List of German Jews

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The first Jewish population in the region to be later known as Germany came with the Romans to the city now known as Cologne. A "Golden Age" in the first millennium saw the emergence of the Ashkenazi Jews, while the persecution and expulsion that followed the Crusades led to the creation of Yiddish and an overall shift eastwards. A change of status in the late Renaissance Era, combined with the Jewish Enlightenment, the Haskalah, meant that by the 1920s Germany had one of the most integrated Jewish populations in Europe, contributing prominently to German culture and society. During the Holocaust many Jews fled Germany to other countries for refuge, and the majority of the remaining population were killed.

The following is a list of some famous Jews (by religion or descent) from Germany proper.

Historical figures[]

Politicians[]

  • , politician[1]
  • Ludwig Bamberger, politician[2]
  • Daniel Cohn-Bendit, member of European Parliament, student leader in 1968[3]
  • , SPD politician[4]
  • Kurt Eisner, Bavarian prime minister[5]
  • Fritz Elsas, Mayor of Berlin from 1931 to 1933, (converted to Christianity)
  • Heinrich von Friedberg, jurist, statesman (converted to Christianity)[6]
  • Karl Rudolf Friedenthal, Prussian politician (converted to Christianity)[7]
  • Clement Freud, German-born British MP[8]
  • Rudolf Hilferding, Finance Minister in 1923 and from 1928 to 1929[9]
  • Alex Himelfarb, ambassador[10]
  • Henry Kissinger, U.S. Secretary of State, Nobel Prize (1973)[11]
  • Ludwig Landmann, mayor of Frankfurt/Main[12]
  • Eduard Lasker, co-founder of the National Liberal Party[13]
  • Eugen Leviné, Bavarian prime minister[14]
  • Jutta Oesterle-Schwerin, Member of parliament, Green party, Feminist party[15]
  • Eduard von Simson, President of the Reichstag, President of the Reichsgericht[16]
  • Walther Rathenau, Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic[17]
  • Herbert Weichmann, Mayor of Hamburg 1965–1971, president of the German Bundesrat (Federal upper house)[18][19]
  • Marina Weisband, Ukrainian-born former Pirate Party Germany politician
  • , West Berlin politician[20]
  • Walter Wolfgang, German-born politician[21]

Activists[]

  • Hedwig Dohm-Schleh, feminist, author[22]
  • Nahum Goldmann, president of World Jewish Congress[23]
  • Josel of Rosheim, court Jew and Jewish advocate[24]
  • Paul Spiegel, leader of the Central Council of Jews in Germany[25]
  • Sidonie Werner (1860–1932), women's rights activist

Religious figures[]

Rabbis[]

  • Aaron ben Benjamin Wolf, Chief Rabbi of Berlin (1709)
  • Aaron Moses ben Mordecai of East Prussia
  • Abraham Auerbach (mid 1700s – November 3, 1846), Alsatian-born rabbi and liturgical poet. Fled France for Germany after imprisonment during the Reign of Terror.
  • Ahron Daum, Chief Rabbi of Frankfurt am Main
  • Samson Raphael Hirsch, intellectual founder of the Torah im Derech Eretz school of contemporary Orthodox Judaism[26]
  • Immanuel Jakobovits, Chief Rabbi of Great Britain [34]
  • Elijah Loans, rabbi of Fulda, Hanau, Friedberg, and Worms
  • , rabbi of Regensburg[27][circular reference]

Reform[]

Other[]

  • Ridley Haim Herschell, missionary[28]
  • Joseph Wolff, missionary[29]

Scientific figures[]

Natural scientists[]

  • Adolf von Baeyer, industrial chemist, Nobel Prize (1905) (Jewish mother)[30]
  • Norbert Berkowitz, physicist[31]
  • Hans Bethe, nuclear physics, Nobel Prize(1967)[32] (Jewish mother) [33]
  • Sir Walter Bodmer, medical researcher[34]
  • Max Born, quantum mechanics, Nobel Prize (1954) (converted to Christianity)[35]
  • Heinrich Caro, industrial chemist[36]
  • Nikodem Caro, industrial chemist[37]
  • Albert Einstein, theoretical physics, Nobel Prize (1921)[38]
  • Erwin Finlay-Freundlich, astronomer[39]
  • James Franck, quantum physics, Nobel Prize (1925)[40]
  • Adolph Frank, industrial chemist[41]
  • Herbert Fröhlich, physicist[42]
  • Eugen Glueckauf, chemist, expert on atomic energy[citation needed]
  • Hans Goldschmidt, industrial chemist[43]
  • Fritz Haber, developed the Haber process, Nobel Prize (1918)[44]
  • Walter Heitler, chemist[43]
  • Arthur Korn, physicist[45]
  • Ernst Ising, statistical mechanics[46]
  • Albert Ladenburg, chemist[47]
  • Fritz London, quantum mechanics[48]
  • Leonard Mandel, quantum optics[49]
  • Kurt Mendelssohn, German-born British medical physicist[50]
  • Viktor Meyer, organic chemist (converted to Christianity)[51]
  • Leonor Michaelis, biochemist[52]
  • Albert A. Michelson, measured speed of light, Nobel Prize (1907) (Jewish father)[53][54]
  • Ludwig Mond, chemist and industrialist[55]
  • Sir Rudolf Peierls, solid state theory[56]
  • Arno Penzias, co-discoverer of CMB, Nobel Prize (1978)[57]
  • Alfred Philippson, geologist[58]
  • John Charles Polanyi, chemist, Nobel Prize (born Berlin) [36]
  • Ernst Pringsheim, spectrometry, black-body radiation[59]
  • Michael Rossmann, physicist and microbiologist (Jewish mother)[60]
  • Rudolf Schoenheimer, biochemist[61]
  • Arthur Schuster, spectroscopist[citation needed]
  • Karl Schwarzschild, physicist and astronomer (converted to Christianity)[62]
  • Franz Simon, physicist, separation of Uranium 235[63]
  • Jack Steinberger, particle physics, Nobel Prize (1988)[64]
  • Otto Stern, experimental physicist, Nobel Prize (1943)[65]
  • Otto Wallach, chemist, Nobel Prize (1910) (converted to Christianity)[66]
  • Richard Willstätter, chemist, Nobel Prize (1915)[67]

Physicians and medical researchers[]

  • , pediatrician, diphtheria researcher[68]
  • Alfred Bielschowsky, ophthalmologist[69]
  • Max Bielschowsky, neuropathologist[70]
  • Konrad Bloch, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1964)[71]
  • Marcus Elieser Bloch, physician[72]
  • Gustav Born, professor of pharmacology[73]
  • Edith Bulbring, professor of pharmacy (Jewish mother)[74]
  • Sir Ernst Chain, developed penicillin, Nobel Prize (1945)[75]
  • Ferdinand Cohn, pioneer in microbiology[76]
  • Julius Friedrich Cohnheim, pathologist[24]
  • Paul Ehrlich, developed magic bullet concept, Nobel Prize (1908)[77]
  • Arthur Eichengrün, possible inventor of aspirin[78]
  • Wilhelm Feldberg, biologist[citation needed]
  • Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, biochemist[79]
  • Hermann Friedberg, physician[24]
  • Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch, geneticist[80]
  • Ernst Gräfenberg, obstetrician, the G-spot[81]
  • Martin Gumpert, physician, writer[82]
  • Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, physician (converted to Christianity)[83]
  • Sir Bernard Katz, biophysicist, Nobel Prize (1970)[84]
  • Hans Kornberg, biochemist researcher[85]
  • Hans Kosterlitz, discovered endorphins[86]
  • Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1953)[87]
  • Rudolph Lennhoff, developed the open air cure for tuberculosis[88]
  • Fritz Lipmann, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1953)[89]
  • Jacques Loeb, physiologist[90]
  • Otto Loewi, pharmacologist, Nobel Prize (1936)[91]
  • Elisabeth Mann, biologist (Jewish mother)[92]
  • Otto Meyerhof, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1922) (Jewish father)[93]
  • Oskar Minkowski, physiologist[94]
  • Albert Neisser, physician, discovered the cause of gonorrhea (Jewish father)[95]
  • Emin Pasha, physician, naturalist, explorer[96]
  • Nathanael Pringsheim, botanist[97]
  • Ottomar Rosenbach, physician[24]
  • Moritz Heinrich Romberg, physician, innovative author in neuroscience[24]
  • , longtime head nurse at Shaare Zedek Hospital, Jerusalem[98]
  • Karl Stern, Canadian neurologist, psychiatrist, author
  • Rahel Straus (1880–1963), medical doctor and feminist
  • Moritz Traube, biochemist[99]
  • Moshe Wallach, founder and director, Shaare Zedek Hospital, Jerusalem[100]
  • Carl Warburg, doctor of medicine and clinical pharmacologist.[101]
  • Otto Heinrich Warburg, physiologist, Nobel Prize (1931) (Jewish father)[79]
  • Karl Weigert, pathologist[102]

Mathematicians[]

  • Felix Bernstein, set theory (converted to Christianity)[103]
  • Maurice Block, statistician[104]
  • Richard Brauer, modular representation theory[105]
  • Paul Cohn, algebraist[106]
  • Richard Courant, mathematical analysis and applied mathematics[107]
  • Max Dehn, topology[108]
  • Paul Epstein, number theory[109]
  • Adolf Fraenkel, set theory[110]
  • Hans Freudenthal, algebraic topology[111]
  • Friedrich Hartogs, mathematician
  • Felix Hausdorff, topology[112]
  • Heinz Hopf, topology (Jewish father)[113]
  • Adolf Hurwitz, mathematician[114]
  • Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi, analysis[115]
  • Leopold Kronecker, number theory[116]
  • Edmund Landau, number theory[117]
  • Rudolf Lipschitz, mathematician[118]
  • Kurt Mahler, mathematician[119]
  • Hermann Minkowski, geometrical theory of numbers[120]
  • Claus Moser, Statistician[121]
  • Leonard Nelson, mathematician, philosopher (converted to Christianity)[122]
  • Bernhard Neumann, mathematician[123]
  • Emmy Noether, algebra and theoretical physics[124]
  • Alfred Pringsheim, analysis, theory of functions[125]
  • Richard Rado, combinatorics[126]
  • Robert Remak, group theory
  • Abraham Robinson, nonstandard analysis[127])[128]
  • Arthur Moritz Schönflies, mathematician[129]
  • Issai Schur, mathematician[130]
  • Reinhold Strassmann, mathematician
  • Otto Toeplitz, linear algebra and functional analysis[131]

Technical scientists[]

  • Ralph Baer, inventor of the games console[132]
  • Emile Berliner, inventor of the gramophone[133]
  • Emanuel Goldberg (1881–1970, from Russia, but published in German), pioneered Microdots and microfilm retrieval technology[134]
  • Julius Edgar Lilienfeld, electrical engineer[135]
  • Siegfried Marcus, automobile pioneer[136]
  • Michael O. Rabin, computer algorithms, Turing Award (1976)[137]
  • Reinhold Rudenberg, electrical engineer and inventor,[138]
  • Adolf Schallamach, pioneered understanding of friction and wear phenomena in rubber
  • Joseph Weizenbaum, AI critic, ELIZA[139]

Psychologists[]

  • Karl Abraham, psychoanalyst[140]
  • Rudolf Arnheim, perception theorist[citation needed]
  • Erik Erikson, developmental psychologist (Jewish mother)[141]
  • Erich Fromm, psychologist and humanistic philosopher[142]
  • Benedict Friedlaender, sexologist
  • Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, psychoanalyst[143]
  • Kurt Goldstein, Gestalt-influenced neurologist[144]
  • Max Hamilton, psychiatrist[145]
  • Magnus Hirschfeld, sexologist[146]
  • Kurt Koffka, Gestalt psychologist[citation needed]
  • Kurt Lewin, social psychologist[147]
  • Hugo Münsterberg, industrial psychologist[citation needed]
  • Ulric Neisser, cognitive psychologist (Jewish father)[148]
  • Erich Neumann, analytical psychologist[149]
  • Fritz Perls, psychotherapist[150]
  • Harvey (née Heinz) Schloesser, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
  • Otto Selz, cognitive psychologist[151]
  • William Stern, the Intelligence Quotient[152]
  • Max Wertheimer, Gestalt psychologist[153]

Academic figures[]

Philosophers[]

Economists[]

  • Robert Aumann, Nobel Prize for Economics[178]
  • Richard Ehrenberg, economist (converted to Christianity)[179]
  • Ludwig Lachmann, economist[180]
  • Emil Lederer, economist[181]
  • Robert Liefmann, economist[182]
  • Adolph Lowe, economist[183]
  • Rosa Luxemburg, economist, co-founder of the KPD[184]
  • Fritz Naphtali, economist, editor, later Israeli finance minister[185]
  • Sigbert Prais, economist (JYB 2005 p. 215)
  • Reinhard Selten, Nobel prize[186] (1994)
  • Hans Singer, economist[187]

Social Scientists[]

  • Reinhard Bendix, sociologist[188]
  • Eduard Bernstein, founder of evolutionary socialism[189]
  • Franz Boas, cultural anthropologist[190]
  • Lewis A. Coser, sociologist[191]
  • Norbert Elias, sociologist[192]
  • Amitai Etzioni, sociologist[193]
  • Shelomo Dov Goitein, Arabist[194]
  • Moses Hess, socialist[195]
  • Eugene Kamenka, sociologist[196]
  • Siegfried Kracauer, sociologist and film critic[197]
  • Ferdinand Lassalle, founder of first German worker's party[198]
  • Karl Mannheim, sociologist[199]
  • Herbert Marcuse, sociologist, New Left figurehead[200]
  • Karl Marx, founder of Marxism (parents converted to Protestantism)[201]
  • Franz Oppenheimer, sociologist and economist[202]
  • Leo Loewenthal, sociologist[203]
  • Georg Simmel, sociologist[204]
  • Georg Steindorff, Egyptologist (Jewish father)[205]
  • Jacob Taubes, theologist[206]
  • Louis Wirth, sociologist[207]

Historians[]

  • Ernst Bernheim, historian[208]
  • Walter Cahn, art historian[209]
  • Colin Eisler, art historian[210]
  • Geoffrey Rudolph Elton (son of Victor Ehrenberg) [37]
  • Richard Ettinghausen, art historian[211]
  • Henry Friedlander, historian[212]
  • Peter Gay, historian[213]
  • Heinrich Graetz, historian[214]
  • George W. F. Hallgarten, historian[215]
  • Eric Hobsbawm, historian[216]
  • Isaak Markus Jost, historian
  • Ernst Kantorowicz, historian of medieval political and intellectual history
  • Richard Krautheimer, historian[217]
  • Arno Lustiger, historian[218]
  • Lothar Machtan[citation needed]
  • Golo Mann, historian (Jewish mother)[219]
  • George Mosse, historian[220]
  • Erwin Panofsky, art historian
  • Otto Rahn, historian of legends about the holy grail[221]
  • Hans Rothfels, historian[222]
  • Fritz Stern, historian[223]
  • Aby Warburg, art historian
  • Rudolf Wittkower, architectural and art historian
  • Michael Wolffsohn, historian[224]

Jurists[]

Linguists and philologists[]

Educationalists[]

  • Lewis Elton, educationalist [39]
  • Kurt Hahn,[254] educationalist
  • Henriette May (1862–1928), German Jewish educator and women's activist

Entertainment[]

Showbusiness[]

Musicians[]

Artists[]

Other[]

  • Josef Ganz, car designer[369]
  • Siegfried Marcus, car designer
  • Edmund Rumpler, Austro-German car designer

Writers[]

Entrepreneurs[]

See also Court Jews

Sports[]

Gottfried Fuchs
  • Alon Abelski, football player
  • Rudi Ball, ice hockey player, right wing, Olympic bronze, world runner-up, bronze[436]
  • Gretel Bergmann, high jumper[437]
  • Hans Berliner, world postal chess champion[438]
  • Barney Dreyfuss, co-founder of the World Series[439]
  • Alfred Flatow, 3 time Olympic gymnastics champion (parallel bars, team parallel bars, team horizontal bar), silver (horizontal bar)
  • Gustav Felix Flatow, 2 time Olympic gymnastics champion (team parallel bars, team horizontal bar)[440]
  • Gottfried Fuchs, soccer player, (German national team)[441]
  • Ludwig Guttmann, founder of the Paralympics[442]
  • Lilli Henoch, world records (discus, shot put, and 4x100-m relay); shot by the Nazis in Latvia
  • Fredy Hirsch, sport teacher
  • Julius Hirsch, footballer, German champion, killed during the Holocaust
  • Bernhard Horwitz, chess player[438]
  • Herbert Klein, swimmer, Olympic bronze (200-m breaststroke); 3 world records
  • Emanuel Lasker, world chess champion[443]
  • Henry Laskau, racewalker, won 42 national titles; Pan American champion; 4x Maccabiah champion
  • Helene Mayer, foil fencer (Jewish father), Olympic champion[444]
  • Sarah Poewe, swimmer (Jewish mother), Olympic bronze (4x100 medley relay)[445]
  • Ellen Preis (Ellen Müller-Preis) (1912–2007), German-born Austrian Olympic champion foil fencer
  • Daniel Prenn, tennis player, highest world ranking # 6[446]
  • Gil Shohat, football player
  • Eugen Sandow, bodybuilding pioneer
  • Anton Shynder, football player
  • Siegbert Tarrasch, chess player[447]

Military[]

Main article: German Jewish military personnel of World War I

Literature[]

  • , ed. "2000 Kurzbiographien bedeutender deutscher Juden des 20. Jahrhunderts" (Lindhorst: Askania, 1982).

See also[]

References[]

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