List of German inventions and discoveries

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"What the world is today, good and bad, it owes to Gutenberg. Everything can be traced to this source, but we are bound to bring him homage, … for the bad that his colossal invention has brought about is overshadowed a thousand times by the good with which mankind has been favored."

American writer Mark Twain (1835−1910)[1]

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German inventions and discoveries are ideas, objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, in Germany or abroad by a person from Germany (that is, someone born in Germany – including to non-German parents – or born abroad with at least one German parent and who had the majority of their education or career in Germany). Often, things discovered for the first time are also called inventions and in many cases, there is no clear line between the two.

German-born Albert Einstein, world-famous physicist

Germany has been the home of many famous inventors, discoverers and engineers, including Carl von Linde, who developed the modern refrigerator;[2] Paul Nipkow, who laid the foundation of the television with his Nipkow disk;[3] Hans Geiger, the creator of the Geiger counter; and Konrad Zuse, who built the first fully automatic digital computer (Z3) and the first commercial digital computer (Z4).[4][5] Such German inventors, engineers and industrialists as Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin,[6] Otto Lilienthal, Gottlieb Daimler, Rudolf Diesel, Hugo Junkers and Karl Benz helped shape modern automotive and air transportation technology. Aerospace engineer Wernher von Braun developed the first space rocket at Peenemünde and later on was a prominent member of NASA and developed the Saturn V Moon rocket. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz's work in the domain of electromagnetic radiation was pivotal to the development of modern telecommunication.[7]

Albert Einstein introduced the special relativity and general relativity theories for light and gravity in 1905 and 1915 respectively. Along with Max Planck, he was instrumental in the introduction of quantum mechanics, in which Werner Heisenberg and Max Born later made major contributions.[8] Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays.[9] Otto Hahn was a pioneer in the fields of radiochemistry and discovered nuclear fission, while Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch were founders of microbiology.

The movable-type printing press was invented by German blacksmith Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. In 1997, Time Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium.[10] In 1998, the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg as the most influential person of the second millennium on their "Biographies of the Millennium" countdown.[10]

The following is a list of inventions, innovations or discoveries known or generally recognised to be German.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by with reliable sources.

Anatomy

Pepsin in complex with pepstatin
Comparison of a normal aged brain (left) and the brain of a person with Alzheimer's (right)
  • 17th century: First description of duct of Wirsung by Johann Georg Wirsung[11]
  • 1720: Discovery of the ampulla of Vater by Abraham Vater[12]
  • 1745: First description of crypts of Lieberkühn by Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn[13]
  • 19th century: First description of Auerbach's plexus by Leopold Auerbach[14]
  • 19th century: First description of Meissner's plexus by Georg Meissner[15]
  • 19th century: Discovery of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system by Theodor Schwann[16]
  • 1836: Discovery and study of pepsin by Theodor Schwann[17]
  • 1840: First medical report on poliomyelitis (Heine-Medin disease), and the first to recognize the illness as a clinical entity, by Jakob Heine[18]
  • 1852: First description of tactile corpuscle by Georg Meissner and Rudolf Wagner[19]
  • 1868: Discovery of Langerhans cell by Paul Langerhans[20]
  • 1869: Discovery of islets of Langerhans by Paul Langerhans[21]
  • 1875: First description of Merkel cell by Friedrich Sigmund Merkel[22]
  • 1882: First successful cholecystectomy by Carl Langenbuch in Berlin[23]
  • 1906: Discovery of the Alzheimer's disease by Alois Alzheimer[24]
  • 1909: First description of Brodmann's areas by Korbinian Brodmann[25]
  • 1977: Plastination by Gunther von Hagens[26]

Animals

Hagenbeck with his lions
  • 1907: Modern zoo (Tierpark Hagenbeck) by Carl Hagenbeck in Hamburg[27]
  • 1916: Guide dog; the world's first training school, established by Dr. Gerhard Stalling in Oldenburg[28]

Archaeology

The Berlin Archaeopteryx specimen (A. siemensii)
  • 1825: Rhamphorhynchus by Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring[29]
  • 1834: Plateosaurus by Johann Friedrich Engelhardt near Nuremberg, described in 1837 by Hermann von Meyer[30]
  • 1856: Neanderthal 1 near Düsseldorf[31]
  • 1856–1857: First description of the Neanderthal by Johann Carl Fuhlrott and Hermann Schaaffhausen[32]
  • 1860: Teratosaurus by Sixt Friedrich Jakob von Kapff near Stuttgart, described in 1861 by Hermann von Meyer[33]
  • 1861: Archaeopteryx by Hermann von Meyer near Solnhofen[34]
  • 1868–1879: Troy by Heinrich Schliemann[35]
  • c. 1900: Gordium by Alfred and Gustav Körte[36]
  • 1906–1913: Hattusa by Hugo Winckler[37]
  • 1908: Homo heidelbergensis by Daniel Hartmann and Otto Schoetensack near Heidelberg[38]
  • 1912: The Nefertiti Bust by Ludwig Borchardt[39]
  • 1915: Description of Spinosaurus, the largest known theropod, by Ernst Stromer[40]
  • 1925: Stomatosuchus by Ernst Stromer[41]
  • 1931: Description of Carcharodontosaurus by Ernst Stromer[42]
  • 1932: Aegyptosaurus by Ernst Stromer[43]
  • 1934: Bahariasaurus by Ernst Stromer[44]
  • 1991: Ötzi by Helmut and Erika Simon from Nuremberg[45]

Arts

The Bauhaus emblem
  • 15th century: Drypoint by the Housebook Master, a south German artist[46]
  • 1525: Ray tracing by Albrecht Dürer[47]
  • 1642: Mezzotint by Ludwig von Siegen[48]
  • 1708: Meissen porcelain, the first European hard-paste porcelain, by Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus in Meissen[49]
  • 1810: Theory of Colours by Johann Wolfgang Goethe[50]
  • Early 1900s: The modernist movement Expressionism[51]
  • 1919: Bauhaus by Walter Gropius[52]

Astronomy

Illustration of Kepler's second law
Neptune
  • 1609–1619: Kepler's laws of planetary motion by Johannes Kepler[53]
  • 1781: Discovery of Uranus, with two of its major moons (Titania and Oberon), by German-born William Herschel[54]
  • 1846: Discovery of Neptune by Johann Galle[55]
  • 1902: Discovery of the stratosphere by Richard Assmann[56]
  • 1909: Discovery of cosmic ray by Theodor Wulf[57]
  • 1916: Schwarzschild metric[58] and Schwarzschild radius[59] by Karl Schwarzschild

Biology, genetics and memory

Three types of cell division
Overview of the citric acid cycle
  • 1759: Description of mesonephros by Caspar Friedrich Wolff[60]
  • 1790s: Recapitulation theory by Johann Friedrich Meckel and Carl Friedrich Kielmeyer[61]
  • Late 1790s/early 1800s: Humboldtian science by Alexander von Humboldt[62]
  • 1834: Humboldt penguin by Franz Meyen, after its initial discovery by Alexander von Humboldt[63]
  • 1835: Cell division by Hugo von Mohl[64]
  • 1835: Discovery and description of mitosis by Hugo von Mohl[65]
  • 1839: Cell theory by Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden (with contributions from Rudolf Virchow)[66]
  • 1840: Discovery of hemoglobin by Friedrich Ludwig Hünefeld[67]
  • 1845: Odic force by Carl Reichenbach[68]
  • 1851: Discovery of alternation of generations as a general principle in plant life by Wilhelm Hofmeister[69]
  • 1876: Discovery and description of meiosis by Oscar Hertwig[70]
  • 1877: Description of dyslexia by Adolf Kussmaul[71]
  • 1880s: Bacteriology by Robert Koch[72]
  • Late 19th century: Isolated the non-protein component of "nuclein", determining the chemical composition of nucleic acids, and later isolated its five primary nucleobases by Albrecht Kossel[73]
  • 1885: Forgetting curve and learning curve by Hermann Ebbinghaus[74]
  • 1888: Description and naming of the centrosome by Theodor Boveri[75]
  • 1890: Description of mitochondrion by Richard Altmann[76]
  • 1892: Weismann barrier and germ plasm by August Weismann[77]
  • 1908: Hardy–Weinberg principle by Wilhelm Weinberg[78]
  • 1928: First reliable pregnancy test by Selmar Aschheim and Bernhard Zondek[79]
  • 1928: Artificial cloning of organisms by Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold[80]
  • 1932: Urea cycle by Kurt Henseleit and Hans Adolf Krebs[81]
  • 1937: Citric acid cycle by Hans Adolf Krebs[82]
  • 1974: First genetically modified animal (a mouse) by Rudolf Jaenisch[83]

Chemistry

Illustration of a sugar beet. Achard's findings were the start of the modern sugar industry.
Döbereiner's lamp, often hailed as the first lighter
The Haber process is fundamental in creating fertiliser
Bunsen burner
The bottom half of a glass Petri dish
GSI's linear particle accelerator UNILAC, where hassium was discovered
  • 1625: Glauber's salt by German-born Johann Rudolf Glauber[84]
  • 1669: Discovery of phosphorus by Hennig Brand in Hamburg[85]
  • 1706: Prussian blue by Heinrich Diesbach in Berlin[86]
  • 1724: Temperature scale Fahrenheit by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit[87]
  • 1746: Basic theory of isolating zinc by Andreas Marggraf[88]
  • c. 1770 – c. 1785: Identification of molybdenum, tungsten, barium and chlorine by Carl Wilhelm Scheele[89]
  • 1773 or earlier: discovery of oxygen (although Joseph Priestley published his findings first) by Carl Wilhelm Scheele[90]
  • 1789: Discovery of the elements uranium[91] and zirconium[92] by Martin Heinrich Klaproth
  • 1799: Production of sugar from sugar beets, the beginning of the modern sugar industry,[93] by Franz Karl Achard, after foundations were laid by Andreas Marggraf[94]
  • 19th century: Eupione by Carl Reichenbach[95]
  • 1817: Discovery of cadmium by Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer[96]
  • 1820s: Oechsle scale by Ferdinand Oechsle[97]
  • 1823: Döbereiner's lamp, often hailed as the first lighter,[98][99] by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner
  • 1828: Discovery of creosote by Carl Reichenbach[100]
  • 1828, 1893: Isolation (1828) of nicotine by Wilhelm Heinrich Posselt and Karl Ludwig Reimann.[101] The structure (1893) of nicotine was later discovered by Adolf Pinner and Richard Wolffenstein[102]
  • 1828: Synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler (Wöhler synthesis)[103]
  • 1830: Creation of paraffin wax by Carl Reichenbach[104]
  • 1832: Discovery of pittacal by Carl Reichenbach[105]
  • 1834: Melamine by Justus von Liebig[106]
  • 1834: Discovery of phenol by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge[107]
  • 1836 (or 1837): Discovery of diatomaceous earth (Kieselgur in German) by Peter Kasten on the northern slopes of the Haußelberg hill, in the Lüneburg Heath in North Germany[108]
  • 1838: Fuel cell by Christian Friedrich Schönbein[109]
  • 1839: Discovery of ozone by Christian Friedrich Schönbein[110]
  • 1839, 1930: Discovery of polystyrene by Eduard Simon, was made a commercial product by IG Farben in 1930[111]
  • c. 1840: Nitrogen-based fertiliser by Justus von Liebig,[112][113] important innovations were later made by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch (Haber process) in the 1900s[114]
  • 1846: Discovery of guncotton by Christian Friedrich Schönbein[115]
  • 1850s: Siemens-Martin process by Carl Wilhelm Siemens[116]
  • c. 1855: Bunsen burner by Robert Bunsen and Peter Desaga[117]
  • 1855: Chromatography by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge[118]
  • 1857: Siemens cycle by Carl Wilhelm Siemens[119]
  • 1859: Pinacol coupling reaction by Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig[120]
  • 1860–61: Discovery of caesium and rubidium by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff[121]
  • 1860: Erlenmeyer flask by Emil Erlenmeyer[122]
  • 1863–64: Discovery of indium by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter[123][124][125]
  • 1863: First synthesis of trinitrotoluene (TNT) by Julius Wilbrand[126]
  • 1864: First synthesis of barbiturate by Adolf von Baeyer, first marketed by Bayer under the name "Veronal" in 1903[127]
  • 1865: Synthetic indigo dye by Adolf von Baeyer, first marketed by BASF in 1897[128]
  • c. 1870: Brix unit by Adolf Brix[129]
  • 1872: Synthesis of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) by Eugen Baumann[130]
  • 1877: Poly(methyl methacrylate) by Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig, was made a commercial product (Plexiglas) by Otto Röhm in 1933[131]
  • 1882: Tollens' reagent by Bernhard Tollens[132]
  • 1883: Claus process by Carl Friedrich Claus[133]
  • 1884: Paal–Knorr synthesis by Carl Paal and Ludwig Knorr[134]
  • 1885–1886: Discovery of germanium by Clemens Winkler[135]
  • 1887: Petri dish by Julius Richard Petri[136]
  • 1888: Büchner flask and Büchner funnel by Ernst Büchner[137]
  • 1895: Hampson–Linde cycle by Carl von Linde[119]
  • 1897: Galalith by Wilhelm Krische[138]
  • 1898: Polycarbonate by Alfred Einhorn, was made an commercial product by Hermann Schnell at Bayer in 1953 in Uerdingen[139]
  • 1898: Synthesis of polyethylene, the most common plastic, by Hans von Pechmann[140]
  • 1898: First synthesis of purine by Emil Fischer. He had also coined the word in 1884.[141]
  • Early 20th century: Schlenk flask by Wilhelm Schlenk[142]
  • 1900s: Haber process by Carl Bosch and Fritz Haber[114]
  • 1902: Ostwald process by Wilhelm Ostwald[143]
  • 1903: First commercially successful decaffeination process by Ludwig Roselius (later of Café HAG), after foundations were laid by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge in 1820[144]
  • 1907: Thiele tube by Johannes Thiele[145]
  • 1913: Coal liquefaction (Bergius process) by Friedrich Bergius[146][147]
  • 1913: Identification of protactinium by Oswald Helmuth Göhring[148]
  • 1925: Discovery of rhenium by Otto Berg, Ida Noddack and Walter Noddack[149]
  • 1928: Diels–Alder reaction by Kurt Alder and Otto Diels[150]
  • 1929: Discovery of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by Karl Lohmann[151]
  • 1929: Creation of styrene-butadiene (synthetic rubber) by Walter Bock[152]
  • 1935: Karl Fischer titration by Karl Fischer[153]
  • 1937: Creation of polyurethane by Otto Bayer at IG Farben in Leverkusen[154]
  • 1953: Ziegler–Natta catalyst by Karl Ziegler[155]
  • 1954: Wittig reaction by Georg Wittig[156]
  • 1981–1996: Discovery and creation of bohrium by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt[157]
  • 1982: Discovery and creation of meitnerium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research[158]
  • 1984: Discovery and creation of hassium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research[157]
  • 1994: Discovery and creation of darmstadtium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research[159]
  • 1994: Discovery and creation of roentgenium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research[160]
  • 1996: Discovery and creation of copernicium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research[161]

Clothing, cosmetics and fashion

A pair of jeans
  • 13th century: Functional buttons with buttonholes for fastening or closing clothes[162]
  • 18th century or earlier: Dirndl, Lederhosen and Tracht[163]
  • 1709: Eau de Cologne by Johann Maria Farina (Giovanni Maria Farina) in Cologne[164]
  • 1871–1873: Jeans by German-born Levi Strauss (together with Russian-American Jacob Davis)[165]
  • 1905: Permanent wave that was suitable for use on people, by German-born Karl Nessler[166]
  • 1911: Nivea, the first modern cream,[167] by Beiersdorf AG[168]
  • 1960s: BB cream by Christine Schrammek[169]

Computing

Gottfried Leibniz created the modern binary numeral system
Konrad Zuse is regarded as the inventor of the (modern) computer
  • Late 17th century: Modern binary numeral system by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz[170]
  • 1918–1923: Enigma machine by Arthur Scherbius[171]
  • 1920s: Hellschreiber (precursor of the impact dot matrix printers and faxes) by Rudolf Hell[172][173]
  • 1941: First programmable, fully automatic digital computer (Z3) by Konrad Zuse[174]
  • 1942–1945: Programming language Plankalkül, the first high-level programming language to be designed for a computer,[175] by Konrad Zuse
  • 1945: The world's first commercial digital computer (Z4) by Konrad Zuse[5]
  • 1957: Stack (abstract data type) by Klaus Samelson and Friedrich L. Bauer of Technical University Munich[176]
  • 1960s: Smart card by Jürgen Dethloff and Helmut Gröttrup[177]

Construction, architecture and shops

Werner von Siemens invented the first electric elevator
Electric chainsaw
  • 1831–1834: Wire rope by Wilhelm Albert[178][179][180]
  • 1858: Hoffmann kiln by Friedrich Hoffmann[181][182]
  • 1880: The world's first electric elevator by Werner von Siemens[183]
  • 1895: Electrically driven hand drill by Carl and Wilhelm Fein in Stuttgart[184]
  • 1895: Exothermic welding process by Hans Goldschmidt[185]
  • 1926–1927: Portable electric (by Andreas Stihl in 1926 in Cannstatt) and the first petrol chainsaw (by Emil Lerp in 1927).[186] A precursor of chainsaws was made around 1830 by Bernhard Heine (osteotome)[187]
  • 1927: Concrete pump by Max Giese and Fritz Hull[188]
  • 1930s: Particle board by Max Himmelheber[189]
  • 1954: Angle grinder by Ackermann + Schmitt (FLEX-Elektrowerkzeuge GmbH) in Steinheim an der Murr[190][191]
  • 1958: Modern (plastic) wall plug (Fischer Wall Plug) by Artur Fischer[192][193][194]
  • 1962: The world's first sex shop by Beate Uhse AG in Flensburg[195]
  • 1963–1967: First hydraulic breaker by Krupp in Essen[196]
  • 1988–1990: The concept of the Passivhaus (Passive house) standard by Wolfgang Feist in Darmstadt[197]

Cuisine

See also: German cuisine
Black Forest cake
Currywurst
Gummy bears were first created by Haribo
Hamburger with French fries and a beer
A glass of Bitburger, a German-style Pilsner. The Pilsner was invented by Bavarian Josef Groll.

Education, language and printing

Recreated Gutenberg press
Lithograph of Alois Senefelder
  • 12th century: Lingua Ignota, the first entirely artificial language, by St. Hildegard of Bingen, OSB[222]
  • c. 1440: Printing press with movable type by Johannes Gutenberg[10]
  • 1605: First newspaper (Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien) by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg (then part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation)[223]
  • 1774: The process of deinking by Justus Claproth[224]
  • 1796: Lithography by Alois Senefelder[225]
  • Early 19th century: Humboldtian model of higher education by Wilhelm von Humboldt,[226] which led to the creation of the first modern university (Universität zu Berlin) in 1810,[227] although the University of Halle is also regarded as "the first truly modern university"[228]
  • 1812–1858: Grimms' Fairy Tales by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm[229]
  • 1830s: Kindergarten concept by Friedrich Fröbel[230]
  • 1844: Wood pulp process for use in papermaking by Friedrich Gottlob Keller[231]
  • 1879–80: The constructed language Volapük by Johann Martin Schleyer[232]
  • 1884–1886: Linotype machine by Ottmar Mergenthaler[233]
  • 1905: The Morse code distress signal SOS (  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ )[234][235]
  • 1919: Waldorf education by Emil Molt and Rudolf Steiner in Stuttgart[236]
  • 1937–1951: Interlingua by German-born Alexander Gode[237]

Entertainment, electronics and media

The Nipkow disk laid the foundation for the television
A cathode-ray tube as found in an oscilloscope
A SMS shown on a mobile phone
  • c. 1151: The earliest known morality play (Ordo Virtutum) by St. Hildegard of Bingen, OSB[238]
  • 1505: The world's first (pocket) watch (Watch 1505) by Peter Henlein[239][240]
  • 1663: First magazine (Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen)[241]
  • 1885: Nipkow disk (fundamental component in the earliest televisions) by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow[3]
  • 1895: First moving picture show to a paying audience, and thereby creating the first cinema, by Emil and Max Skladanowsky in the Berlin Wintergarten theatre[242]
  • 1897: Cathode-ray tube (CRT) and the oscilloscope by Ferdinand Braun[243]
  • 1903: Printed circuit board by Albert Hanson of Berlin[244]
  • 1907: Earplug by Max Negwer (Ohropax)[245]
  • 1907: Pigeon photography by Julius Neubronner[246]
  • 1920s: Small format camera (35mm format) by Oskar Barnack[247]
  • 1928: Magnetic tape in Dresden, later developed and commercialized by AEG[248]
  • 1930s: (Modern) tape recorder by BASF (then part of the chemical giant IG Farben) and AEG in cooperation with the state radio RRG[249][250]
  • 1934: Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow (TV Station Paul Nipkow) in Berlin, first public television station in the world[251][252]
  • 1949: Integrated circuit by Werner Jacobi (Siemens AG)[253][254]
  • 1961: Phase Alternating Line (PAL), a colour encoding system for analogue television, by Walter Bruch of Telefunken in Hanover[255]
  • 1970: Twisted nematic field effect by Wolfgang Helfrich (with Swiss physicist Martin Schadt)[256]
  • 1983: Controller Area Network (CAN bus) by Robert Bosch GmbH[257]
  • 1984: Short Message Service (SMS) concept by Friedhelm Hillebrand[258]
  • Late 1980s and early 1990s: MP3 compression algorithm (fundamental for MP3 players) by i.a. Karlheinz Brandenburg (Fraunhofer Society)[259]
  • 1990: First radio-controlled wristwatch (MEGA 1) by Junghans[260]
  • 1991: SIM card by Giesecke & Devrient in Munich[261][262]
  • 2005: YouTube by German-born Jawed Karim (together with Steve Chen and Chad Hurley)[263]

Geography, geology and mining

Map of Pangaea
  • 1812: Mohs scale of mineral hardness by Friedrich Mohs[264]
  • 1855: Stauroscope by Wolfgang Franz von Kobell[265]
  • 1884: Köppen climate classification by Wladimir Köppen.[266] Changes were later made by Rudolf Geiger (it is thus sometimes hailed as the "Köppen–Geiger climate classification system").[267]
  • 1912: Theory of continental drift and postulation of the existence of Pangaea by Alfred Wegener[268]
  • 1933: Central place theory by Walter Christaller[269]
  • 1935: Richter magnitude scale by German-born Beno Gutenberg (together with Charles Francis Richter)[270]

Household and office appliance

Justus von Liebig invented the modern mirror
Food and drinks into a refrigerator

Mathematics

Calculus equations written on a chalkboard
Illustration the intersection of two sets (set theory)

Medicine and drugs

Friedrich Sertürner was the first to isolate morphine
Lines of cocaine prepared for insufflation
A pair of contact lenses
Aspirin was invented by Bayer
Advertisement for Bayer Heroin
The first human EEG recording obtained by Hans Berger in 1924
  • 1796: Homeopathy by Samuel Hahnemann[316]
  • 1803–1827: First isolation of morphine by Friedrich Sertürner in Paderborn; first marketed to the general public by Sertürner and Company in 1817 as a pain medication; and the first commercial production began in 1827 in Darmstadt by Merck.[317]
  • 1832: First synthesis of chloral hydrate, the first hypnotic drug,[318] by Justus von Liebig at the University of Giessen;[319] Oscar Liebreich introduced the drug into medicine in 1869 and discovered its hypnotic and sedative qualities.[320]
  • 1840: Discovery and description of Graves-Basedow disease by Karl Adolph von Basedow[321]
  • 1847: Kymograph by Carl Ludwig[322]
  • 1850s: Microscopic pathology by Rudolf Virchow[323]
  • 1850–51: Ophthalmoscope by Hermann von Helmholtz[324][325]
  • 1852: First complete blood count by Karl von Vierordt[326]
  • 1854: Sphygmograph by Karl von Vierordt[327]
  • 1855: First synthesis of the cocaine alkaloid by Friedrich Gaedcke;[328] development of an improved purification process by Albert Niemann in 1859–1860, who also coined the name "cocaine".[329] First commercial production of cocaine began in 1862 in Darmstadt by Merck.[330]
  • 1882: Adhesive bandage (Guttaperchapflastermulle) by Paul Carl Beiersdorf[331]
  • 1882: Discovery of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria which causes tuberculosis, by Robert Koch[332]
  • 1884: Discovery of the pathogenic bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae which causes diphtheria, by Edwin Klebs and Friedrich Löffler[333]
  • 1884: Koch's postulates by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler, based on earlier concepts described by Jakob Henle[334]
  • 1884: Discovery of the vibrio cholerae bacteria which causes cholera, by Robert Koch[335]
  • 1887: Amphetamine by Romanian-born Lazăr Edeleanu in Berlin[336]
  • 1887: Löffler's medium by Friedrich Loeffler[337]
  • 1888: First successful afocal scleral glass contact lenses by Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick[338]
  • 1890: Diphtheria antitoxin by Emil von Behring[339]
  • 1897–1899: Aspirin by Felix Hoffmann or Arthur Eichengrün at Bayer in Elberfeld[340]
  • 1897: Heroin by Felix Hoffmann at Bayer in Elberfeld[341]
  • 1897: Protargol by Arthur Eichengrün.[342]
  • 1897: Discovery of the cause of foot-and-mouth disease (Aphthovirus) by Friedrich Loeffler[343]
  • 1907–1910: First synthesis of arsphenamine, the first antibiotic,[344] by Paul Ehrlich and Alfred Bertheim.[345] In 1910 marketed by Hoechst under the name Salvarsan.[346]
  • 1908–1911: Creation of dihydrocodeine[347]
  • 1909, 1929: First intrauterine device (IUD) by Richard Richter (of Waldenburg, then part of Germany; in 1909), and the first ring (Gräfenberg's ring, 1929) used by a significant number of women by Ernst Gräfenberg.[348]
  • 1909: Labello by Dr. Oscar Troplowitz[349]
  • 1912–1916: Modern condom by Julius Fromm in Berlin[350]
  • 1912: MDMA by Merck chemist Anton Köllisch[351][352]
  • 1914: Development and creation of oxymorphone[353]
  • 1916: Creation of oxycodone by Martin Freund and Edmund Speyer at the University of Frankfurt[354]
  • 1920–1924: First synthesis of hydrocodone by Carl Mannich and Helene Löwenheim in 1920,[355] first marketed by former German drug development company Knoll as Dicodid in 1924.[356]
  • 1922: Discovery and creation of desomorphine by Knoll[357]
  • 1923: Creation of hydromorphone (Dilaudid) by Knoll[358]
  • 1924: First human electroencephalography (EEG) recording by Hans Berger. He also invented the electroencephalogram and discovered alpha waves.[359]
  • 1929: Cardiac catheterization by Werner Forssmann[360]
  • 1932: Prontosil by Josef Klarer and Fritz Mietzsch at Bayer[361]
  • 1937–1939: Creation of methadone by Max Bockmühl and Gustav Ehrhart of IG Farben[362]
  • 1939: Intramedullary rod by Gerhard Küntscher[363]
  • 1943: Luria–Delbrück experiment by Max Delbrück[364]
  • 1953: Echocardiography by Carl Hellmuth Hertz (with Swedish physician Inge Edler)[365]
  • 1961: Combined oral contraceptive pill by Schering AG[366][367]
  • 1969: Articaine (Ultracain), a dental local anesthetic first synthesized by pharmacologist and chemist (former Hoechst AG)[368][369]
  • 1997: C-Leg by Ottobock[370]
  • 2007: Small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) by Walter Sekundo and Marcus Blum[371]
  • 2020: mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) based on research by Turkey-born Uğur Şahin and Özlem Türeci[372][373]

Military and (chemical) weapons

German flamethrowers during World War I (1917)
MP 18
Jerrycans
Replica of the V-2 rocket
  • 1498: Barrel rifling in Augsburg[374]
  • 1836: Dreyse needle gun by Johann Nicolaus von Dreyse[375]
  • 1842: Pickelhaube by King Frederick William IV of Prussia[376]
  • 1901: Modern flamethrower by Richard Fiedler[377]
  • 1916: First anti-tank grenade[378]
  • 1916: Stahlhelm by Dr. Friedrich Schwerd[379]
  • 1918: First anti-tank rifle (Mauser 1918 T-Gewehr) by Mauser[380]
  • 1918: First practical submachine gun (MP 18) by Theodor Bergmann[381]
  • 1920s: Creation of Zyklon B by Walter Heerdt and Bruno Tesch at Degesch[382]
  • 1935: Flecktarn by Johann Georg Otto Schick[383]
  • 1935–37: Jerrycan by Müller & Co in Schwelm[384]
  • 1936: The first ever nerve agent, tabun, by Gerhard Schrader (IG Farben) in Leverkusen[385][386]
  • 1938: The nerve agent sarin by IG Farben in Wuppertal-Elberfeld[387]
  • 1939: Warfare method of blitzkrieg by i.a. Heinz Guderian[388][389]
  • 1941: The only rocket-powered fighter aircraft ever to have been operational and the first piloted aircraft of any type to exceed 1000 km/h (621 mph) in level flight, the Messerschmitt Me 163, by Alexander Lippisch.[390]
  • 1942: First modern assault rifle (StG 44) by Hugo Schmeisser[391]
  • 1943: First aviation unit (Kampfgeschwader 100) to use precision-guided munition[392]
  • c. 1944: First anti-tank missile (the X-7)[393]
  • 1944: First operational cruise missile (V-1 flying bomb) by Robert Lusser at Fieseler[394]
  • 1944: A modern pioneer and the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile (V-2 rocket) under the direction of Wernher von Braun[395][396]
  • 1944: The nerve agent soman by Konrad Henkel in Heidelberg[397]

Musical instruments

Tuba
Emile Berliner with his disc record gramophone

Physics and scientific instruments

Heinrich Hertz laid the foundation of modern telecommunications with his discoveries
The first "medical" X-ray, by Wilhelm Röntgen (1895)
Max Planck is considered the father of the quantum theory
Sculpture of Einstein's 1905 E = mc2 formula at the 2006 Walk of Ideas, Berlin
Geiger-Müller counter
Electron microscope constructed by Ernst Ruska in 1933; two years after his first prototype
Induced nuclear fission reaction

Sociology, philosophy and politics

Karl Marx (left) and Friedrich Engels (right)
Otto von Bismarck created the first modern welfare state worldwide
  • Late 18th century: German idealism by Immanuel Kant[497]
  • 19th century: Marxism, the foundation of communism and socialism,[498][499] by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels[500]
  • 1852: Credit union by Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch in Saxony, later further developed by Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen[501]
  • Late 19th century: Verstehen by Max Weber[502]
  • 1879: Psychology by Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig[503][504]
  • 1880s: The German Empire (1871–1918) became the first modern welfare state in the world under statesman Otto von Bismarck,[505] when he e.g. innovatively implemented the following:
    • Health insurance (Krankenversicherung) in 1883[506]
    • Accident insurance (Unfallversicherung) in 1884[506]
    • Pension insurance (Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung) in 1889[506]
  • 1897: Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, first LGBT rights organization in history,[507][508] founded by Magnus Hirschfeld in Berlin
  • 1916: The German Empire became the first country in the world to implement daylight saving time (DST)[509]
  • 1930s: Critical theory by the Frankfurt School[510]
  • 1966: Private copying levy (also known as blank media tax or levy)[511]
  • 1978: Blue Angel (Der Blaue Engel) certification, the world's first ecolabel[512]

Religion, ethics and festivities

Martin Luther
Christmas tree
  • 1434: The world's first genuine Christmas market (Striezelmarkt) in Dresden[513]
  • 1517: Protestantism and Lutheranism by Martin Luther[514]
  • 16th century: Modern Christmas tree[515][516]
  • 17th century: Easter Bunny[517]
  • c. 1610: Tinsel in Nuremberg[518]
  • 1776: Illuminati by Adam Weishaupt[519]
  • 1810: Oktoberfest, the world's largest Volksfest,[520] in Munich
  • 1839: Advent wreath by Johann Hinrich Wichern[521]
  • c. 1850: Advent calendar by German Lutherans;[522] the modern version was created by Gerhard Lang (1881–1974) from Munich[523]

Sport

See also: Category:Sports originating in Germany
A handball game in progress
The first Olympic torch relay finished in Berlin (1936)
Sir Ludwig Guttmann created the Paralympics

Tourism and recreation

Prinzessin Victoria Luise
  • 1882: Strandkorb by Wilhelm Bartelmann in Rostock[548][549]
  • 1891: First purpose-built cruise ship (Prinzessin Victoria Luise) by Albert Ballin[550]
  • Early 20th century: Pilates by Joseph Pilates[551]
  • 1911: Carabiner for climbing by Otto "Rambo" Herzog[552]
  • 1915 or earlier: Modern parachute (the first collapsible parachute) by Katharina Paulus[553][554]
  • 1920s: Autogenic training by Johannes Heinrich Schultz[555]

Toys and games

A replica Steiff model of the 55PB
Magnavox Odyssey

Transportation

Original Laufmaschine of 1817; the first bicycle
Benz Patent-Motorwagen
A Reitwagen replica at the Mercedes-Benz Museum
Otto Lilienthal testing one of his gliders (1895)
The Daimler Motor-Lastwagen was the world's first truck
  • 1655: First self-propelled wheelchair by Stephan Farffler[567]
  • 1817: The first bicycle (dandy horse, or Laufmaschine in German) by Baron Karl von Drais[568][569]
  • 1817: Tachometer by Diedrich Uhlhorn[570][571]
  • 1834: First practical rotary electric motor by Moritz von Jacobi[572]
  • 1838: First electric boat by Moritz von Jacobi[573]
  • 1876: Otto engine, the first modern internal combustion engine,[574] by Nicolaus Otto
  • 1879–1881: First electric locomotive[575] and electric tramway (Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway) by Siemens & Halske[576][577]
  • 1882: Trolleybus (Electromote) by Werner von Siemens[578]
  • 1885: First automobile (Benz Patent-Motorwagen) by Karl Benz in Mannheim[579][580]
  • 1885, 1894: First motorcycle (Daimler Reitwagen) by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach.[581] The motorcycle of Hildebrand & Wolfmüller from 1894 (created by Heinrich and Wilhelm Hildebrand, and Alois Wolfmüller) was the first machine to be called a "motorcycle" and the world's first production motorcycle.[582]
  • 1886: First automobile on four wheels, by Gottlieb Daimler[583]
  • 1886: Motorboat by Lürssen, in commission of Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, in Bremen[584]
  • 1888: Driver's license by Karl Benz[585]
  • 1888: The world's first filling station was the city pharmacy in Wiesloch[586]
  • 1888: Flocken Elektrowagen, regarded by some as the first real electric car,[587] by Andreas Flocken in Coburg
  • 1889: V engine by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach[588]
  • 1891: Taximeter by Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn[589]
  • 1893: Diesel engine, diesel fuel and biodiesel by Rudolf Diesel in Augsburg[590]
  • 1893: Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat, the first aeroplane to be serially produced,[591][592] by Otto Lilienthal
  • 1893: Zeppelin, the first rigid airship,[593] by Ferdinand von Zeppelin[594]
  • 1895: Internal combustion engine bus by Daimler[595]
  • 1896: First truck (Daimler Motor-Lastwagen) by Gottlieb Daimler[596]
  • 1897: Flat engine by Karl Benz[597]
  • 1897: Internal combustion engine taxicab by Gottlieb Daimler[598]
  • 1901: Mercedes 35 hp, regarded by some as the first real modern automobile,[599] by Paul Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach. The car also had the world's first drum brakes.[600]
  • 1902, 1934: Concept of maglev by Alfred Zehden (1902) and Hermann Kemper (1934).[601]
  • 1902: First high voltage spark plug by Gottlob Honold[602]
  • 1902: First practical speedometer by Otto Schultze[603][604]
  • 1906: Gyrocompass by Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe[605]
  • 1909, 1912: The world's first passenger airline; DELAG in Frankfurt (1909).[606] The company also employed the first flight attendant, Heinrich Kubis (1912).[607]
  • 1912: The world's first diesel locomotive by Gesellschaft für Thermo-Lokomotiven Diesel-Klose-Sulzer GmbH from Munich[608] and Borsig from Berlin[609]
  • 1915: The world's first all-metal aircraft (Junkers J 1) by Junkers & Co[610]
  • 1916: Gasoline direct injection (GDI) by Junkers & Co[611]
  • 1928: First rocket-powered aircraft (Lippisch Ente) by Alexander Lippisch[612]
  • 1935: Swept wing by Adolf Busemann[613]
  • 1936: The first operational and practical helicopter (Focke-Wulf Fw 61), by Focke-Achgelis[614]
  • 1939: First aircraft with a turbojet (Heinkel He 178), and the first practical jet aircraft, by Hans von Ohain[615]
  • 1943: Krueger flap by Werner Krüger[616]
  • 1951: Airbag by Walter Linderer[617]
  • 1957: Wankel engine by Felix Wankel[618]
  • 1960s: Defogger by Heinz Kunert[619]
  • Late 1960s: Oxygen sensor by Robert Bosch GmbH[620]
  • 1973: Spoiler on road cars by Porsche[621]
  • 1995: Electronic stability control (ESC) by Robert Bosch GmbH and Mercedes-Benz[622][623]

See also

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