the upper left corner.
1890–1912	Flag of the Qing dynasty	Rectangular variant of above flag
1862–1912	Standard of the Qing Emperor	Qing dynasty imperial standard for the Emperor of China.

Provinces[]

The PRC-controlled mainland does not have provincial flags, but the ROC-controlled area has a flag for one of its two provinces.

Flag	Duration	Use	Description
		Taiwan Province

Special administrative regions flags[]

Flag	Duration	Use	Description
	1 July 1997 – present	Flag of Hong Kong	A white, five-petal Bauhinia blakeana on a red field with 1 star on each of the petals. The Chinese name of Bauhinia × blakeana has also been frequently shortened as 紫荊/紫荆 (洋 yáng means "foreign" in Chinese, and this would be deemed inappropriate by the PRC government), although 紫荊/紫荆 refers to another genus called Cercis. A statue of the plant has been erected in Golden Bauhinia Square in Hong Kong.
	20 December 1999 – present	Flag of Macau	A lotus flower above a stylized bridge and water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars on a green field

City and county flags[]

As of 18 November 1997, the Chinese Government banned localities from making and using local flags and emblems.^[1] Despite the ban, some cities have adopted their own flag that often includes their local emblem as shown below. The ROC-controlled areas continues to use the respective flags.

Duration	Use	Description
1922–1949	Flag of Kunming^[2]	The flag features the former city emblem which consists of two intersecting red circles which represent the harmony of sun and moon, as well as western and eastern ideas. In the middle is a golden stylized symbol of a 市 character.
May 1997 – January 1998	Flag of Harbin^[3]	A white, five-petal flower surrounding a snowflake on a dark green field
December 1995 – present	Flag of Suzhou^[4]
December 1986 – present	Flag of Nanjing^[5]
March 2009 – present	Flag of Shangrao
March 2006 –present	Flag of Kaifeng
2010–present	Flag of Kaohsiung City	Stylized "高". The colors symbolize sunshine, vitality, environmental protection, and the ocean.^[6]
2010–present	Flag of New Taipei City	Stylized "北" in the form of four hearts arranged to resemble a four-leaf clover.
2008–present	Flag of Taichung City
2010–present	Flag of Tainan City
2010–present	Flag of Taipei City
1981–2010	Flag of Taipei City	Previous flag used by Taipei City, with its seal on top of 16 horizontal stripes of white and blue.
2014–present	Flag of Taoyuan City
	Flag of Chiayi City
	Flag of Hsinchu City
	Flag of Keelung City
	Flag of Changhua County
	Flag of Chiayi County
	Flag of Hsinchu County
	Flag of Hualien County
	Flag of Kinmen County
	Flag of Lienchiang County
	Flag of Miaoli County
	Flag of Nantou County
	Flag of Penghu County
	Flag of Pingtung County
	Flag of Taitung County
	Flag of Yilan County
	Flag of Yunlin County

Military flags[]

Duration	Use	Description
1615–1911	Flag of the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Eight Banners	The Eight Banners was created in the early 17th century by Nurhaci to unify the Jurchen people into the Manchu dynasty. The first three banners were under the direct command of the Emperor himself.
1615–1911	Flag of the Plain Yellow Banner of the Eight Banners
1615–1911	Flag of the Plain White Banner of the Eight Banners
1615–1911	Flag of the Plain Red Banner of the Eight Banners
1615–1911	Flag of the Bordered White Banner of the Eight Banners
1615–1911	Flag of the Bordered Red Banner of the Eight Banners
1615–1911	Flag of the Plain Blue Banner of the Eight Banners
1615–1911	Flag of the Bordered Blue Banner of the Eight Banners
1644–1912	Flag of the Green Standard Army
1860s–1885	Flag of the Black Flag Army
1890s–1901	Flag of the Yihetuan
1862–1890	Used on Qing Dynasty naval ships for identification	Same as national flag
1890–1912	The flag of the Qing Imperial Chinese Navy	Square version of above flag
1874–1890	The flag of the Admiral of the Beiyang Fleet from 1874–1890.
1890–1909	The flag of the Admiral of the Beiyang Fleet from 1890–1909.
1909–1911	The flag of the Admiral of the Beiyang Fleet from 1909–1911.
1911–1928	Flag of the Wuchang uprising; army flag of the Republic of China	The banner of the Wuchang uprising of 10 October 1911, subsequently used as the flag of the army of the Republic of China, ca. 1913–28.
1924–present	Flag of the Republic of China Army (formerly National Revolutionary Army)	The Blue Sky with a White Sun with a red border.
1924–present	Naval Jack of the Republic of China Navy	Identical to the Kuomintang flag (see below).
1924–present	Flag of the Republic of China Air Force
1924–present	Flag of the Republic of China Marine Corps
1924–present	Flag of the Republic of China Military Police
1945–present	Flag of the Republic of China Armed Forces Reserve
1946–2012	Flag of the Republic of China Joint Logistics Command
1924–present	Flag of the Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of China (Republic of China Armed Forces)
2000–present	Flag of the Republic of China Coast Guard
1945–1992	Flag of the Taiwan Garrison Command
1912–1928	Flag of the Republic of China Police (1912–1928)
1932–1947	Flag of the Republic of China Police (1932–1947)
1947–1974	Flag of the Republic of China Police (1947–1974)
1974–present	Flag of the Republic of China Police (1974–present)
1927–1928	Flag of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army	Same as the 1928 version, but the left side reads "工農革命軍" (China Workers'/Peasants' Revolutionary Army). Divisions were added, for example "第二軍第一師" (Second Army, 1st Division).
1928–1930	Flag of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army	Left side reads "中國工農紅軍" (Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army).
1930	Flag of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army	Same as the 1928 version, but the left side has no characters and the top reads "全世界無產階級聯合起來" ("Proletariats of the world, unite!").
1930–1931	Flag of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army	Same as April 1930 version but top reads "全世界無產階級及被壓迫民族聯合起來" ("Proletariats and oppressed peoples of the world, unite!").
1931–1934	Flag of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army	Same as 1934 version but with blank white left side and colored fringe around the edges (6 variants - red for infantry, yellow for cavalry, black for artillery, white for engineering, blue for logistics, green for medical).
1934–1937	Flag of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army
1948–present	Flag of the People's Liberation Army	A red field with a yellow star at the canton, and the Chinese numerals for "8" and "1", the date of the PLA's establishment on 1 August 1927.
1992–present	Flag of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force	The PLA flag with a green stripe at the bottom.
1950s	Flag of the People's Liberation Army Navy	The red flag with PLA emblem and a blue stripe in the center.
1992–present	Ensign of the People's Liberation Army Navy	The PLA flag with 5 horizontal lines, 3 blue and 2 white at the bottom, representing the sea.
1992–present	Ensign of the People's Liberation Army Air Force	The PLA flag with a blue stripe at the bottom, representing the sky.
2016–present	Ensign of the People's Liberation Army Rocket Force	The PLA flag with a gold yellow stripe at the bottom, representing the flare of missile launching.
2018–present	Ensign of the People's Armed Police Force	The PLA flag with three green bars at the bottom.
2018–present	Flag of the China Fire and Rescue Service	Bicolor flag in red and blue with the badge of the China Fire and Rescue Service at the top and the bilingual text "Flag of China Fire and Rescue" at the bottom.
2020–present	Flag of the People's Police of the People's Republic of China	Red flag with a blue stripe in the bottom and the badge of the People's Police in the canton.

Proposed national flags of the Republic of China[]

Teo Eng Hock and his wife's proposal 1 for the ROC flag
Proposal 2 for the ROC flag
Proposal 3 for the ROC flag, later adopted as the flag of the Republic of China Army
Proposal 4 for the ROC flag, later officially adopted as the national flag

Proposed national flags of the People's Republic of China[]

In July 1949, a contest was announced for a national flag for the newly founded People's Republic of China (PRC). From a total of about 3,000 proposed designs, 38 finalists were chosen. In September, the current flag, submitted by Zeng Liansong, was officially adopted, with the hammer and sickle removed.^[7]

Alternative proposals[]

Mao Zedong's proposal for the PRC flag
Zeng Liansong's original proposal for the PRC flag
Proposal 2 for the PRC flag
Proposal 3 for the PRC flag
Proposal 4 for the PRC flag

Selection of proposals[]

Design by Ai Qing
Design by Bao Qiquan
Design by Chen Duo
Design by Chen Lu
Design by Guo Moruo
Design by Guo Moruo
Design by Hu Yuanqing
Design by Jiang Dazhong
Design by Kang Jian
Design by Liang Congjie
Design by Luo Wen
Design by Mo Hongshu
Design by Mo Zongjiang
Design by Pang Xunqin
Design by Wu Yuzhang
Design by Wu Yuzhang
Design by Xiao Shufang
Design by Xiao Shufang
Design by Xiao Shuhua
Design by Xiao Shuhua
Design by Yan Xinghua
Design by Yang Taiyang
Design by Yang Taiyang
Design by Yu Zhuosheng
Design by Zhang Ding and Zhong Ling
Design by Zhang Ding and Zhong Ling
Design by Zhang Ding and Zhong Ling
Design by Zhang Ding and Zhong Ling
Design by Zhang Ding and Zhong Ling
Design by Zhang Ding, Zhong Ling and Zhou Guangyuan
Design by Zhang Ding, Zhong Ling and Zhou Guangyuan
Design by Zhang Ding, Zhong Ling, Zhou Guangyuan and Xiao Shuhua
Design by Zhu De

Non-state flags[]

Duration	Use	Description
1895–present	Flag of the Kuomintang	The "Blue Sky with a White Sun", 12 rays of the sun represent progressive ideals.
1996–present	Flag of the Communist Party of China	Communist hammer and sickle.
1921–1996	Flag of the Communist Party of China	Communist hammer and sickle.
1949–present	Flag of Young Pioneers of China	Red flag with yellow five-pointed star and torch in the middle.
1922–present	Flag of Communist Youth League of China	Red flag with encircled yellow five-pointed star.
1925–1953	Flag of the China Party for Public Interest	Stylized "井" in canton
1946-2020	China Democratic Socialist Party flag	Stylized "井" in center
1927–1928	Commander-in-Chief Flag of the Republic of China (Beiyang Government)
1929–present	Standard of the President of the Republic of China
1947–1986	Standard of the Vice President of the Republic of China	Abolished with the Act of Ensign of the Republic of China Navy (海軍旗章條例) on 3 January 1986.
1929–1966	Civil Ensign of the Republic of China	Four serrated yellow stripes are added to the flag of the Republic of China for use as a civil ensign at sea. Present civil ensign is national flag.
1979–	Chinese Taipei Olympic flag	The ROC is recognized as "Chinese Taipei" in the Olympics, due to the political status of Taiwan.
1919–1929	Postal ensign of China	White flag with the Five-colored flag in the canton, bilingual text "Postes" in the lower hoist quarter, and a greylag goose in the fly half.
1929–1935	Postal ensign of China	The "Blue Sky with a White Sun" was placed in the canton.
1950s–present	Flag of the Customs of the People's Republic of China	The caduceus crossed with a golden key is added to flag of the People's Republic of China.

Historical national flags[]

Duration	Use	Description
1661–1683	Flag of the Kingdom of Tungning	The Chinese character "鄭" in a red circle outline on a plain white field.
1862–90	Flag of the Qing Dynasty	Naval flag and quasi-national flag on international occasions.
1889–1912	Flag of the Qing Dynasty
1895	Flag of the Republic of Formosa	Tiger on a plain blue filed with azure clouds below it.
1912–28	First flag of the Republic of China, or "Five-colored flag"	It was widely flown even before the Republic of China in Shanghai and eastern parts of north China until 1928. The stripe representation: red for Han Chinese, yellow for Manchus, blue for Mongols, white for Hui and black for Tibetans. Later used by the Japanese puppet states of the East Hebei Autonomous Government, the Chinese Provisional Government and Reformed Government of China.
1916	Flags of Empire of China.	The version with the red saltire was more commonly used than the version with the red centered cross.
Mainland China: 1924–49 Taiwan: 1945–present	Flag of the Republic of China; Naval Ensign	Naval Ensign from 1913 for the Republic of China. Not used in areas administrated by the People's Republic of China except in historical venues. Currently used as the national flag of the Republic of China.
1931–34	Jiangxi Soviet republic flag	A red star and hammer and sickle along with Chinese characters for "Chinese Communists" (Zhonggong, 中共) written in classical word order, i.e., read from the right.
1931–34	Flag of Chinese Soviet Republic	Red flag with the national emblem in the center.
	Flag of the Qiongya Soviet	Red flag with a yellow star with a hammer and sickle inside, with the words "Qiongya Soviet Government" (瓊崖蘇維埃政府) written across the flag.
1933–34	Flag of Fujian People's Government	A horizontal bicolour of red and blue and charged with a yellow five-pointed star in the center.

Other historical flags[]

Duration	Use	Description
1851–1864	Flag of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom	Used by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom until 1864.
1865–1873	Flag of Yettishar	Used by Yettishar until 1873.
1873–1877	Flag of Yettishar	Used by Yettishar until 1877.
1897–1914	Flag of Tsingtau, Kiautschou^[8]	Imperial War Flag of the German Empire.
1897–1914	Flag of the Governor of Tsingtau^[9]	Gouverneurflagge of the German Empire.
1897–1914	Civil flag of Tsingtau, Kiautschou^[10]	Reichskriegsflagge der Kaiserliche Marine of the German Empire.
1903–1930	Flag of the Weihaiwei	A British Blue Ensign with two Mandarin ducks standing on a beach.
1870–1876	Flag of the British colony of Hong Kong	A British Blue Ensign with a crowned "HK" in a white disc.
1876–1955	Flag of the British colony of Hong Kong	A British Blue Ensign with local waterfront scene.
1955–1959	Flag of the British colony of Hong Kong	A British Blue Ensign with local waterfront scene.
1959–1997	Flag of the British colony (from 1983, Dependent Territory) of Hong Kong	A British Blue Ensign with the coat of arms of Hong Kong (granted in 1959) in a white disc.
1985–1999	Flag of the Regional Council (Hong Kong)	A stylized Bauhinia blakeana leaf outline in white, in the form of a diagonally-tilted capital "R", on a green background, representing the green of the leaves.
1960s–1999	Flag of the Urban Council (Hong Kong)	A stylized Bauhinia blakeana flower outline in white on a pink background representing sacredness, dignity, and love while implying harmonious coexistence of Chinese and Westerners.
1910–1941, 1945–1959	Flag of the Governor of Hong Kong	An Union Jack defaced with the colonial badge of Hong Kong and surrounded by a green wreath.
1959–1997	Flag of the Governor of Hong Kong	An Union Jack defaced with the coat of arms of Hong Kong in a white disc and surrounded by a green wreath.
1670–1830	Flag of Portugal, used in colonial era colony of Macau	The Portuguese flag was used in colonial-era Macau, as there was no territorial flag.
1830–1911	Flag of Portugal, used in colonial era colony of Macau	The Portuguese flag was used in colonial-era Macau, as there was no territorial flag.
1911–1999	Flag of Portugal, used in colonial era colony of Macau	The Portuguese flag was used in colonial-era Macau, as there was no territorial flag.
1975–1999	Flag of the Municipality of Macau, one of two local municipal governments.	A light blue field charged with the coat of arms of the Municipality of Macau. This was the flag used at the handover to China in 1999.
Until 1999	Flag of the Governor of Macau	A white field with two green vertical stripes charged with an Order of Christ Cross bearing the coat of arms of Portugal.
1975–1999	Flag of Portuguese colonial Government of Macau.	A light blue field charged with the coat of arms of the Government of Macau. During the Portuguese administration this flag also represented the Territory of Macau in the international forums, although it was not the official flag of the Portuguese colony.
1975–1999 (Not Official)	Variant flag of Portuguese colonial Government of Macau.	Not official variant without the Kingdom of the Algarve castles in the coat of arms. This flag was found at the University of Macau in a photo of International University sports meeting and it was used in the parade. Although this flag was never used officially, some sports media used it instead of the Portuguese Flag to represent the colony.
1897–1915	Flag of the Chinese Eastern Railway	A combination of the triangular version of the flag of the Qing dynasty and the flag of Russia, with the text "East Provinces' Railway of Great Qing" in Chinese.
1915–1925	Flag of the Chinese Eastern Railway	A combination of the triangular version of the Five Races Under One Union flag and the flag of Russia, with the text "East Provinces' Railway Company of China" in Chinese.
1925–1932	Flag of the Chinese Eastern Railway	A combination with the Five Races Under One Union flag at the top and the flag of Soviet Union at the bottom.
1932–1935	Flag of the Chinese Eastern Railway	A combination with the flag of Manchukuo at the top and the flag of Soviet Union at the bottom.
1849–1943 (in Shanghai) 1898–1943, 1945–1946 (in Guangzhouwan)	Flag of France, used in Shanghai French Concession and French Guangzhouwan.	The French flag was used in Shanghai French Concession and French Guangzhouwan, as there were no territorial flag.
1869 – c. 1917	Flag of Shanghai Municipal Council, Shanghai International Settlement
c. 1917 – 1943	Flag of Shanghai Municipal Council, Shanghai International Settlement
1933–1942	Flag of Xinjiang	Used by Sheng Shicai's provincial government in Xinjiang until 1942.
1942–1944	Flag of Xinjiang	Used by Sheng Shicai's provincial government in Xinjiang until 1944.
1916–1951	Flag of Tibet.	Used by Tibet until 1951. Currently used by the Tibetan Government in Exile located in Dharamshala, India
1958–1974	Flag of Chushi Gangdruk.	Used by Chushi Gangdruk, a Tibetan guerrilla group, until 1974.
1911–1920	Flag of the Bogd Khanate of Mongolia.	Flag of the Bogd Khanate of Mongolia after its declaration of independence during the fall of the Chinese Qing dynasty. The flag's exact design was not standardized and variations occurred from flag to flag.^[11]^[12]^[13]
1933–1934	Flag of the First East Turkestan Republic	Used by the First East Turkestan Republic until 1934.
1944–1949	Flag of the Second East Turkestan Republic	Used by the Second East Turkestan Republic until 1949.
1945	Flag of the Inner Mongolian People's Republic	Used by the Inner Mongolian People's Republic until 1945.
1937–1938	Flag of the Great Way Government.
1936–1939	Flag of the Mongol Military Government, which became the Flag of the Mongol United Autonomous Government in 1937.	A vertical pattern of red, yellow, white as a canton on a blue field.
1938–1939	Flag of the South Chahar Autonomous Government, also known as Chanan. Later merged with the Mongol United Autonomous Government and Jinbei to create Mengjiang	A vertical pattern of red, white, blue as a canton on a yellow field.
1938–1939	Flag of the North Shanxi Autonomous Government, also known as Jinbei. Later merged with the Mongol United Autonomous Government and Chanan to create Mengjiang	A vertical pattern of red, blue, white as a canton on a yellow field.
1939–1945	Flag of Mengjiang	A horizontal pattern of yellow, blue, white, red, white, blue, and yellow again.
1940–1943	Flag of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China.	Used by the Japanese puppet government until 1943 when the pennant was removed and the regular ROC flag took its place. The pennant reads "Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction".
1940–1943	Flag of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China.	Used by the Japanese puppet government until 1943 when the pennant was removed and the regular ROC flag took its place. The pennant reads "Peace, Anti-Communism".
1940–1943	Flag of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China.	Used by the Japanese puppet government until 1943 when the pennant was removed and the regular ROC flag took its place. The pennant reads "Peace, National Construction".
1942–1945	War Ensign of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China.	Used by the Japanese puppet government from 1 May 1942 until the end of the regime.
1940–1945	Naval Ensign of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China.	Used by the Japanese puppet government from 1940 until the end of the regime. The pennant reads "Kuomintang".

Note that Hong Kong and Macau were handed over to the People's Republic of China in 1997 and 1999 respectively.

Manchukuo flags[]

Duration	Use	Description
1932–1945	Flag of Manchukuo	A yellow field with the red, blue, white, and black stripes of the first flag of the Republic of China (see above) in the canton.
1932–1945	War ensign of Manchukuo.	Used by the Manchukuo Imperial Army.
1932–1945	Flag of the Manchukuo Shipping Office.	Used by the Manchukuo Shipping Office.
1932–1945	Flag of the Manchukuo Coast Guard.	Used by the Manchukuo Coast Guard.
1932–1945	Flag of the Manchukuo Marine Police	Used by the Manchukuo Marine Police.
1932–1945	Flag of the Manchukuo Post	Postal flag of Manchukuo.
1932–1945	Imperial standard of the Emperor of Manchukuo.	Used by the Emperor of Manchukuo.
1931–1945	Flag of the Concordia Association.	Used by the Concordia Association of Manchukuo.
1932–1945	Flag of the Boy Scouts of Manchukuo.	Used by the Boy Scouts of Manchukuo.

References[]

^ 中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅关于禁止自行制作和使用地方旗、徽的通知 (Chinese Communist Central Governmental Notice to Ban Making and Using Local Flags and Emblems)
^ ""昆明"的由来与释义" (in Chinese). 26 April 2020.
^ 哈尔滨市市旗市徽制作和使用管理暂行办法 Archived 21 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine
^ "蘇州市城鄉建設檔案館". Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
^ 市徽图案废止后著作权的归属
^ "市徽市旗". 高雄市政府 (in Chinese). 30 September 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
^ 《中华人民共和国国旗国徽国歌档案》,中央档案馆编，中国档案出版社出版,2009。
^ Kiautschou Tsingtau
^ Kiautschou Tsingtau
^ Kiautschou Tsingtau
^ "Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia (1)". markodehaeck.free.fr. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia (2)". markodehaeck.free.fr. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
^ "Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia (3)". markodehaeck.free.fr. Retrieved 24 January 2019.

External links[]

Media related to Flags of China at Wikimedia Commons
China: Index of Pages at Flags of the World

[1] 中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅关于禁止自行制作和使用地方旗、徽的通知 (Chinese Communist Central Governmental Notice to Ban Making and Using Local Flags and Emblems)

[2] ""昆明"的由来与释义" (in Chinese). 26 April 2020.

[3] 哈尔滨市市旗市徽制作和使用管理暂行办法 Archived 21 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine

[蘇州市城鄉建設檔案館-4] "蘇州市城鄉建設檔案館". Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2012.

[5] 市徽图案废止后著作权的归属

[6] "市徽市旗". 高雄市政府 (in Chinese). 30 September 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2021.

[7] 《中华人民共和国国旗国徽国歌档案》,中央档案馆编，中国档案出版社出版,2009。

[8] Kiautschou Tsingtau

[9] Kiautschou Tsingtau

[10] Kiautschou Tsingtau

[11] "Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia (1)". markodehaeck.free.fr. Retrieved 1 January 2019.

[12] "Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia (2)". markodehaeck.free.fr. Retrieved 24 January 2019.

[13] "Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia (3)". markodehaeck.free.fr. Retrieved 24 January 2019.

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