List of bioluminescent fungus species

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
bioluminescent mycena roseoflava
Bioluminescenct Mycena roseoflava
Panellus stipticus, one of about 80 known species of bioluminescent fungi

Found largely in temperate and tropical climates, currently there are more than 81 known species[1] of bioluminescent fungi, all of which are members of the order Agaricales (Basidiomycota) with one exceptional ascomycete belonging to the order Xylariales.[2] All known bioluminescent Agaricales are mushroom-forming, white-spored agarics that belong to four distinct evolutionary lineages. The Omphalotus lineage (comprising the genera Omphalotus and Neonothopanus) contains 12 species, the Armillaria lineage has 10 known species, while the Mycenoid lineage (Mycena, Panellus, , Roridomyces) has more than 50 species. The recently discovered Lucentipes lineage contains two species, and Gerronema viridilucens, which belong to a family that has not yet been formally named.[3] Armillaria mellea is the most widely distributed of the luminescent fungi, found across Asia, Europe, North America, and South Africa.[4]

Bioluminescent fungi emit a greenish light at a wavelength of 520–530 nm. The light emission is continuous and occurs only in living cells.[5] No correlation of fungal bioluminescence with cell structure has been found. Bioluminescence may occur in both mycelia and fruit bodies, as in Panellus stipticus and Omphalotus olearius, or only in mycelia and young rhizomorphs, as in Armillaria mellea.[6] In Roridomyces roridus luminescence occurs only in the spores, while in Collybia tuberosa, it is only in the sclerotia.[7]

Although the biochemistry of fungal bioluminescence has not fully been characterized, the preparation of bioluminescent, cell-free extracts has allowed researchers to characterize the in vitro requirements of fungal bioluminescence. Experimental data suggest that a two-stage mechanism is required. In the first, a light-emitting substance (called "luciferin") is reduced by a soluble reductase enzyme at the expense of NAD(P)H. In the second stage, reduced luciferin is oxidized by an insoluble luciferase that releases the energy in the form of bluish-green light. Conditions that affect the growth of fungi, such as pH, light and temperature, have been found to influence bioluminescence, suggesting a link between metabolic activity and fungal bioluminescence.[7]

All bioluminescent fungi share the same enzymatic mechanism, suggesting that there is a bioluminescent pathway that arose early in the evolution of the mushroom-forming Agaricales.[3] All known luminescent species are white rot fungi capable of breaking down lignin, found in abundance in wood. Bioluminescence is an oxygen-dependent metabolic process and therefore may provide antioxidant protection against the potentially damaging effects of reactive oxygen species produced during wood decay. The physiological and ecological function of fungal bioluminescence has not been established with certainty. It has been suggested that in the dark beneath closed tropical forest canopies, bioluminescent fruit bodies may be at an advantage by attracting grazing animals (including insects and other arthropods) that could help disperse their spores. Conversely, where mycelium (and vegetative structures like rhizomorphs and sclerotia) are the bioluminescent tissues, the argument has been made that light emission could deter grazing.[7]

The following list of bioluminescent mushrooms is based on a 2008 literature survey by Dennis Desjardin and colleagues,[8] in addition to accounts of several new species published since then.[9][10][11][12]

Species[]

Key

Binomial
The binomial name of the fungal species, including the author citation—the person who first described the species using an available scientific name, using standardized abbreviations.
Luminescence
Indicates which form of the fungus—mycelium or fruit body—produces luminescence.
Distribution
The geographical distribution of the species. AF = Africa; AS = Asia; AU = Australasia; CA = Central America and the Caribbean; EU = Europe; NA = North America; SA = South America.
References
Literature sources where bioluminescence was reported.
Mycena sect. Calodontes[13]
Bioluminescent Armillaria novae-zelandiae
Armillaria novae-zelandiae[13]
Bioluminescent Mycena roseoflava
[13]
Armillaria gallica
Mycena chlorophos
Mycena haematopus
Mycena epipterygia
Mycena polygramma
Mycena singeri
Mycena pura
Omphalotus olearius
Gills of O. olearius
Roridomyces roridus
Binomial Luminescence Distribution References
Mycelium Fruit body
Armillaria calvescens
Bérubé & 		Yes ? NA [14]
Armillaria cepistipes
Velen. 		Yes ? NA [14]
Armillaria fuscipes
Petch 		Yes No Malaysia [6][15][16]
Armillaria gallica
& Romagn. 		Yes No EU, NA [17]
Armillaria gemina
Bérubé & 		Yes ? NA [14]
Armillaria limonea Yes Yes NZ [13]
Armillaria mellea
() P.Kumm. 		Yes No EU, NA [17]
Armillaria nabsnona
& 		Yes ? NA [14]
Armillaria novae-zelandiae Yes Yes NZ [13]
Armillaria ostoyae
(Romagn.) Henrik 		Yes No EU, NA [18]
Armillaria sinapina
Bérubé & 		Yes ? NA [14]
Armillaria tabescens
(Scop.) Emel 		Yes No EU, NA [17]
Collybia tuberosa
(Bull.) P. Kumm 		No Only sclerotia EU, NA, Lithuania [19][20]

Kobayasi[a] 		Yes Yes Japan [22][23]
Flammulina velutipes
(Curtis) Singer 		Yes - EU, Asia [24]

(Berk.) Teng[b] 		? Yes Malaysia, Pacific islands [1][26]

(as 'hanedai′) [c] 		? Yes Japan [22]

(Boedijn) Maas Geest. 		? Yes Malaysia [28]
Favolaschia peziziformis ? Yes Japan, NZ [29]

P.G.Liu 		? Yes China [28]
Gerronema viridilucens
Desjardin, Capelari & Stevani 		Yes Yes SA [30]
Mycena asterina
Desjardin, Capelari & Stevani 		Yes Yes SA [31]

A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin 		Yes Yes Malaysia [32]
Mycena sect. Calodontes[1] ? Yes (basidiomes only) Malayisa, NZ [13]
Mycena citricolor
(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Sacc. 		Yes No SA, CA [16][33]
Mycena chlorophos
(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Sacc. 		Yes Yes Malaysia, Japan, Pacific Islands [26]

A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin 		Yes ? Malaysia [1]
Mycena daisyogunensis
Kobayasi 		? Yes Japan [22]

Aravind. & Manim. 		Yes No India [11]
Mycena discobasis
Metrod 		? Yes SA, AF [31]
Mycena epipterygia
(Scop.: Fr.) S.F.Gray 		Yes No EU, NA, Japan [34]
Mycena fera
Maas Geest. & de Meijer 		? Yes SA [31]
Mycena galopus
(Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm. 		Yes No EU, NA, Japan [16][34][35]

A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin 		Yes Yes Malaysia [1]
Mycena haematopus
(Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm. 		Yes Yes EU, NA, Japan [35][36]
Mycena illuminans
Henn. 		Yes Yes Malaysia, Japan [1][26][37][38]
Mycena inclinata
(Fr.) Quél. 		Yes No EU, NA, AF [15]
Mycena kentingensis
Y.S. Shih, C.Y. Chen, W.W. Lin & H.W. Kao 		Yes Taiwan [12]
Mycena lacrimans
Singer 		? Yes SA [31]
Mycena lazulina
Har. Takah., Taneyama, Terashima & Oba 		? Yes Japan, AU [39]

Desjardin, Capelari & Stevani 		Yes Yes SA, CA [31]
Mycena lux-coeli
Corner 		? Yes Japan [26]
Mycena luxaeterna
B.A.Perry & Desjardin 		Yes Yes SA [9]

B.A.Perry & Desjardin 		No Yes SA [9]

B.A. Perry & Desjardin 		Yes Yes Puerto Rico [9]
Mycena maculata
P.Karst. 		Yes EU, NA, AF [35]

A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin 		Yes Yes Malaysia [1]

ex Corner[d] 		? Yes Malaysia, Pacific islands [26][38]
Mycena olivaceomarginata
(Massee apud Cooke) Massee 		Yes No EU, NA [15]
Mycena polygramma
(Bull.: Fr.) S.F.Gray 		Yes No AF, EU, NA, Japan [16][34][35]

Corner[e] 		? Yes (and spores) AU, Malaysia [26][38]
Mycena pseudostylobates
Kobayasi 		Yes ? Japan [22]
Mycena pura
(Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm. 		Yes No EU, NA, SA, Japan [35]
Mycena rosea
(Bull.) Gramberg 		Yes No EU [35]
Yes Yes NZ [13]
Mycena sanguinolenta
(Alb. & Schwein.: Fr.) P.Kumm. 		Yes No EU, NA, Japan [34]

A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin 		Yes Yes Malaysia [32]

B.A.Perry & Desjardin 		? Yes Malaysia [9]

A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin 		Yes Yes Malaysia [32]

A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin 		? Yes Malaysia [1]
Mycena singeri
Lodge 		? No SA, CA [31]
Mycena stylobates
(Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm. 		Yes No AF, EU, NA, Japan [34]
Mycena sublucens
Corner 		No Yes Malaysia [26]
Mycena tintinnabulum
(Fr.) Quél. 		Yes No EU [41]
Mycena zephirus
(Fr.: Fr.) P.Kumm. 		Yes No EU [34][35]
Neonothopanus gardneri
(Berk. ex Gardner) Capelari, Desjardin, Perry, Asai & Stevani 		Yes Yes SA [10][42]
Neonothopanus nambi
(Speg.) Petersen & Krisai-Greilhuber 		Yes Yes AU, SA, CA, Malaysia [1][43]

(Mont.) Singer[f] 		No Yes Japan, Malaysia [43]

(Lév.) Singer 		? Yes Japan [45][46]
Omphalotus flagelliformis
Zhu L. Yang & B. Feng 		Yes Yes China [47]
Omphalotus illudens
(Schwein.) & Besl. 		Yes Yes EU, NA [6][15][16]
Omphalotus japonicus
() Kirchm. & O.K.Mill.[g] 		Yes no China, Korea [36][49][50][51]
Omphalotus mangensis
(J.Li & X.Hu) Kirchm. & O.K.Mill. 		? Yes China [52]
Omphalotus nidiformis
(Berk.) O.K.Mill. 		? Yes AU [53][54]
Omphalotus olearius
(DC.: Fr.) Singer 		Yes Yes EU, US [15]
Omphalotus olivascens
H.E.Bigelow, O.K.Mill. & Thiers 		No Yes NA [55]

(Corner) Corner 		Yes Yes Malaysia [1][56][57]

A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin 		Yes ? Malaysia [1]
Panellus pusillus
(Pers. ex Lév.) Burdsall & O.K.Mill.[h] 		Yes Yes AF, AU, NA, SA, Malaysia, Japan [23][26][46][57][59]
Panellus stipticus
(Bull.: Fr.) P.Karst. 		Yes Yes AU, AF, EU, NA, SA, Japan [16][60]

Corner 		? Yes Malaysia [43]
Roridomyces irritans
(E.Horak) Rexer 		No Yes AU [61]

Karun., Mortimer and Axford 		No Yes India [62]

A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin 		Yes Yes Malaysia [1]

(Corner) Rexer[i] 		No Yes (spores) Malaysia, AU [38][56][61]
Roridomyces roridus
(Fr.) Rexer[j] 		Yes No EU, NA, SA, Japan [66]

(Murrill) Murrill[k] 		? Yellowish green light in all parts of the basidiome, or nonluminescent in some populations. Belize, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, US (Florida) [9]

(Pers.) C. Martín 		? Glowing young mycelium Lithuania [20]
Xylaria hypoxylon
(L.) Grev. 		? Yes EU [68][69]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Apparently it is the same species as given in Index Fungorum with a current name as Dictyopanus foliicola Kobayasi.[21]
  2. ^ This species is given in Audrey et al. (2015) as Filoboletus manipularis and in Corner (1954) as Mycena manipularis var. microporus, but Index Fungorum indicates that Favolaschia manipularis is the current name.[25]
  3. ^ This species is given in Kobayasi (1951) as Poromycena hanedae (as ′hanedai′) but Index Fungorum indicates that Filoboletus hanedae (as ′hanedai′) is the current name.[27]
  4. ^ This species is presumably given in Corner (1994) as Mycena Noctilucens var. magnispora but Index Fungorum indicates that Mycena Noctilucens is the current name.
  5. ^ This species is given in Corner (1954) and presumably in Corner (1994) as Mycena pruinoso-viscida and Mycena pruinoso-viscida var. rabaulensis but Index Fungorum indicates that Mycena pruinosoviscida is the current name.[40]
  6. ^ This species is given in Corner (1981) as Pleurotus eugrammus var. radicicolus, but Index Fungorum indicates that Nothopanus eugrammus is the current name.[44]
  7. ^ This species is given in Zang (1979) as Lampteromyces luminescens, but Index Fungorum indicates that Omphalotus japonicus is the current name.[48]
  8. ^ This species is given in Corner (1954) as Dictyopanus pusillus var. sublamellatus and in Kobayasi (1963), Corner (1954), Corner (1986) as Panellus gloeocystidiatus but Index Fungorum indicates that Panellus pusillus is the current name.[58]
  9. ^ This species is given in Corner (1994), Corner (1950), Horak (1978) as Mycena lamprospora, but Index Fungorum indicates that Roridomyces lamprosporus is the current name.[63]
  10. ^ This species is given in Desjardin et al. (2008) as Mycena rorida, but both Index Fungorum and MycoBank indicate that Roridomyces roridus is the current name.[64][65]
  11. ^ This species is given in Desjardin et al. (2010) as Mycena margarita, but Index Fungorum indicates that Tricholoma margarita is the current name.[67]

References[]

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