List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Alabama

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Note: This is a sublist of List of Confederate monuments and memorials from the Alabama section.

This is a list of Confederate monuments and memorials in Alabama that were established as public displays and symbols of the Confederate States of America (CSA), Confederate leaders, or Confederate soldiers of the American Civil War. Part of the commemoration of the American Civil War, these symbols include monuments and statues, flags, holidays and other observances, and the names of schools, roads, parks, bridges, counties, cities, lakes, dams, military bases, and other public works.[note 1]

This list does not include items which are largely historic in nature such as historic markers or battlefield parks if they were not established to honor the Confederacy. Nor does it include figures connected with the origins of the Civil War or white supremacy, but not with the Confederacy.

Monuments and memorials[]

See also: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials § Alabama
Further information: Alabama in the American Civil War
Monument to Confederate Soldiers and Sailors, by Alabama by sculptor Alexander Doyle, at the Alabama State Capitol

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 122 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Alabama.[2]

The 2017 Alabama Memorial Preservation Act was passed to require local governments to obtain state permission before removing Confederate monuments and memorials.[3][4][5]

State capitol[]

  • Confederate Memorial Monument, also known as the "Monument to Confederate Soldiers and Sailors" (1898).[6] On June 24, 2015, in the wake of the Charleston church shooting on June 17, 2015, on the order of Governor Robert J. Bentley, the four Confederate flags, and their poles, were removed.[7]
  • Jefferson Davis Presidential Star, marble portico (1897).[8] "Placed by the Sophie Bibb Chapter Daughters of the Confederacy on the Spot where Jefferson Davis Stood when Inaugurated President of the C.S.A. Feb. 18, 1861"[9]
  • Jefferson Davis (1940), by UDC[10]
  • John Allan Wyeth – M.D., L.L.D., marker. Fought in Confederate Army.[citation needed]

State symbols[]

Coat of arms of Alabama
Flag of the Governor since 1939
  • Alabama Coat of Arms (1923) and the State Seal include the Confederate Battle Flag.
  • Alabama State Flag (1895) The Alabama Department of Archives and History found in 1915 that the flag was meant to "preserve in permanent form some of the more distinctive features of the Confederate battle flag, particularly the St. Andrew's cross."[11] According to historian John M. Coski, the adoption of Alabama's flag coincided with the rise of Jim Crow laws and segregation,[12] as other former Confederate slave states, such as Mississippi and Florida, also adopted new state flags based on Confederate designs around the same time when those states instituted Jim Crow segregation laws themselves:[12]
  • The Governor's version of the State Flag includes St Andrew's Cross plus the State Coat of Arms with the Confederate Battle Flag inclusion and the military crest on the bottom.

State holidays[]

Buildings[]

Monuments[]

Courthouse monuments[]

Panel on Jefferson County Court House, Birmingham, 1932[14]
Pickens County War Memorial in Carrollton
Confederate Monument, Clayton (circa 1910)
Confederate Monument in Jasper, Alabama, showing cavalryman, infantryman, and a Confederate flag made of flowers
  • Ashville: Confederate Soldiers of Ashville Monument, St. Clair County Courthouse (1923) by United Daughters of the Confederacy, (UDC) Ashville Chapter.[15]
  • Athens: Limestone County Confederate Soldiers Memorial, Limestone County Courthouse (1922) by United Confederate Veterans (UCV) and UDC.[16]
  • Butler: Confederate Monument, Choctaw County Courthouse (1936) by UDC, Choctaw Ruffin Dragoon Chapter.[17]
  • Carrollton: Confederate War Memorial, Pickens County Courthouse (1927).[18]
  • Centre: Confederate Memorial, Cherokee County Courthouse (1988) by SCV, Emma Sansom Camp No. 27.[19]
  • Centreville: Confederate Monument, Bibb County Courthouse (1910) by UDC, Leonard Calloway Pratt Chapter No. 1056.[20]
  • Clayton: Confederate Monument (1909); UDC monument at Barbour County Courthouse Square.[21]
  • Decatur: Confederate Monument, near Morgan County Courthouse (1922) by UDC, Joe Wheeler Chapter No. 291.[22]
  • Fayette: Confederate Monument, Fayette County Courthouse (1929) by UDC, Fayette Chapter.[23]
  • Florence: Confederate Monument, Lauderdale County Courthouse (1903) Ladies Memorial Association.[24]
  • Greensboro: Confederate Monument, Hale County Courthouse (1904) Ladies Memorial Association of Greensboro.
  • Jasper: Confederate Monument, Walker County Courthouse (1907) Jasper County Chapter 925 by UDC.[25]
  • Livingston: Confederate Monument, Sumter County Courthouse (1908) by UDC, Sumter Chapter.[26]
  • Marion: UDC Monument at Marion Courthouse Square to Nicola Marschall, designer of the original Confederate flag and Confederate uniform.[27] In Marion there is also a pre-Civil War monument to the faithful slave.[28]
  • Moulton: Confederate Monument, Lawrence County Courthouse (2006) by SCV, Lt. J. K. McBride Camp No. 241 and the Alabama Division.[29]
  • Tuscumbia: Confederate Veterans Monument, Colbert County Courthouse (1911) by UDC, Tuscumbia Chapter.[30]

Other public monuments[]

Confederate monument at Blakeley, Alabama
Raphael Semmes monument in Mobile, Alabama by sculptor Caspar Buberl
Monument to the Confederate victory in the Battle of Newton, Newton, Alabama
Calhoun County Confederate Memorial in Ohatchee, Alabama
  • Anniston: Major John Pelham Monument, Quintard Avenue (1905) through the efforts of Clarence J. Owens, president of .[31] Removed in 2020.[32]
  • Athens: Limestone County Confederate Soldiers Memorial, Athens City Cemetery (1909) by UDC, Joseph E. Johnston Chapter
  • Blakeley: UDC monument (2010) at Historic Blakeley State Park dedicated to Confederate soldiers and sailors who served at Fort Blakeley[33]
  • Demopolis:
    • Confederate Monument (1910). The statue was toppled on July 16, 2016 when a policeman accidentally crashed his patrol car into the monument; the statue fell from its pedestal and was heavily damaged. In 2017, the Demopolis city council voted 3–2 to move the damaged Confederate statue to a local museum and to install a new obelisk memorial that honors both the Union and the Confederate soldiers.[34][35]
    • Breastworks Confederate Memorial (1941)
    • Confederate Square, as it was named in 1923 at the request of the UDC, remains the official name of the Demopolis Town Square.[36]
  • Eufaula: Confederate Monument (1905) by UDC, Barbour County Chapter[37]
  • Fort Mitchell: Inscription on the horse mounting stone of CSA General James Cantey, at Fort Mitchell National Cemetery[38]
  • Fort Payne: Confederate Monument (1913) by UDC and SCV of DeKalb County, Alabama[39]
  • Gadsden:
    • Emma Sansom and Nathan Bedford Forrest Monument (1907) by UDC, Gadsden Chapter.[40]
    • Turkey Town Monument (1992) by SCV, Turkey Town Valley Camp #1512[41]
  • Greenville: Butler County Confederate Memorial, "Our Confederate Dead", at Confederate Park (1903) by UDC of Butler County, Alabama, Father Ryan Chapter[42]
  • Hamilton: Confederate Veterans Bicentennial Memorial (1977)
  • Hayneville: Soldiers of Lowndes County Who Died in Service, Hayneville Town Square
  • Headland: Henry County Confederate Memorial (1936) by UDC, Headland Chapter No. 1673[43]
  • Huntsville: Confederate Soldier Memorial, erected near the Madison County Courthouse (1905) by UDC.[44] Moved to Maple Hill Cemetery in 2020.[45][46]
  • Jacksonville: Confederate Monument, Jacksonville Town Square (1909). Bears a quote from Jefferson Davis: "Let none of the survivors of these men offer in their behalf the penitential plea, 'They believed they were right.' Be it ours to transmit to posterity our unequivocal confidence in the righteousness of the cause for which these men died."[47]
  • Lowndesboro: Our Confederate Soldiers Monument (1929) by the Lowndesboro Chapter of UDC of Lowndes County, Alabama.
  • Midway:
    • Granite boulder marker at Hwy 82 & 51 erected to commemorate the Jefferson Davis Highway and Soldiers of the Confederacy
    • Confederate Memorial Marker at corner of Hwy 82 and Main Street in honour of Midway Guards prior drill grounds erected by UDC (1960)[48]
  • Millbrook: Robinson Springs Camp Confederate Monument (1913) by UCV Camp No. 396, Elmore County, Alabama[49]
  • Mobile:
  • Montgomery:
    • State Capitol. See above.
    • UDC monument (1942) on Dexter Avenue: "Along this street moved the inaugural parade of Jefferson Davis when he took the oath of office as President of the Confederate States of America February 18, 1861. Dixie was played as a band arrangement for the first time on this occasion."[52]
    • Robert E. Lee statue, Robert E. Lee High School (1908)[53]
  • Munford: A. J. Buttram Monument (1914) by UDC, John Tyler Morgan Chapter[54]
  • Opelika: Confederate Monument (1911) by UDC, Robert E. Lee Chapter[55]
  • Newton: Monument dedicated to the Confederate victory in the Battle of Newton[56]
  • Ohatchee: Calhoun County Confederate Memorial (2003) at Janney Furnace Park, "the world's largest black granite Confederate Memorial"[57][58]
  • Ozark: Dale County Confederate Soldiers Monument (1910) Stonewall Jackson Chapter by UDC No. 667 of Dale County, Alabama
  • Prattville:
    • Confederate Monument, City Hall Square (1908) by UDC[59]
    • UDC monument (1916) to Prattville Dragoons, on grounds of Prattville Primary School[60]
  • Rogersville: CSA Gen. Joseph Wheeler Monument, Joe Wheeler State Park (2006) by SCV, Freeman's Battery Forrest's Artillery Camp No. 1939[61]
"Arsenal Place" memorial in Selma, Alabama
Bust of Nathan Bedford Forrest in Old Live Oak Cemetery.
  • Selma:
    • The Edmund Pettus Bridge (1940), on US Route 80, is named for Edmund Pettus, Confederate General and Alabama Grand Dragon of the KKK.[62] This is the beginning of the Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail (1996), commemorating the Selma to Montgomery civil rights marches of 1965.
    • Defense of Selma Memorial (1907) by UDC[59][63]
    • Memorial boulder marking The Selma Ordnance and Naval Foundry "destroyed by the Federals 1865," placed "in honor of the memory of hundreds of faithful men who made these great works a base for war material for the entire Confederate Army and Navy." (1917) Alabama Division United Daughters of Confederacy.[64]
    • "Arsenal Place" memorial (1931), marking the site of the Confederate ordnance works "destroyed by the Union Army April 6, 1865"
    • A memorial arch on the grounds of the Federal Building / U.S. Courthouse honors Confederate Generals and Senators John Tyler Morgan and Edmund Pettus
    • Old Live Oak Cemetery, a Selma city-owned property, incorporates various features including:
      • Jefferson Davis Memorial Chair – an inscribed stone chair
      • Confederate Memorial Circle (1878) Confederate Memorial Association[59]
      • The Nathan Bedford Forrest Bust Monument (2000). Built partly with city funds, sponsored by Friends of Forrest and UDC. It was first located at the Vaughan-Smitherman Museum, but during protest over Forrest's KKK links trash was dumped on it[65] and it was damaged during an apparent attempt to remove the bust from its foundation. It was then moved to the Cemetery's Confederate Circle. The bust was then stolen in 2012[66] and has not been recovered, despite a $20,000 reward; the present bust is a replacement.[67] The base is inscribed, under a Confederate flag: "Defender of Selma, Wizard of the Saddle, untutored genius, the first with the most. This monument stands as testament of our perpetual devotion and respect to Lt. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, C.S.A., 1821-1877, one of the South's finest heroes. In honor of Gen. Forrest's unwavering defense of Selma, the great state of Alabama, and the Confederacy, this memorial is dedicated. Deo vindice."[68][69]
      • A Confederate Soldier Monument (pre-1881) with cannons protecting it
      • Graves and memorials to four CSA generals: John Tyler Morgan, Edmund Winston Pettus, Nathaniel H. R. Dawson, William J. Hardee and Confederate Navy Commander Catesby ap Roger Jones
      • A building historically used for concerts and Confederate Memorial Day celebrations
      • Elodie Todd Dawson Monument (sister-in-law to President Lincoln, strong advocate for the Confederacy)[70]
  • Tallassee
    • Confederate Armory. When Richmond was threatened by Union troops, the Confederacy moved its armory to Tallassee. It is the only Confederate armory to survive the war. Only the brick shell of the large building survives. There is a historical marker.[71]
    • Confederate Officers' Quarters, 301, 303 (demolished), 305, and 307 King Street. Made necessary by the relocation of the armory. After the Civil War, Confederate Brigadier-General Birkett Davenport Fry lived at 301 King Street until 1880. The building is currently used as a law firm office, but there is a historical marker.[72]
  • Troy: "Comrades" Confederate Monument (1908) Pike Monumental Association, UCV, and UDC of Pike County, Alabama[73]
  • Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Civil War Memorial, South entrance of the University of Alabama's Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library (1914) by UDC, Alabama Division[74]
  • Tuscaloosa County: UDC monument (1977) at Tannehill Ironworks, where Confederate munitions and iron were manufactured[75]

Private monuments[]

Mesopotamia Cemetery, Eutaw, Alabama
  • Auburn: Auburn Guard Monument, Pine Hill Cemetery (1893) Ladies Memorial Association, forerunner of UDC[16]
  • Birmingham: Confederate Monument, Elmwood Cemetery (1906), UCV, Camp Hardee[16]
  • Boligee: Confederate Monument, Bethsalem Cemetery (1896) Ladies Memorial Association[76]
  • Calera: Shelby Springs Memorial[citation needed]
  • Camden: Confederate Monument (1880) Ladies Memorial and Wilcox Monumental Associations, Wilcox County, Alabama[76]
  • Crenshaw County, near Brantley: In August, 2017, the new Unknown Alabama Confederate Soldiers Monument was installed in Confederate Veterans Memorial Park on Route 331, 3 miles north of Brantley.[77][78] The park, established in 2015, is privately owned.[79]
  • Eutaw: Confederate monument in Mesopotamia Cemetery.[citation needed]
  • Gainesville:
    • Confederate Dead Monument, Gainesville Cemetery (1876) Ladies Memorial Association of Gainesville[76]
    • Forrest Confederate Monument (1923) by UDC[80]
  • Jacksonville: The Gallant Pelham Statue, Jacksonville City Cemetery (1905) by UDC, John H. Forney Chapter[47]
  • Mobile: Confederate Rest and Monument, Magnolia Cemetery (1874)[81]
  • Plattville: marker in front of Mulbry Grove Cottage, the "meeting place where the Prattville Dragoons, a Civil War unit, was organized in 1861.[82]
  • Talladega: Confederate Memorial. Oak Hill Cemetery[citation needed]
  • Tuscaloosa: Confederate Monument, Greenwood Cemetery (1880) by the Ladies Memorial Association[83]
  • Tuskegee: Tuskegee Confederate Monument, erected October 6, 1906 by UDC of Macon County, Alabama.[84] The UDC owns both the monument and the town park it is located in. There have been several unsuccessful attempts to tear it down or have it removed legally. As of 2018, the UDC has stopped removing spray-painted defacement, "because it would only be repeated".[85]
  • Union Springs: Confederate Monument, Old City Cemetery (The Confederate Cemetery) (1893) Ladies Memorial Association[86]
  • Wetumpka: Wetumpka Light Guards Memorial[87]

Inhabited places[]

  • Bullock County (1866) named for secessionist politician and CSA Col. Edward Bullock
  • Chilton County (1868) named for William Parish Chilton, judge and member of the Confederate Provisional Congress
  • City of Clanton (1866) seat of Chilton County named for CSA Brig. Gen. James H. Clanton
  • Cleburne County (1866) named for CSA Maj. Gen. Patrick Cleburne
  • Hale County (1867) named for CSA Lt. Col. Stephen F. Hale; also a member of the Provisional Confederate States Congress
  • Lee County (1866) named for Robert E. Lee.
  • Beauregard, Alabama (unincorporated) in Lee County named for CSA Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard
  • Wheeler, Alabama (unincorporated), location of the National Register of Historic Places-listed Joseph Wheeler Plantation, both named for the Confederate General Joseph Wheeler.

Parks, water features and dams[]

  • Brantley: Confederate Veterans Memorial Park, privately owned[77]
  • Demopolis: Confederate Park is the town square named so in 1923 at the request of UDC.
  • Florence: McFarland Park and Recreation Area, named for Confederate Maj. Robert McFarland[88]
  • Greenville: Confederate Park (1910)
  • Marbury: Confederate Memorial Park. The site operated as the Old Soldiers Home for Confederate Veterans from 1902 to 1939. In 1964, the Alabama State Legislature established the memorial park, which now hosts a museum and archives[89]
  • Miami: Robert E. Lee Park
  • Mountain Creek: Confederate Memorial Park[90] and Alabama Confederate Soldiers Home
  • Rogersville: Joe Wheeler State Park (1949) beside Wheeler Lake and Wheeler Dam all named for Confederate General and U.S. Congressman Joseph Wheeler

Roads[]

  • Anniston: Quintard Avenue
  • Dauphin Island: Beauregard Street
  • Fair Hope: Jeff Davis Street
  • Gardendale: Robert E. Lee Drive
  • Hodges: Robert E. Lee Drive
  • Leeds: Robert E. Lee Street
  • Livingston:
    • Forrest Drive
    • Hood Street, named for CSA Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood
    • Jefferson Davis Drive
    • Lee Street
    • Longstreet Drive, named for CSA Gen. James Longstreet.
    • Morgan Drive, named for CSA Gen. John Hunt Morgan
    • Stonewall Street
  • McCalla: Confederate Parkway
  • Millbrook: Robert E. Lee Drive
  • Mobile:
    • Beauregard Street
    • Forrest Street
    • Johnston Street, named for CSA Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston
    • Polk Street, named for CSA Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk
    • Robert E. Lee Street
    • Van Dorn Street, named for CSA Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn
  • Montgomery:
    • Beauregard Street
    • Early Street
    • Jefferson Davis Avenue
  • Ozark:
    • Jeb Stuart Court
    • Stonewall Circle
  • Selma:
    • Forrest Avenue
  • Trussville: Robert Lee Street

Schools[]

City symbols[]

  • Mobile: city flag includes the city seal which incorporates a small Confederate Battle Flag along with other flags.[1]
  • Montgomery:
    • The red and gray city flag includes a strip of stars from the Confederate Battle Flag.
    • The city seal of Montgomery (seen here) includes the words "Cradle of the Confederacy" and "Birthplace of the Civil Rights Movement"

Flag of Mobile, Alabama.png Seal of Mobile, Alabama.png Flag of Montgomery, Alabama.svg

Notes[]

  1. ^ "In an effort to assist the efforts of local communities to re-examine these symbols, the SPLC launched a study to catalog them. For the final tally, the researchers excluded nearly 2,600 markers, battlefields, museums, cemeteries and other places or symbols that are largely historical in nature."[1]

References[]

  1. ^ Gunter, Booth; Kizzire, Jamie (April 21, 2016). Gunter, Booth (ed.). "Whose heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy" (PDF). Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  2. ^ "Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy". Southern Poverty Law Center. February 1, 2019.
  3. ^ Subberwal, Kaeli (2017-08-18). "Several States Have Erected Laws To Protect Confederate Monuments". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
  4. ^ Edgemon, Erin (2017-08-17). "AG files lawsuit against Birmingham over Confederate monument". AL.com. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
  5. ^ "Alabama Lawmaker sponsors bills to repeal legislation preserving Confederate Monuments". The Birmingham Times. 2017-08-28. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
  6. ^ Alabama Confederate Monument. Archived March 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Conservation Solutions Inc., accessed April 24, 2010
  7. ^ Charles, Dean (24 June 2015). "Alabama Gov. Bentley removes Confederate flags from Capitol grounds". The Birmingham News. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  8. ^ Jefferson Davis Star-Montgomery, Alabama. Waymarking.com. Accessed August 16, 2017
  9. ^ Parish (November 19, 2004), Alabama State Capitol, Montgomery, Bronze star marking where Jefferson Davis was inaugurated as the first president of the CSA on the front steps, Emporis, retrieved December 10, 2017
  10. ^ Jefferson Davis – Montgomery, Alabama. Waymarking.com. Accessed August 16, 2017
  11. ^ "These 5 states still use Confederate symbols in their flags". Msnbc.com. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b Coski, John M. (2005). The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem. United States of America: First Harvard University Press. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-0-674-01983-6. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved March 8, 2016. The flag changes in Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida coincided with the passage of formal Jim Crow segregation laws throughout the South. Four years before Mississippi incorporated a Confederate battle flag into its state flag, its constitutional convention passed pioneering provisions to 'reform' politics by effectively disenfranchising most African Americans.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c "State of Alabama 2018 Official State Holidays" (PDF). Retrieved September 2, 2018.
  14. ^ White, Marjorie Longenecker, Richard W. Sprague, G. Gray Plosser Jr. Editors, Downtown Birmingham Architectural and Historical Walking Tour Guide, Birmingham Historical Society, The First National Bank of Birmingham, 1980 p. 91
  15. ^ "Confederate Soldiers Monument, Ashville, Alabama". Civilwaralbum.com. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b c Davis, Michael. In Remembrance: Confederate Funerary Monuments in Alabama and Resistance to Reconciliation, 1884–1923. Master's thesis, Auburn University. Accessed August 15, 2017
  17. ^ "The Choctaw County Courthouse". Rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  18. ^ "Things to Do – Pickens County Alabama". Pickenscountyal.com. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  19. ^ Confederate Veterans Memorial – Centre, AL Waymarking.com. Accessed August 18, 2017
  20. ^ "National Register of Historic Places, Centreville Historic District, registration form" (PDF).
  21. ^ Eufaula and Barbour County in Vintage Postcards. Arcadia. 2004. p. 97. ISBN 9780738515953.
  22. ^ "Confederate Memorial Monument – Decatur, AL – American Civil War Monuments and Memorials". Waymarking. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  23. ^ Where are Alabama’s Confederate Monuments? Markers, many at courthouses, exist across Alabama. Accessed August 15, 2017.
  24. ^ "History & Race in Florence". Projectsaysomething.org. June 17, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  25. ^ Shumate, Joyce Nunn. The Confederate monument in Jasper, Alabama on the national register of historic places. Accessed August 15, 2017
  26. ^ Confederate Monument. Our Southern Home (May 6, 1908). Accessed August 16, 2017
  27. ^ "Nicola Marschall". HMdb.org. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  28. ^ Holloway, Kali (March 25, 2019). "'Loyal Slave' Monuments Tell a Racist Lie About American History". The Nation.
  29. ^ Lawrence County Confederate Veterans Memorial – Moulton, AL. Waymarking.com. Accessed August 18, 2017
  30. ^ Colbert County Confederate Veterans Memorial – Tuscumbia, AL Waymarking.com Accessed August 16, 2017
  31. ^ Major John Pelham – Anniston, AL Waymarking.com. Accessed October 6, 2017
  32. ^ Christine Watkins, Associated Press (September 28, 2020). "Alabama city removes Confederate monument following vote". Sports Grinding Entertainment. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  33. ^ "Alabama". HMdb.org. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  34. ^ Edgemon, Erin (July 16, 2016). "Alabama police officer crashes into Confederate Monument while on patrol". AL.com. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  35. ^ Montgomery, David (August 6, 2017). "A car crash topples a Confederate statue – and forces a Southern town to confront its past". The Week. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  36. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Demopolis Public Square
  37. ^ Johnston, Patrick (June 11, 2010). "Confederate monument needs to be moved". The Eufaula Tribune. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  38. ^ "James Cantey". HMdb.org. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  39. ^ Graham, Kelsey (August 2, 2013). Fort Payne celebrates Confederate Monument. Times Free Press. Accessed August 15, 2017
  40. ^ Crownover, Danny (April 1, 2016) The Vagabond – 109 Years Ago Unveiling of the Emma Sansom Statue. Gadsden Messenger. Accessed August 15, 2017
  41. ^ Crownover, Danny (June 27, 2014). The Vagabond: A decision in Gadsden. Gadsden Messenger. Accessed August 16, 2017
  42. ^ Historic Downtown Greenville, Alabama. Brochure. Greenville-alabama.com. Accessed August 16, 2017
  43. ^ Henry County Confederate Memorial. Hmdb.org Accessed August 16, 2017
  44. ^ Gattis, Paul (May 16, 2017). "Remove Confederate monument in Huntsville, petition says". AL.com. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  45. ^ Gattis, Paul (October 23, 2020). "Confederate monument in Huntsville removed overnight". AL.com. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
  46. ^ Robinson-Smith, Will (October 25, 2020). "Moving a monument: how the Confederate monument eventually moved to Maple Hill Cemetery". WAAY. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
  47. ^ Jump up to: a b Tutor, Philip (January 17, 2016). "Memory or History? Insight: Throughout the South, memorials with difficult histories pose vexing problems". Anniston Star.
  48. ^ "Confederate Memorial – Midway, AL – Alabama Historical Markers". Waymarking.com. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  49. ^ North American Preservation of Monuments. Alabama. Archived June 30, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Napom.org. Accessed August 16, 2017
  50. ^ Sons of Confederate Veterans: Raphael Semmes Camp 11. Statue of Admiral Semmes Overlooking Bankhead Tunnel in Downtown Mobile. Scvsemmes.org. Accessed August 16, 2017
  51. ^ "Mobile National Cemetery". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. August 28, 2017.
  52. ^ "Dexter Avenue". HMdb.org. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  53. ^ Yawn, Andrew J. "MPS to 'look at' relocating school's Robert E. Lee statue". The Montgomery Advertiser. Retrieved 2018-06-14.
  54. ^ Miller, Rex, Croxton's Raid, p.82
  55. ^ "Monument at Opelika, Ala." Confederate Veteran 19, no. 5 (May 1911): 250–51
  56. ^ "The Battle of Newton - Newton, Alabama". Explore Southern History. March 17, 2014. Archived from the original on 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2017-10-15.
  57. ^ "Janney Furnace Memorial Park". Calhoun County Alabama. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  58. ^ Catoe, Laura (October 21, 2012). "History Is Alive At Janney Furnace Park In Ohatchee". The Gadsten Times.
  59. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Committee Work of Confederation: Complete Record of Monuments and Memorials." Bulletin (Sons of Confederate Veterans) 1, no. 6 (June 1910): 180
  60. ^ "The Prattville Dragoons". HMdb.org. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  61. ^ Historical Marker Database. General Joseph Wheeler. Hmdb.com Accessed August 18, 2017
  62. ^ Finch, Ginny. "We Shall Overcome – Selma-to-Montgomery March". Nps.gov.
  63. ^ "Defense of Selma Memorial Historical Marker". hmdb.org. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  64. ^ "Selma Navy Yard and Ordnance Works Marker – Historic Markers Across Alabama". www.lat34north.com. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  65. ^ "Council Moves Forward with Plans to Sell Confederate Circle". Selma Times-Journal. September 11, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  66. ^ "Monument is now headless". Selma Times-Journal. March 13, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  67. ^ Evans, Daniel (May 23, 2015). "Forrest bust back at Old Live Oak." Selma-Times Journal. Accessed August 16, 2017
  68. ^ Teague, Matthew (March 6, 2015). "Selma, 50 years after march, remains a city divided". LA Times. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  69. ^ "Live Oak Cemetery, Selma, Alabama". www.civilwaralbum.com. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  70. ^ Elodie Todd Dawson Monument in Selma's Old Live Oak Cemetery. Ruralswalabama.org. Accessed August 16, 2017
  71. ^ Alabama Historical Association (1965). "Tallassee Armory". Historical Marker Database. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  72. ^ Alabama Historical Association (2014). "Brigadier General Birkett Davenport Fry, CSA / Tallassee Confederate Officers Quarters". Historical Marker Database. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  73. ^ Historical Marker Database. Confederate Memorial. Hmdb.org Accessed August 16, 2017
  74. ^ Latitude 34 North. Historic Markers Across Alabama. Lat34north.com Accessed August 16, 2017
  75. ^ "Tannehill Furnaces". HMdb.org. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  76. ^ Jump up to: a b c Confederated Southern Memorial Association, History of the Confederated Memorial Associations of the South (New Orleans: Graham Press, 1904), pp. 48–49
  77. ^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, Alex (August 28, 2017). "A New Confederate Monument Goes Up in Alabama". NBC News. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  78. ^ Okeowo, Alexis (2017-08-29). "Witnessing a Rally for a Brand-New Confederate Monument". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  79. ^ Simelton, Benard (August 24, 2017). "State NAACP opposes new Confederate statue". The Tuskegee News.
  80. ^ Almond, Mark (July 2, 2015). "A close-up look at Birmingham's embattled Confederate monument". AL.com. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  81. ^ "Confederate Rest". Admiral Raphael Semmes Camp #11.
  82. ^ Alabama Historical Association and Autauga County Heritage Association (1996). "Mulbry Grove Cottage". Historical Marker Database. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  83. ^ "Chapter History". Amelia Gayle Gorgas Chapter 2117
    United Daughters of the Confederacy    . Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  84. ^ "Macon County Confederate Memorial – Tuskegee, Alabama". waymarking.com. June 5, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  85. ^ Associated Press (August 9, 2018). "History shared but unreconciled in city's Confederate statue". Columbia Daily Herald.
  86. ^ iconions (Dec 12, 2012). Confederate Soldiers Memorial – Union Springs, AL Waymarking.com Accessed September 26, 2017
  87. ^ "The Wetumpka Light Guard 1861 - 1865". John D. Gordon Chapter, U.D.C. and the Sons of Confederate Veterans. 1931. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  88. ^ "McFarland Park and Recreation Area Marker – Historic Markers Across Alabama". Lat34north.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  89. ^ Alabama Historical Commission, State Historic Preservation Office. History of Confederate Memorial Park. Accessed August 15, 2017
  90. ^ Gelbert, Doug (2005). Civil War Sites, Memorials, Museums and Library Collections: A State-by-State Guidebook to Places Open to the Public. McFarland. pp. 9, 137. ISBN 9780786422593.
  91. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Confederate schools, mascots, and monuments around Alabama". AL.com. 2017-06-02. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  92. ^ Cason, Mike (June 2, 2020). "4 face felony charge for bringing down Robert E. Lee High statue". al.com.
  93. ^ "About The School / School Profile". www.lee.k12.al.us. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Retrieved from ""