List of battles by casualties
The following is a list of the casualties count in battles in world history. The list includes both sieges (not technically battles but usually yielding similar combat-related deaths) and civilian casualties during the battles. Large battle casualty counts are almost impossible to calculate precisely. Many of these figures are estimates, and, where possible, a range of estimates is presented. Figures display numbers of all types of casualties when available (killed, wounded, missing, and sick) but may only include number killed. Where possible, the list specifies whether or not prisoners are included in the count. This list does not include bombing runs (such as the attack on Pearl Harbor and the bombing of Tokyo) or massacres such as the Rape of Nanking, which, despite potentially massive casualties, are not typically classified as "battles", since they are usually one-sided engagements or the nation attacked is not officially at war with the attackers. Tactical or strategic strikes, however, may form part of larger engagements which are themselves battles.
Classical formation battles[]
These refer to battles in which armies met on a single field of battle and fought each other for anywhere from one to several days. This type of battle died out in favor of grander military operations.
This list is incomplete; you can help by . (January 2018) |
Battle | Year | Conflict | Casualties |
---|---|---|---|
Battle of Thymbra | 547 BC | Lydian–Persian War | [1] | 100,000
Battle of Marathon | 490 BC | Greco-Persian Wars | [2] | 5,000–8,000
Battle of Thermopylae | 480 BC | Greco-Persian Wars | [3]–22,500[4] | 22,300
Battle of Plataea | 479 BC | Greco-Persian War | [4]–257,000[3] | 51,500
Battle of Chaeronea | 338 BC | Rise of Macedon | [5]–4,000 | 1,000
Battle of the Granicus | 334 BC | Wars of Alexander the Great | [6] | Around 7,000
Battle of Issus | 333 BC | Wars of Alexander the Great | [7] | 20,000-40,000
Battle of Gaugamela | 331 BC | Wars of Alexander the Great | [8] | 53,500
Battle of the Hydaspes | 326 BC | Wars of Alexander the Great | [8] | 23,310
Battle of Sentinum | 295 BC | Third Samnite War | [9] | 33,700
Battle of Heraclea | 280 BC | Pyrrhic War | [9] | 11,000–26,000
Battle of Kalinga | 262 BC | Kalinga-Maurya Empire | [10] or more[11][12] (including civilians) | 150,000
Battle of Changping | 260 BC | Qin's wars of unification | citation needed] | 700,000 (according to ancient sources)[
Battle of the Trebia | 218 BC | Second Punic War | [13] | 35,000
Battle of Lake Trasimene | 217 BC | Second Punic War | [13] | 30,000
Battle of Cannae | 216 BC | Second Punic War | [14]–92,000 or more[15] | 56,000
Battle of the Metaurus | 207 BC | Second Punic War | [16] | 12,000
Battle of Zama | 202 BC | Second Punic War | [16] | 21,500
Battle of Magnesia | 190 BC | Roman–Seleucid War | [17] | 53,350
Battle of Pydna | 168 BC | Third Macedonian War | [17] | 21,000
Battle of Arausio | 105 BC | Germanic Wars (Cimbrian War) | [18][19][20] | 84,000
Battle of Carrhae | 53 BC | Roman–Persian Wars | [21] | 24,000
Siege of Alesia | 52 BC | Gallic Wars | 100,000–150,000 |
Battle of Pharsalus | 48 BC | Caesar's Civil War | [22] | 17,000
Battle of Philippi | 42 BC | Liberators' civil war | 24,000 |
Battle of Actium | 31 BC | Final War of the Roman Republic | 7,500 or more |
Battle of the Teutoburg Forest | 9 AD | Roman–Germanic wars | [23] | 20,000
Battle of Watling Street | 61 AD | Iceni Revolt | [24] | 80,400
Battle of Mons Graupius | 84 AD | Roman conquest of Britain | [25] | 10,360
Battle of Guandu | 200 | Three Kingdoms | [26] | 78,000
Battle of Red Cliffs | 208 | Three Kingdoms | [26] | 100,000
Battle of Barbalissos | 252 | Roman–Persian Wars | 60,000 |
Battle of Edessa | 260 | Roman–Persian Wars | 50,000-70,000 |
Battle of Adrianople | 378 | Gothic War | [27] | 40,000 or more
Battle of Fei River | 383 | Wu Hu Era | [28] | 150,000 or more
Battle of the Catalaunian Plains | 451 | Hunnic Invasion | [29] | 165,000 (doubtful, according to one ancient source)
Battle of Salsu | 612 | Goguryeo–Sui War | [30] | 302,300
Battle of al-Qadisiyyah | 636 | Muslim conquest of Persia | [31] | 31,000
Battle of Muzayyah | 633 | Muslim conquest of Persia | 10,000 |
Battle of Ullais | 633 | Muslim conquest of Persia | [32] | 35,000
Battle of River | 633 | Muslim conquest of Persia | [33] | More than 15,000
Battle of Walaja | 636 | Muslim conquest of Persia | [34] | 22,000
Battle of Nahavand | 642 | Muslim conquest of Persia | [35] | 28,500
Battle of Yarmouk | 636 | Muslim conquest of the Levant | [36] | 70,000
Battle of Tours | 732 | Umayyad invasion of Gaul | 13,000 |
Battle of Gwiju | 1019 | Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War | 90,000+. |
Battle of Nhu Nguyet river | 1077 | Lý–Song War | [37][38] | 150,000
Battle of Montgisard | 1177 | Ayyubid–Crusader War | Around 25,850 |
Battle of Hattin | 1187 | Ayyubid–Crusader War | [39] | 17,000–20,000
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa | 1212 | Reconquista | [40] | 60,000
Battle of Yehuling | 1212 | Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty | Around 50,000 |
Battle of the Kalka River | 1223 | Mongol invasion of Rus' | [41] | Around 50,000
Battle of Legnica | 1241 | Mongol invasion of Poland | [42] | 30,000
Battle of Mohi | 1241 | Mongol invasion of Europe | [43] | 15,000
Third battle of Bach Dang river | 1288 | Mongol invasion of Vietnam | [44] | 85,000
Battle of Jaran Manjur | 1298 | Mongol invasions of India | Over 20,000 |
Battle of Yamen | 1279 | Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty | 100,000 |
Battle of Bannockburn | 1314 | First War of Scottish Independence | [45] | 19,000
Battle of Kulikovo | 1380 | List of Mongol and Tatar raids against Rus' | 136,000 |
Battle of Roosebeke | 1382 | Hundred years war | 27,600 |
Battle of the Terek River | 1395 | Tokhtamysh–Timur war | [46] | 100,000
Conquest of Delhi | 1398 | Timur's Indian campaign | [47][48] | 100,000
Battle of Ankara | 1402 | Ottoman–Timur War | [49] | 15,000 or more
Battle of Grunwald | 1410 | Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War | [50] | 13,000
Battle of Agincourt | 1415 | Hundred Years' War | citation needed] | 14,000[
Battle of Tốt Động – Chúc Động | 1426 | Lam Sơn uprising | [51] | 30,000
Tumu Crisis | 1449 | Ming–Mongol War | citation needed] | 200,000 or more[
Battle of Towton | 1461 | Wars of the Roses | [52] | 28,000
Night Attack at Târgoviște | 1462 | Wallachian-Ottoman Wars | [53] | 20,000
Battle of Vaslui | 1475 | Moldavian-Ottoman Wars | citation needed] | 40,000 or more[
Battle of Valea Albă | 1476 | Moldavian–Ottoman Wars | citation needed] | 30,000 or more[
Battle of Kabul | 1504 | Campaigns of Babur | [54] | 20,000 or more
Battle of Ravenna | 1512 | War of the League of Cambrai | [55] | 13,500
Battle of Marignano | 1515 | War of the League of Cambrai | [56] | 11,000–15,000
Battle of Ridaniya | 1517 | Ottoman wars in the Near East | [57] | 13,000
First Battle of Panipat | 1526 | Mughal Conquest | [58] | 20,000–50,000
Battle of Mohács | 1526 | Ottoman–Hungarian wars | [59] | Probably 30,000
Battle of Ghaghra | 1529 | Mughal Conquest | [60] | 13,000
Battle of Lepanto | 1571 | Ottoman–Venetian wars | [61] | 22,566–27,566
Battle of Molodi | 1572 | Russo-Crimean Wars | [62] | 29,000–33,000 or 100 000
Battle of Chungju | 1592 | Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) | [63] 100,000[64][65] | 8,000–16,000
Battle of Călugăreni | 1595 | Long War (Ottoman War) | citation needed] | 11,000–16,000[
Battle of Sacheon (1598) | 1598 | Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) | [66] | 30,000
Battle of Sekigahara | 1600 | Sengoku period | [67] | 30,000 or more
First Battle of Breitenfeld | 1631 | Thirty Years' War | [68] | 20,000 or more
Battle of Lützen | 1632 | Thirty Years' War | [68] | 11,000–14,000
Battle of Nördlingen | 1634 | Thirty Years' War | [69] | 17,000
Battle of the Downs | 1639 | Eighty Years' War | [70] | 15,000 or more
Battle of Song-Jin | 1641 | Qing conquest of the Ming | citation needed] | 60,000[
Second Battle of Breitenfeld | 1642 | Thirty Years' War | [71] | 14,000
Battle of Jankau | 1645 | Thirty Years' War | [72] | 15,500
Battle of Berestechko | 1651 | Khmelnytsky Uprising | [73] | 30,000–40,000
Battle of Samugarh | 1658 | Mughal Conquest | [70] | 32,000
Battle of Khajwa | 1659 | Mughal Conquest | [70] | 20,000
Battle of Lund | 1676 | Scanian War | [74] | 14,000
Battle of Vienna | 1683 | Ottoman–Habsburg wars | [75] | 19,500
Battle of Bijapur | [76] | 1686Mughal Conquest | [77] | 17,000
Battle of Landen | 1693 | War of the Grand Alliance | [77] | 28,000
Battle of Zenta | 1697 | Ottoman–Habsburg wars | [78] | 30,300
Battle of Jinji | 1698 | Mughal Conquest | [77] | 16,000
Battle of Blenheim | 1704 | War of the Spanish Succession | [77] | 32,000
Battle of Chamkaur | 1704 | Mughal-Sikh Wars | citation needed] | 100,000 - 125,000[
Battle of Fraustadt | 1706 | Great Northern War | [79] | 16,500
Battle of Ramillies | 1706 | War of the Spanish Succession | [80] | 15,600
Battle of Poltava | 1709 | Great Northern War | [81] | 14,300
Battle of Malplaquet | 1709 | War of the Spanish Succession | [80] | 95,000
Battle of Fontenoy | 1745 | War of the Austrian Succession | [82] | 14,000
Battle of Leuthen | 1757 | Seven Years' War | [83] | 11,800
Battle of Zorndorf | 1758 | Seven Years' War | citation needed] | 30,000[
Battle of Kunersdorf | 1759 | Seven Years' War | [84] | 35,000
Third Battle of Panipat | 1761 | Marathas and Afghans | [85][86] | 150,000-200,000 (including civilian camp followers)
Battle of Kagul | 1770 | Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) | [87] | 21,000
Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút | 1785 | Siamese-Vietnamese Wars | [88] | 50,000
Battle of Rymnik | 1789 | Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) | [89] | 21,000
Battle of Arcole | 1796 | War of the First Coalition | [90] | 11,000
Battle of Trebbia | 1799 | War of the Second Coalition | [91] | 17,000–23,000
Battle of Novi | 1799 | War of the Second Coalition | [92] | 19,500
Battle of Marengo | 1800 | War of the Second Coalition | [93] | 16,400
Ulm campaign | 1805 | War of the Third Coalition | [93] | 62,000
Battle of Austerlitz | 1805 | War of the Third Coalition | [94] | 45,300
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt | 1806 | War of the Fourth Coalition | [95] | 52,000 including prisoners later killed
Battle of Eylau | 1807 | War of the Fourth Coalition | [95] | 40,000
Battle of Wagram | 1809 | War of the Fifth Coalition | [95]–79,000[96] | 77,000
Battle of Talavera | 1809 | Peninsular War | [97] | 13,900
Battle of Slobozia | 1811 | Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) | [98] | 20,000
Battle of Salamanca | 1812 | Peninsular War | [99] | 18,800
Battle of Borodino | 1812 | French invasion of Russia | [100] | 74,000
Battle of Berezina | 1812 | French invasion of Russia | [100] | 60,000
Battle of Vitoria | 1813 | Peninsular War | [99] | 13,000
Battle of Leipzig | 1813 | War of the Sixth Coalition | [101] | 124,000
Battle of Dresden | 1813 | War of the Sixth Coalition | [94] | 48,000
Battle of Ligny | 1815 | Hundred Days | [102] | 28,000
Battle of Waterloo | 1815 | Hundred Days | [103][104] | 47,000 or more (not including prisoners and missing)
Battle of Inkerman | 1854 | Crimean War | [105] | 15,857
Battle of Shiloh | 1862 | American Civil War | [106] | 24,000
Battle of Antietam | 1862 | American Civil War | [107]–26,193[108] | 23,000
Battle of Fredericksburg | 1862 | American Civil War | [107]–17,962[109] | 17,300
Battle of Gettysburg | 1863 | American Civil War | [110][111] | 51,000
Battle of Chickamauga | 1863 | American Civil War | [112] | 34,000
Battle of Spotsylvania Court House | 1864 | American Civil War | [113] | 30,000
Battle of Stones River | 1862–1863 | American Civil War | [114] | 24,000
Battle of Königgrätz | 1866 | Austro-Prussian War | [115] | 47,500
Battle of Tuyutí | 1866 | Paraguayan War | [116] | 7,000–16,000
Battle of Mars-la-Tour/Battle of Gravelotte | 1870 | Franco-Prussian War | [115] | 34,000
Battle of Sedan | 1870 | Franco-Prussian War | [117] | 26,000
Battle of Adwa | 1896 | First Italo-Ethiopian War | [118] | 17,300
Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican | 1896 | Philippine Revolutionary War | [119] | 2,000–15,000
Battle of Omdurman | 1898 | Mahdist War | [120] | 20,430
Battle of Sakarya | 1921 | Greco–Turkish War of 1919–22 | [121][122] | 61,000
Battle of Nagashino | 1575 | Sengoku period | [123]: 80–82 | 18,000
Sieges and urban combat[]
This list includes sieges, as well as modern battles that were fought primarily in urban areas. Major military operations that included city fighting are listed below. The battles included here inflicted at least 50,000 casualties.
This list is incomplete; you can help by . (August 2008) |
Siege | Year | Conflict | Casualties (High est.) |
Casualties (Low est.) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Siege of Alesia | 52 BC | Gallic Wars | 200,000 | 100,000 |
Siege of Constantinople | 717–718 | Arab–Byzantine wars | 170,000 | 130,000[36] |
Siege of Yongzhou | 1076 | Lý-Song War | 140,000[124] | 78,000[125] |
Siege of Baghdad | 1258 | Mongol invasions and conquests | 2,000,000[126] | 100,000[126] |
Siege of Tenochtitlan | 1521 | Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire | 240,000 | 100,000[127][128] |
Siege of Rhodes | 1522 | Ottoman wars in Europe | 55,200[57] | 55,200 |
Siege of Chittorgarh | 1567–1568 | Mughal-Rajput Wars (1558-1576) | 40,000 | 35,000 |
Siege of Ostend | 1601–1604 | Eighty Years' War | 115,000 | 90,000 |
Siege of Candia | 1648–1669 | Cretan War | 149,739 | 149,739 |
Second Siege of Zaragoza | 1808–1809 | Peninsular War | 64,000[129] | 64,000 |
First Siege of Sevastopol | 1854–1855 | Crimean War | 230,000[130] | 230,000 |
Third Battle of Nanking | 1864 | Taiping Rebellion | 100,000[131] | 100,000 |
Siege of Petersburg | 1864–1865 | American Civil War | 70,000[132] | 70,000 |
Battle of Gettysburg | 1863 | American Civil War | 50,000 | 50,000 |
Siege of Paris | 1871 | Franco-Prussian War | 332,142 | 229,000 |
Siege of Plevna | 1877 | Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) | 75,000[133] | 75,000 |
Siege of Port Arthur | 1904–1905 | Russo-Japanese War | 100,000[134] | 100,000 |
Siege of Adrianople | 1912–1913 | First Balkan War | 93,282[135] | 93,282 |
Battle of Taiyuan | 1937 | World War II | 130,000[136] | 130,000 |
Battle of Xinkou | 1937 | World War II | 200,000[citation needed] | 200,000 |
Battle of Shanghai | 1937 | World War II | 400,000[137] | 400,000 |
Battle of Wuhan | 1938 | World War II | 540,000[138] | 540,000 |
First Battle of Changsha | 1939 | World War II | 80,000+ | 80,000+[139] |
Battle of Nanchang | 1939 | World War II | 75,328[140] | 75,328 |
Battle of Dunkirk | 1940 | World War II | 88,000[141] | 88,000 |
Battle of South Shanxi | 1941 | World War II | 120,000+ | 120,000+[142] |
Siege of Odessa | 1941 | World War II | 133,813[143] | 133,813 |
Battle of Kiev | 1941 | World War II | 700,544[143] | 700,544 |
Second Siege of Sevastopol | 1941–1942 | World War II | 236,437 | 236,437 |
Third Battle of Changsha | 1942 | World War II | 84,862[144] | 84,862 |
Battle of Stalingrad | 1942–1943 | World War II | 2,500,620[145] | 1,250,000[146] |
Battle of Changde | 1943 | World War II | 100,000 | 100,000[147] |
Battle of West Hubei | 1943 | World War II | 115,830 | 115,830[148] |
Siege of Leningrad | 1941–1944 | World War II | 5,500,000[149] | 1,117,000[150][151] |
Warsaw Uprising | 1944 | World War II | 200,000+ | 200,000+[152] |
Siege of Budapest | 1944–1945 | World War II | 422,000 | 422,000[153] |
Battle of Berlin | 1945 | World War II | 1,298,745[154] | 1,298,745[155] |
Battle of Okinawa | 1945 | World War II | 241,593[156] | 241,593[156] |
Battle of Manila | 1945 | World War II | 500,000[157][158] | 100,000[159][160] |
Battle of the Bulge | 1944–1945 | World War II | 218,900 | 161,370[161] |
Siege of Changchun | 1948[162] | Chinese Civil War | 425,000 | 425,000[163] |
Siege of Basra | 1987 | Iran-Iraq War | 85,000 | 85,000 |
Major operations[]
This list includes major operations and prolonged battles or operations fought over a large area or for a long time. The duration of some operations, like the Battle of Moscow, are disputed so numbers found in various sources may differ for that reason alone.
This list is incomplete; you can help by . (January 2018) |
Operation | Year | Conflict | Casualties |
---|---|---|---|
Flanders and Rhine campaign | 1702–1713 | War of the Spanish Succession | citation needed] | 190,442[
Ulm Campaign | 1805 | War of the Third Coalition | 62,000 |
French invasion of Russia | 1812 | Napoleonic Wars | 920,000–1,040,000 |
German Campaign | 1813 | War of the Sixth Coalition | 745,000 |
Six Days' Campaign | 1814 | War of the Sixth Coalition | [101] | 80,000
Hundred Days | 1815 | War of the Seventh Coalition | 241,525 |
Peninsula Campaign | 1862 | American Civil War | [164] | 36,463
Battle of Chancellorsville | 1863 | American Civil War | [165]–30,500[107] | 30,000
Overland Campaign | 1864 | American Civil War | [166]–92,000[129] | 87,000
Appomattox Campaign | 1865 | American Civil War | [132] | 16,500
Battle of Mukden | 1905 | Russo-Japanese War | [167] | 160,000
Battle of Lule Burgas | 1912 | First Balkan War | [168] | 42,162+
First Battle of Çatalca | 1912 | First Balkan War | [169] | 22,000
Battle of Bregalnica | 1913 | Second Balkan War | [135] | 36,620
Serbian Campaign (1914) | 1914 | World War I | 437,361, including prisoners |
Battle of the Frontiers | 1914 | World War I | 664,191 |
Battle of Tannenberg | 1914 | World War I | [170]–160,000[171] | 145,000
Battle of Galicia | 1914 | World War I | 645,000–700,000 |
First Battle of the Marne | 1914 | World War I | [172] | 513,000
First Battle of the Aisne | 1914 | World War I | 263,541+ |
First Battle of Ypres | 1914 | World War I | [173] | 210,000
Battle of Łódź | 1914 | World War I | [174] | 130,000
First Battle of Champagne | 1914–1915 | World War I | 139,532 |
Battle of Sarikamish | 1914–1915 | World War I | [175] | 60,000—85,000
Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes | 1915 | World War I | 216,200 |
Second Battle of Ypres | 1915 | World War I | [176]–107,000[177] | 104,208
Gallipoli Campaign | 1915 | World War I | [176]–552,000[178] | 503,000
Second Battle of Artois | 1915 | World War I | [176] | 186,000
Second Battle of Champagne–Third Battle of Artois | 1915 | World War I | [177]–440,000[176] | 75,000
Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive | 1915 | World War I | [176] | 300,000–1,087,000
Great Retreat (Russian) | 1915 | World War I | 1,943,800+ |
Serbian Campaign (1915) | 1915 | World War I | [179] | 331,000, including prisoners
Erzurum Offensive | 1916 | World War I | [175] | 80,000—85,000
Battle of Verdun | 1916 | World War I | [180]–976,000[176] | 755,000
Battle of Asiago | 1916 | World War I | [176] | 250,000
Brusilov Offensive | 1916 | World War I | [176] | 1,600,000
Battle of the Somme | 1916 | World War I | [181]–1,215,000[176] | 1,120,000
Monastir Offensive | 1916 | World War I | [182] | 111,000
Romanian Campaign | 1916–1917 | World War I | [176][dubious ]–933,000, including prisoners | 240,000
Nivelle Offensive | 1917 | World War I | [183] | 354,000
Second Battle of the Aisne | 1917 | World War I | 350,000–463,000 |
Battle of Arras | 1917 | World War I | 278,000–288,000 |
Battle of Messines | 1917 | World War I | [184][185] | 42,000
Tenth Battle of the Isonzo | 1917 | World War I | [186] | 200,000
Third Battle of Ypres | 1917 | World War I | [187] | 585,000+
Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo | 1917 | World War I | 273,000 |
Battle of Caporetto | 1917 | World War I | [188] | 60,000
Battle of Cambrai | 1917 | World War I | [188] | 95,000
German spring offensive | 1918 | World War I | [189] | 1,539,000
Operation Michael | 1918 | World War I | 494,616 |
Battle of the Lys | 1918 | World War I | 204,300–228,340 |
Third Battle of the Aisne | 1918 | World War I | 257,000 |
Second Battle of the Piave River | 1918 | World War I | 131,494 killed and wounded, 73,729 prisoners |
Second Battle of the Marne | 1918 | World War I | [189] | 288,000
Battle of Soissons (1918) | 1918 | World War I | 287,259 |
Hundred Days Offensive | 1918 | World War I | [189] | 2,240,000
Meuse–Argonne offensive | 1918 | World War I | 318,000 |
Battle of Warsaw | 1920 | Polish–Soviet War | [190] | About 130,000, not including prisoners
Invasion of Manchuria | 1931 | Second Sino-Japanese War | [191] | 35,000
Battle of Guadalajara | 1937 | Spanish Civil War | [192] | 12,000
Battle of Teruel | 1937–1938 | Spanish Civil War | [193] | 110,000, including prisoners
Battle of the Ebro | 1938 | Spanish Civil War | [193] | 106,500
Battle of Xuzhou | 1938 | World War II | [194] | 130,000
1938 Yellow River Flood | 1938 | World War II | [195] | 800,000
Battles of Khalkhin Gol | 1939 | Soviet–Japanese border conflicts | [196][197] | 42,000–75,000
Invasion of Poland | 1939 | World War II | [198] | 310,000
Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang | 1939 | World War II | [199] | 49,000
Winter Offensive | 1939–1940 | World War II | [200] | 100,000+
Operation Weserübung | 1940 | World War II | [198] | 12,800
Battle of France | 1940 | World War II | [201] | 469,000
Hundred Regiments Offensive | 1940 | Second Sino-Japanese War | [202] | 62,900
Battle of Keren | 1941 | World War II | 12,600+ killed |
Battle of Greece | 1941 | World War II | [203] | 46,295
Battle of Shanggao | 1941 | World War II | [204] | 42,000
Battle of Crete | 1941 | World War II | [205] | 16,007
Operation Barbarossa | 1941 | World War II | [206]–6,000,000[207] | 5,000,000
Battle of Białystok–Minsk | 1941 | World War II | [208] | 429,886 including prisoners
Battle of Smolensk (1941) | 1941 | World War II | 595,606 killed, captured, and missing; 300,000 Soviet prisoners |
Battle of Uman | 1941 | World War II | 223,853 |
Battle of Kiev (1941) | 1941 | World War II | 761,783 killed, captured, and missing |
Battle of Bryansk (1941) | 1941 | World War II | 700,000 Soviet killed, captured and missing; German casualties unknown. |
Battle of Moscow | 1941 | World War II | [206] | 1,000,000
Battle of Hong Kong | 1941 | World War II | [209] | 18,000 including prisoners
Battle of Malaya/Battle of Singapore | 1941–1942 | World War II | [210] | 143,800, and 60,000 prisoners
Battle of Bataan/Battle of Corregidor | 1942 | World War II | [211] | 30,000 killed
Battle of Lyuban | 1942 | World War II | 365,135 |
Battle of the Kerch Peninsula | 1942 | World War II | [212] | 176,000+
Demyansk Pocket | 1942 | World War II | 300,000 |
Second Battle of Kharkov | 1942 | World War II | [212] | 300,000
Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign | 1942 | World War II | [213] | 356,000
Battle of Gazala | 1942 | World War II | [214] | 148,000
Case Blue | 1942 | World War II | 1,400,000 |
Battle of Voronezh (1942) | 1942 | World War II | 662,847 including prisoners |
Battle of the Caucasus | 1942–1942 | World War II | 625,000 |
Guadalcanal Campaign | 1942–1943 | World War II | [215]–31,100[216] | 29,100
Battles of Rzhev | 1942–1943 | World War II | 2,900,000–3,080,000 |
Second Battle of El Alamein | 1942 | World War II | [214]–82,500[217] | 39,400
Operation Iskra | 1943 | World War II | [218] | 129,332
Battle of Kursk | 1943 | World War II | [219]–388,000[220] | 257,125
Operation Kutuzov | 1943 | World War II | 516,344 |
Allied invasion of Sicily | 1943 | World War II | [221] | 36,000+ killed, and over 100,000 Italian POWs
Belgorod–Kharkov offensive operation | 1943 | World War II | 202,654–280,634 |
Battle of Smolensk (1943) | 1943 | World War II | 522,059 |
Dnieper Campaign | 1943 | World War II | 1,582,000 (lowest est.) – 2,480,000 (highest est.) |
Allied invasion of Italy | 1943 | World War II | [222] | 17,092
Bougainville Campaign | 1943–1945 | World War II | [223] | 21,929 killed, and 23,571 Japanese prisoners
Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive | 1943–1944 | World War II | 1,442,956 |
Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive | 1944 | World War II | 385,604 |
Battle of Monte Cassino | 1944 | World War II | [224] | 185,000
Battle of Narva | 1944 | World War II | [225] | 550,000 all causes
Operation Shingle | 1944 | World War II | [226] | 52,200 killed
First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive | 1944 | World War II | [227] | 195,000
Ichi-Go | 1944 | World War II | [228] | 1,300,000+
Battle of Normandy | 1944 | World War II | [229][230]–795,400[231][230] | 650,600
Liberation of France | 1944–1945 | World War II | |
Battle of Saipan | 1944 | World War II | [232] | 43,500 killed, including mass suicides
Operation Bagration | 1944 | World War II | [233] | 1,430,000
Falaise Pocket | 1944 | World War II | [234] | 140,000
Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive | 1944 | World War II | [235] | 485,424, including prisoners
Operation Market Garden | 1944 | World War II | [236] | 27,200
Baltic offensive | 1944 | World War II | 280,120 Soviet casualties; German casualties unknown |
Battle of Hürtgen Forest | 1944–1945 | World War II | [237] | 63,000
Courland Pocket | 1944–1945 | World War II | 278,819 |
Battle of Leyte Gulf | 1944 | World War II | [238] | 12,000 killed
Battle of the Bulge | 1944–1945 | World War II | [161][239]–218,900 | 161,370
Vistula–Oder Offensive | 1945 | World War II | 636,191 including prisoners |
Battle of Luzon | 1945 | World War II | [240] | 332,330–345,330, including sick
Battle of the Rhineland | 1945 | World War II | [241] | 82,000 and 250,000 prisoners
Battle of Iwo Jima | 1945 | World War II | [242]–48,700[243] | 44,821
East Prussian Offensive | 1945 | World War II | 806,778 including prisoners |
Battle of Okinawa | 1945 | World War II | [244]–158,400[245] | 113,920
Burma campaigns | 1942–1945 | World War II | [246] | 700,000
Battle of West Hunan | 1945 | World War II | [247] | 50,000
Second Guangxi campaign | 1945 | World War II | citation needed] | 1,000,000[
Liaoshen campaign | 1948 | Chinese Civil War | [248] | 542,000, including captured
Huaihai campaign | 1948 | Chinese Civil War | [249] | 689,000, including captured
Pingjin campaign | 1948–1949 | Chinese Civil War | [250] | 560,000, including captured
Shanghai Campaign | 1949 | Chinese Civil War | [251] | 213,073
Battle of Inchon | 1950 | Korean War | [252] | 17,429
Invasion of North Korea | 1950 | Korean War | [253] | 51,700
Battle of Chosin Reservoir | 1950 | Korean War | 66,000 |
Battle of Dien Bien Phu | 1954 | First Indochina War | [254] | 31,500, not including prisoners
Tet Offensive | 1968 | Vietnam War | [255] | 65,000
Operation OAU | 1968 | Nigerian Civil War | [255] | 30,000
Easter Offensive | 1972 | Vietnam War | [255] | 150,000
Operation Dawn 5 | 1984 | Iran-Iraq War | 75,000 |
Battle of the Marshes | 1984 | Iran-Iraq War | 55,000 |
Battle of Aleppo | 2012–2016 | Syrian Civil War | [256] | 31,275
See also[]
- List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll
- List of battles
Notes[]
- ^ Grant, p. 17
- ^ Krentz, Peter, The Battle of Marathon (Yale Library of Military History), Yale Univ Press, (2010) p. 98
- ^ Jump up to: a b Herodotus (440 BC). Histories.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 23
- ^ Freewalt, Jason. "Battle Report: The Battle of Chaeronea 338 BC". Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ^ Arrian 1.16.45 – 50
- ^ "Advance to the East and the battle of Gaugamela", The Genius of Alexander the Great : in Ancient and Medieval Greek Poetry, Bloomsbury Academic, 1997, doi:10.5040/9781472540942.ch-009, ISBN 978-0-7156-2753-2
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 27
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 37
- ^ Grant, p. 56
- ^ Ashoka the Great (r. 272–231 BC), Edicts of Ashoka, Major Rock Edict 13.
- ^ Radhakumud Mookerji (1988). Chandragupta Maurya and His Times. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 81-208-0405-8.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 39
- ^ Grant, p. 40
- ^ Leonard Cottrell (1965). Enemy of Rome. Evans Bros. ISBN 0-237-44320-1.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 41
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 31
- ^ Valerius Antias (1st century BC). Manubiae.
- ^ Albert A. Howard (1906). "Valerius Antias and Livy", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 17, p. 161–182.
- ^ Canon Rawlinson (1877). "On the Ethnography of the Cimbri", The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 6, p. 150–158.
- ^ Grant, p. 43
- ^ Grant, p. 47
- ^ Wells, Peter S. The Battle that stopped Rome. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 2003, p. 187. ISBN 0-393-32643-8.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Grant, p. 49
- ^ Jump up to: a b Records of the Three Kingdoms,
- ^ Grant, p. 51
- ^ Book of Jin,
- ^ Jordanes (22 April 1997). "The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, chapter XLI". Translated by Charles C. Mierow. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
- ^ Book of Sui, Vol. 60.
- ^ The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History By Ibn Khaldūn, Franz Rosenthal, N. J.. Dawood pg, 12.
- ^ "The Sword of Allah", Chapter 22, by Lieutenant-General Agha Ibrahim Akram, Nat. Publishing. House, Rawalpindi (1970) ISBN 978-0-7101-0104-4.
- ^ A.I.Akram, Sword of Allah, Khalid ibn Walid, ch.13th, pg.137
- ^ A. I. Akram (1970). The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns. National Publishing House, Rawalpindi. ISBN 0-7101-0104-X.
- ^ "ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 74
- ^ Chapuis 1995, p. 77
- ^ Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian《長編》卷三百上載出師兵員“死者二十萬”,“上曰:「朝廷以交址犯順,故興師討罪,郭逵不能剪滅,垂成而還。今廣源瘴癘之地,我得之未為利,彼失之未為害,一夫不獲,朕尚閔之,况十死五六邪?」又安南之師,死者二十萬,朝廷當任其咎。《續資治通鑑長編·卷三百》”。 《越史略》載廣西被殺者“無慮十萬”。 《玉海》卷一九三上稱“兵夫三十萬人冒暑涉瘴地,死者過半”。
- ^ Jonathan Riley-Smith, the Crusades, 2005, p. 109
- ^ Grant, p. 89
- ^ Richard Gabriel, Subotai the Valiant.
- ^ Grant, p. 92
- ^ Carey, Brian Todd, p. 124
- ^ Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004), Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol empire, New York: Facts On File, p. 579, ISBN 0-8160-4671-9
- ^ Grant, p. 118
- ^ Grant, p. 94
- ^ B.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam.
- ^ Volume III: To the Year A.D. 1398, Chapter: XVIII. Malfúzát-i Tímúrí, or Túzak-i Tímúrí: The Autobiography or Memoirs of Emperor Tímúr (Taimur the lame). Page 389. 1. Online copy Archived 3 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 2. Online copy Archived 6 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine from: Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877.
- ^ Grant, p. 95
- ^ Grant, p. 121
- ^ Geoff Wade, translator, Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource, Singapore: Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore, http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/reign/xuan-de/year-1-month-3-day-13
- ^ The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses Philip A. Haigh (Chap. 8)
- ^ Kirtley, Bacil F.; McNally, Raymond T.; Florescu, Radu (October 1973). "In Search of Dracula: A True History of Dracula and Vampire Legends". The Journal of American Folklore. 86 (342): 400. doi:10.2307/539370. ISSN 0021-8715. JSTOR 539370.
- ^ David, Saul: War, 2009
- ^ Grant, p. 144
- ^ Grant, p. 145
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 129
- ^ Grant, p. 136
- ^ Grant, p. 132
- ^ A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, Báber and Humáyun By William Erskine Published by Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1854
- ^ Grant, p. 134
- ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol.II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 531.
- ^ 류성룡 (Ryu Seong-ryong) <징비록 (Jingbirok: Book of Corrections)>, 선조수정실록 26권, 25(1592 임진 / 명 만력 20년)4월 14일(계묘) 6번째 기사, 연려실기술 인용 <조야기문>
- ^ "十萬精兵, 一敗塗地" Annals of the Joseon Dynasty http://sillok.history.go.kr/inspection/insp_king.jsp?id=wna_12901024_003&tabid=w Archived 4 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "sillok.history.go.kr". Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ Turnbull, Stephen; Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98. London: Cassell & Co, 2002, p.222
- ^ Grant, p. 175
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 151
- ^ Grant, p. 152
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Grant, p. 149.
- ^ Lunde, Henrik O. (2014). A Warrior Dynasty: The Rise and Decline of Sweden as a Military Superpower. Havertown: Casemate. p. 177
- ^ William P. Guthrie (2003). The later Thirty Years War: from the Battle of Wittstock to the Treaty of Westphalia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 141
- ^ Romański, Romuald (2009). Książę Jeremi Wiśniowiecki. Warszawa: Bellona. p. 338. ISBN 978-83-11-11524-8
- ^ Rystad, Göran (2005). Kampen om Skåne (in Swedish). p. 140
- ^ Tucker, Spencer (2010). Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. ABC-CLIO. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-59884-429-0.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 159. .
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Grant, p. 159
- ^ Grant, p. 133
- ^ Sjöström, Oskar (2008). Fraustadt 1706. Ett fält färgat rött (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska Media. pp. 145–146
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 160
- ^ Lunde, Henrik O. (2014). A Warrior Dynasty: The Rise and Decline of Sweden as a Military Superpower. Havertown: Casemate. p. 270
- ^ Grant, p. 161
- ^ Grant, p. 186
- ^ Franz A. J. Szabo. The Seven Years War in Europe: 1756–1763. Routledge. 2013. p. 238
- ^ Duff, ch. V, p. 110
- ^ Rawlinson, p. 40
- ^ Archer, Christon (2002). World History of Warfare. U of Nebraska Press. p. 444
- ^ Dutton, George Edson (2006). The Tây Sơn uprising: society and rebellion in eighteenth-century Vietnam. University of Hawaii Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8248-2984-1.
- ^ Dowling T. C. Russia at War. From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO, 2014. P. 751
- ^ Grant, p. 199
- ^ Dupuy, Trevor N.; Dupuy, R. Ernest (1977). The Encyclopedia of Military History. New York, N.Y.: Harper & Row. p. 691.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 201
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 202
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Grant, p. 205
- ^ Castle, I. Aspern/Wagram (1809), Osprey (1990)
- ^ Grant, p. 208
- ^ Petrov, А.N. The War between Russia and Turkey, 1806—1812, vol. 1-3. SPb, 1885—87.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 209
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 212
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 213
- ^ Grant, p. 214
- ^ Barbero, pp 419–420 Barbero, Alessandro (2005). The Battle: A New History of Waterloo. Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-84354-310-9
- ^ Grant, p. 215
- ^ Grant, p. 260
- ^ Grant, p. 226
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Grant, p. 227
- ^ Brewer, p. 36
- ^ Brewer, p. 38
- ^ Brewer, p. 46
- ^ Grant, p. 228
- ^ Brewer, p. 48
- ^ Brewer, p. 52
- ^ http://www.nps.gov/stri/faqs.htm%7C Archived 12 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1838
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 258
- ^ The Paraguayan War Archived 17 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine by William Henry Koebel
- ^ Grant, p. 259
- ^ Grant, p. 240
- ^ Davis, George W. (1903), Annual report of Major General George W. Davis, United States Army commanding Division of the Philippines from October 1, 1902 to July 26, 1903, Manila, P.I.. Archived at the Internet Archive
- ^ Grant, p. 241
- ^ Zeki Sarıhan: Kurtuluş Savaşı günlüğü: açıklamalı kronoloji. Sakarya savaşı'ndan Lozan'ın açılışına (23 Ağustos 1921-20 Kasım 1922) (engl.:Diary of the independence war: commented chronology. From battle of Sakarya to the opening of Lausanne (23 August 1921–20 November 1922)), Türk Tarih Kurumu yayınları (publishing house), 1996, ISBN 975-16-0517-2, page 62. (in Turkish)
- ^ Σαγγάριος 1921, Η επική μάχη που σφράγησε την τύχη του Μικρασιατικού Ελληνισμού (in Greek). Εκδόσεις Περισκόπιο. July 2008. p. 32. ISBN 978-960-6740-45-9.
- ^ Turnbull, Stephen (1987). Battles of the Samurai. London: Arms and Armour Press. pp. 79–94. ISBN 9780853688266.
- ^ Trần Trọng Kim 1971, p. 43
- ^ Cœdès, George (1966). The Making of South East Asia. University of California Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780520050617.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Al-Hassan, A. Y. (2001), The Different aspects of Islamic culture, v. 4: Science and technology in Islam, p. 655, ISBN 92-3-103831-1, retrieved 25 July 2020
- ^ Mann, p. 143
- ^ Hassig
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 230
- ^ John Sweetman, Crimean War, Essential Histories 2, Osprey Publishing, 2001,
- ^ Third Battle of Nanking, p. 678
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 231
- ^ Clodfelter M. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000. McFarland, 2002. P. 220
- ^ Grant, p. 252
- ^ Jump up to: a b Hall, p. 112
- ^ 陶纯 (2011). 太原大会战. ISBN 978-7221096166.
- ^ "Second Battle of Shanghai". WW2DB. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
- ^ "Battle of Wuhan". WW2DB. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
- ^ "First Battle of Changsha". WW2DB. Archived from the original on 24 October 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
- ^ "Battle of Nanchang". WW2DB. Archived from the original on 8 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
- ^ Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (31 May 2007). Dunkirk: Fight to the Last Man. Penguin UK. ISBN 9780141906164.
- ^ "Battle of South Shanxi". WW2DB. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Glantz (1995), p. 293
- ^ Hsiung, James. China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945. p. 158.
- ^ Wagner, p. 528
- ^ Grant, p. 308
- ^ China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan 1937-1945. p. 161.
- ^ Tuchman, Barbara. Stilwell and the American Experience in China.
- ^ Glantz, David (2001), The Siege of Leningrad 1941–44: 900 Days of Terror, Zenith Press, Osceola, WI, ISBN 0-7603-0941-8. p. 220
- ^ Сведения городской комиссии по установлению и расследованию злодеяний немецко-фашистских захватчиков и их сообщников о числе погибшего в Ленинграде населения ЦГА СПб, Ф.8357. Оп.6. Д. 1108 Л. 46–47
- ^ Harrison Evans Salisbury (1969). The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad. Da Capo Press. p. 590.
- ^ "World War II: Warsaw Uprising :: FAQ". Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
- ^ Grant, p. 318
- ^ Glantz, p. 271
- ^ Krivosheev, pp. 219–220
- ^ Jump up to: a b "The Cornerstone of Peace: Number of Names Inscribed". Okinawa Prefecture. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
- ^ Connaughton, R., Pimlott, J., and Anderson, D., 1995, The Battle for Manila, London: Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 0891415785
- ^ Khalifa, Hodieb (22 November 2013). Nein. ISBN 9781938759185.
- ^ Dauria, Tom (2014). Within a Presumption of Godlessness. ISBN 9781480804203.
- ^ "Battle of Manila". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Vogel 2001, p. 632.
- ^ ANDREW JACOBS (2 October 2009). "China Is Wordless on Traumas of Communists' Rise". New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
- ^ Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon. 2006. Mao: The Unknown Story. London: Vintage Books. p383.
- ^ Brewer, p. 33
- ^ Brewer, p. 42
- ^ Brewer, p. 53
- ^ Grant, p. 253
- ^ Hall, p. 31
- ^ Hall, p. 36
- ^ Brewer, p. 99
- ^ Grant, p. 271
- ^ Brewer, p. 100
- ^ Grant, p. 272
- ^ Brewer, p. 110
- ^ Jump up to: a b Allen W. E. D., Muratoff P. Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border 1828–1921. Cambridge University Press. 2011. P. 284
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Brewer, p. 142
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 273
- ^ Grant, p. 282
- ^ Spencer Tucker, "Encyclopedia of World War I"(2005) pg 1077, ISBN 1851094202
- ^ Grant, p. 276
- ^ Grant, p. 279
- ^ Tucker, 810
- ^ Grant, p. 277
- ^ Brewer, p. 150
- ^ Grant, p. 280
- ^ Brewer, p. 151
- ^ Brewer, p. 152
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 281
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Grant, p. 286
- ^ Grant, p. 292
- ^ "RESISTANCE WARS -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China". www.republicanchina.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^ Grant, p. 294
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 295
- ^ "Victory at Tai'erzhuang in the Battle of Xuzhou (12) – Xinhua | English.news.cn". news.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
- ^ Lary, Diana (1 April 2001). "Drowned Earth: The Strategic Breaching of the Yellow River Dyke, 1938". War in History. 8 (2): 191–207. doi:10.1177/096834450100800204. ISSN 0968-3445. S2CID 159547176.
- ^ Grant, p. 293
- ^ Nomonhan: Japanese-Soviet Tactical Combat, 1939. Leavenworth Papers №2. by Edward J. Rea" Combat Studies Institute, fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 1981
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 298
- ^ Archived copy, archived from the original on 29 June 2016, retrieved 9 November 2015CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ (抗日战争)冬季攻势述评. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011.
- ^ Grant, p. 299
- ^ Garber, John. Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945. p. 120.
- ^ Wagner, p. 474
- ^ 上高会战——痛歼日寇彪炳史册. www.huaxia.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^ Wagner, p. 479
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 306
- ^ Wagner, p. 480
- ^ Liedtke, Gregory (2016). Enduring the Whirlwind: The German Army and the Russo-German War 1941-1943. Helion and Company. ISBN 978-1910777756, pp.127-128.
- ^ Grant, p. 323
- ^ Wagner, p. 502
- ^ Wagner, p. 499
- ^ Jump up to: a b Erickson, p. 90
- ^ "Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign". WW2DB. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, p. 302
- ^ Wagner, p. 522
- ^ Grant, p. 326
- ^ Wagner, p. 531
- ^ Erickson, p. 138
- ^ Wagner, p. 547
- ^ Grant, p. 307
- ^ Wagner, p. 550
- ^ Wagner, p. 555
- ^ Wagner, p. 560
- ^ Grant, p. 303
- ^ Mart Laar (2006). Sinimäed 1944: II maailmasõja lahingud Kirde-Eestis (Sinimäed Hills 1944: Battles of World War II in Northeast Estonia) (in Estonian). Tallinn: Varrak.
- ^ Wagner, p. 567
- ^ Glantz, p. 381
- ^ Pike, Francis (18 June 2015). Hirohito's War: The Pacific War, 1941–1945. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472596727.
- ^ Whitmarsh 2009, p. 109.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Beevor 2009, p. 519.
- ^ Giangreco, Moore & Polmar 2004, p. 252.
- ^ Wagner, p. 587
- ^ Brewer, p. 306
- ^ Grant, p. 316
- ^ Krivosheev, Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century, ISBN 1-85367-280-7, Greenhill Books, 1997; (chapter on the Jassy-Kishinev operation in Russian Archived 26 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine)
- ^ Wagner, p. 592
- ^ Wagner, p. 594
- ^ Wagner, p. 596
- ^ Wagner, p. 600
- ^ Wagner, p. 606
- ^ Grant, p. 317
- ^ Wagner, p. 608
- ^ Grant, p. 328
- ^ Wagner, p. 612
- ^ Grant, p. 329
- ^ McLynn. The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–1945. p. 1.
- ^ 湘西会战:历时两月 最终以日军彻底溃败而告终. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013.
- ^ Liaoning-Shenyang Campaign
- ^ Yu and Huaihai Campaign, p.5
- ^ Pingjin rewrite history? ? Tianjin Campaign
- ^ "Chinese Civil War, 1945–1949 – Military History – Oxford Bibliographies – obo". www.oxfordbibliographies.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
- ^ Grant, p. 334
- ^ Grant, p. 335
- ^ Grant, p. 338
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Grant, p. 341
- ^ https://vdc-sy.net//1/c29ydGJ5PWEua2lsbGVkX2RhdGV8c29ydGRpcj1ERVNDfGFwcHJvdmVkPXZpc2libGV8ZXh0cmFkaXNwbGF5PTB8cHJvdmluY2U9NnxzdGFydERhdGU9MjAxMi0wNy0xOXxlbmREYXRlPTIwMTYtMTItMjJ8
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- Tucker, Spencer, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of World War I. 4. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-420-2.
- Wagner, Margaret; Kennedy, D. M.; Osborne, L. B.; Reyburn, S. (2007). The Library of Congress World War II Companion. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-5219-5.
- 《White blood-red》 Zhang Zhenglong PLA Publishing House in August 1989 ISBN 7-01-000381-5/ISBN 7-01-000413-7
- Liaoning-Shenyang Campaign
- Alistair Horne. (1977). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. ISBN 1590172183.
- James Grant Duff. (2001). A history of the Mahrattas (3 volumes). Yokai Publishing. ISBN 0857924621.
- H. R. G Rawlinson. (2006). An account of the last battle of Panipat, and the events leading to it. Hesperides Publishing. ISBN 9781406726251.
- Hall, Richard C. (2000). The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-22946-4.
- Lists of battles
- War casualties