Page protected with pending changes

List of causes of death by rate

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Further information: Cause of death
Leading cause of death (2016) (world)

The following is a list of the causes of human deaths worldwide for different years arranged by their associated mortality rates. In 2002, there were about 57 million deaths. In 2005, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), about 58 million people died.[1] In 2010, according to the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 52.8 million people died.[2] In 2016, the WHO recorded 56.7 million deaths[3] with the leading cause of death as cardiovascular disease causing more than 17 million deaths (about 31% of the total) as shown in the chart to the side.

Some causes listed include deaths also included in more specific subordinate causes, and some causes are omitted, so the percentages may only sum approximately to 100%. The causes listed are relatively immediate medical causes, but the ultimate cause of death might be described differently. For example, tobacco smoking often causes lung disease or cancer, and alcohol use disorder can cause liver failure or a motor vehicle accident. For statistics on preventable ultimate causes, see preventable causes of death.

By frequency[]

Age standardized death rate, per 100,000, by cause, in 2017, and percentage change 2007–2017.[4]

Overview table[]

This first table gives a convenient overview of the general categories and broad causes. The leading cause is cardiovascular disease at 31.59% of all deaths.

Category Cause Percent of all
deaths 		Percent of all
deaths
I. Communicable, maternal, neonatal,
and nutritional disorders		 Respiratory infections and tuberculosis 6.85 19.49%
Enteric infections 3.31
Sexually transmitted infections 1.88
Tropical diseases and malaria 1.37
Other infectious diseases 1.57
Maternal and neonatal disorders 4.00
Nutritional deficiencies 0.52
II. Non-communicable diseases Cardiovascular diseases 31.59 72.67%
Neoplasms 16.43
Chronic respiratory diseases 6.97
Digestive diseases 4.11
Neurological disorders 5.84
Substance abuse 0.58
Diabetes and kidney diseases 4.55
Skin diseases 0.18
Musculoskeletal disorders 0.22
Other non-communicable 2.22
III. Injuries Transport injuries 2.30 7.85%
Unintentional injuries 3.23
Self harm and violence 2.32
Total 100% 100%

Detailed table[]

This second table gives a more detailed and specific breakdown of the causes.

Age-standardised Death Rate (per 100,000) in 2017
Cause Rate Percent of all deaths Percent Change 2007–2017
All causes 737.7
(729.9 to 745.4)		 100% -14.2
(-15.0 to -13.5)
I. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders 143.8
(138.4 to 151.6)		 19.49% -31.8
(-33.3 to -30.1)
Respiratory infections and tuberculosis 50.5
(48.8 to 52.3)		 6.85% -24.5
(-26.4 to -22.6)
Tuberculosis 14.9
(14.3 to 15.7)		 2.02% -31.4
(-34.1 to -27.6)
Drug-susceptible tuberculosis 13.2
(12.0 to 14.2)		 1.79% -31.9
(-37.3 to -26.4)
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis without extensive drug resistance 1.6
(0.9 to 2.5)		 0.22% -28.6
(-57.4 to 11.4)
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis 0.2
(0.1 to 0.2)		 0.03% -7.7
(-34.1 to 28.8)
Lower respiratory infections 35.4
(33.8 to 36.8)		 4.80% -21.1
(-23.2 to -18.9)
Upper respiratory infections 0.1
(0.1 to 0.2)		 0.01% -42.1
(-49.6 to -29.9)
Otitis media 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% -50.4
(-58.8 to -39.9)
Enteric infections 24.4
(19.5 to 32.4)		 3.31% -29.9
(-34.9 to -23.1)
Diarrhoeal diseases 21.6
(16.4 to 29.7)		 2.93% -30.2
(-36.1 to -22.7)
Typhoid and paratyphoid 1.9
(1.1 to 3.0)		 0.26% -27.8
(-32.8 to -23.9)
(Typhoid fever) 1.6
(0.9 to 2.6)		 0.22% -29.1
(-34.1 to -25.0)
(Paratyphoid fever) 0.3
(0.1 to 0.5)		 0.04% -18.9
(-26.1 to -10.8)
iNTS 0.8
(0.5 to 1.4)		 0.11% -24.8
(-31.9 to -15.6)
Other intestinal infectious diseases 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% -44.7
(-70.1 to 2.3)
Sexually transmitted infections 13.9
(12.6 to 15.5)		 1.88% -53.6
(-55.8 to -51.0)
HIV/AIDS 12.1
(11.5 to 12.9)		 1.64% -56.5
(-58.0 to -54.7)
HIV/AIDS – Drug-susceptible Tuberculosis 2.5
(1.8 to 3.2)		 0.34% -61.1
(-63.7 to -57.7)
HIV/AIDS – Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis without extensive drug resistance 0.3
(0.2 to 0.4)		 0.04% -58.1
(-70.5 to -41.5)
HIV/AIDS – Extensively drug-resistant Tuberculosis 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% -20.3
(-36.4 to -0.2)
HIV/AIDS resulting in other diseases 9.3
(8.4 to 10.4)		 1.26% -55.1
(-57.2 to -52.6)
Sexually transmitted infections excluding HIV 1.8
(0.7 to 3.3)		 0.24% -14.4
(-21.5 to -6.6)
Syphilis 1.7
(0.7 to 3.2)		 0.23% -14.3
(-21.8 to -6.4)
Chlamydial infection 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% -15.2
(-21.0 to -8.4)
Gonococcal infection 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% -14.9
(-20.8 to -8.2)
Other sexually transmitted infections 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% -15.9
(-21.6 to -9.5)
Neglected tropical diseases and malaria 10.1
(7.5 to 13.2)		 1.37% -36.1
(-43.7 to -27.3)
Malaria 8.7
(6.1 to 11.9)		 1.18% -37.3
(-45.4 to -27.9)
Chagas disease 0.1
(0.1 to 0.1)		 0.01% -21.1
(-25.2 to -14.3)
Leishmaniasis 0.1
(0.0 to 0.5)		 0.01% -67.8
(-97.5 to -50.3)
(Visceral leishmaniasis) 0.1
(0.0 to 0.5)		 0.01% -67.8
(-97.5 to -50.3)
African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) 0.0
(0.0 to 0.1)		 0.00% -82.8
(-96.0 to -34.3)
Schistosomiasis 0.1
(0.1 to 0.1)		 0.01% -28.5
(-32.7 to -23.7)
Cysticercosis 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% -27.3
(-50.5 to 5.3)
Cystic echinococcosis 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% -41.9
(-59.8 to -19.0)
Dengue 0.5
(0.2 to 0.7)		 0.07% 40.7
(3.6 to 69.7)
Yellow fever 0.1
(0.0 to 0.2)		 0.01% -23.3
(-34.4 to -9.6)
Rabies 0.2
(0.1 to 0.2)		 0.03% -54.8
(-63.8 to -45.0)
Intestinal nematode infections 0.0
(0.0 to 0.1)		 0.00% -47.2
(-59.5 to -30.1)
(Ascariasis) 0.0
(0.0 to 0.1)		 0.00% -47.2
(-59.5 to -30.1)
Ebola virus disease 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% -98.4
(-98.4 to -98.4)
Zika virus disease 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% -
Other neglected tropical diseases 0.2
(0.1 to 0.5)		 0.03% -3.7
(-18.3 to 13.9)
Other infectious diseases 11.6
(10.1 to 13.3)		 1.57% -33.8
(-39.3 to -27.4)
Meningitis 4.0
(3.6 to 4.6)		 0.54% -27.8
(-33.1 to -19.3)
Pneumococcal meningitis 0.6
(0.5 to 0.7)		 0.08% -22.4
(-28.9 to -12.4)
H influenzae type B meningitis 1.1
(0.9 to 1.3)		 0.15% -40.6
(-45.8 to -33.9)
Meningococcal infection 0.4
(0.4 to 0.5)		 0.05% -37.1
(-42.6 to -29.2)
Other meningitis 2.0
(1.7 to 2.3)		 0.27% -17.3
(-23.4 to -7.5)
Encephalitis 1.2
(1.1 to 1.4)		 0.16% -14.3
(-26.5 to -0.9)
Diphtheria 0.1
(0.0 to 0.1)		 0.01% -28.6
(-58.8 to 29.2)
Whooping cough (pertussis) 1.4
(0.7 to 2.4)		 0.19% -27.1
(-57.1 to 28.8)
Tetanus 0.5
(0.4 to 0.7)		 0.07% -59.6
(-69.3 to -45.0)
Measles 1.4
(0.5 to 3.1)		 0.19% -59.3
(-64.0 to -54.4)
Varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles) 0.2
(0.2 to 0.2)		 0.03% -29.2
(-34.7 to -23.4)
Acute hepatitis 1.6
(1.2 to 1.9)		 0.22% -24.5
(-29.2 to -18.4)
Acute hepatitis A 0.3
(0.2 to 0.3)		 0.04% -38.7
(-46.8 to -28.6)
Acute hepatitis B 1.1
(0.8 to 1.3)		 0.15% -19.6
(-25.4 to -12.4)
Acute hepatitis C 0.0
(0.0 to 0.1)		 0.00% -32.1
(-42.4 to -19.6)
Acute hepatitis E 0.2
(0.1 to 0.2)		 0.03% -25.8
(-35.3 to -15.6)
Other unspecified infectious diseases 1.1
(0.8 to 1.2)		 0.15% -13.4
(-17.5 to -8.1)
Maternal and neonatal disorders 29.5
(28.2 to 30.8)		 4.00% -26.6
(-29.3 to -23.5)
Maternal disorders 2.5
(2.3 to 2.7)		 0.34% -30.7
(-34.8 to -26.6)
Maternal haemorrhage 0.5
(0.4 to 0.6)		 0.07% -56.4
(-62.7 to -49.3)
Maternal sepsis and other pregnancy related infections
(e.g. Postpartum infections)		 0.3
(0.2 to 0.3)		 0.04% -33.5
(-44.2 to -22.6)
Maternal hypertensive disorders 0.4
(0.3 to 0.4)		 0.05% -13.0
(-27.3 to 2.6)
Maternal obstructed labour and uterine rupture 0.2
(0.1 to 0.2)		 0.03% -25.2
(-41.0 to -6.3)
Maternal abortive outcome 0.2
(0.2 to 0.3)		 0.03% -15.7
(-29.3 to -0.4)
Ectopic pregnancy 0.1
(0.1 to 0.2)		 0.01% -19.2
(-46.2 to 16.8)
Indirect maternal deaths 0.4
(0.4 to 0.5)		 0.05% -12.5
(-24.0 to -1.0)
Late maternal deaths 0.0
(0.0 to 0.1)		 0.00% -9.5
(-14.7 to -4.0)
Maternal deaths aggravated by HIV/AIDS 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% -32.1
(-38.4 to -25.2)
Other maternal disorders 0.3
(0.3 to 0.4)		 0.04% -16.5
(-31.2 to 1.5)
Neonatal disorders 27.1
(25.8 to 28.3)		 3.67% -26.2
(-29.1 to -22.7)
Neonatal preterm birth 9.9
(9.2 to 10.9)		 1.34% -28.1
(-33.2 to -23.6)
Neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma 8.1
(7.2 to 8.8)		 1.10% -26.5
(-32.0 to -20.2)
Neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections 3.1
(2.7 to 4.1)		 0.42% -14.4
(-22.7 to -4.4)
Hemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice 0.7
(0.7 to 0.8)		 0.09% -39.3
(-46.8 to -30.2)
Other neonatal disorders 5.3
(4.5 to 5.8)		 0.72% -25.7
(-31.7 to -17.8)
Nutritional deficiencies 3.8
(3.5 to 4.2)		 0.52% -33.6
(-38.1 to -26.5)
Protein-energy malnutrition 3.3
(3.0 to 3.7)		 0.45% -34.6
(-39.4 to -27.5)
Other nutritional deficiencies 0.5
(0.4 to 0.6)		 0.07% -25.8
(-31.7 to -17.5)
II. Non-communicable diseases 536.1
(528.4 to 542.2)		 72.67% -7.9
(-8.8 to -7.0)
Cardiovascular diseases 233.1
(229.7 to 236.4)		 31.60% -10.3
(-11.4 to -9.3)
Rheumatic heart disease 3.7
(3.4 to 3.9)		 0.50% -21.3
(-25.2 to -17.8)
Ischaemic heart disease 116.9
(115.1 to 119.7)		 15.85% -9.7
(-11.0 to -8.7)
Stroke 80.5
(78.9 to 82.6)		 10.91% -13.6
(-15.0 to -12.1)
Ischaemic stroke 36.6
(35.5 to 38.0)		 4.96% -11.8
(-13.4 to -10.3)
Intracerebral hemorrhage 38.2
(37.0 to 39.4)		 5.18% -15.7
(-17.8 to -13.8)
Subarachnoid hemorrhage 5.7
(5.3 to 6.3)		 0.77% -9.4
(-13.1 to -4.9)
Hypertensive heart disease 12.3
(9.0 to 13.2)		 1.67% 7.5
(-7.3 to 16.3)
Non-rheumatic valvular heart disease 2.0
(1.6 to 2.0)		 0.27% -5.3
(-7.9 to -3.2)
Non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease 1.4
(1.1 to 1.5)		 0.19% -1.0
(-5.6 to 2.2)
Non-rheumatic degenerative mitral valve disease 0.5
(0.4 to 0.6)		 0.07% -14.0
(-18.1 to -8.6)
Other non-rheumatic valve diseases 0.1
(0.1 to 0.1)		 0.01% -17.8
(-28.5 to 8.0)
Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis 4.8
(4.5 to 5.0)		 0.65% -16.6
(-19.8 to -9.4)
Myocarditis 0.6
(0.5 to 0.7)		 0.08% -13.3
(-20.4 to -0.1)
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy 1.1
(1.0 to 1.2)		 0.15% -40.5
(-43.7 to -27.6)
Other cardiomyopathy 3.1
(2.8 to 3.3)		 0.42% -3.6
(-6.7 to -0.7)
Atrial fibrillation and flutter 4.0
(3.9 to 4.2)		 0.54% 2.6
(0.9 to 4.6)
Aortic aneurysm 2.2
(2.1 to 2.3)		 0.30% -8.5
(-11.2 to -5.8)
Peripheral vascular disease 1.0
(0.6 to 1.7)		 0.14% 10.5
(-6.8 to 24.1)
Endocarditis 1.1
(1.0 to 1.2)		 0.15% 1.0
(-4.0 to 5.0)
Other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases 4.7
(4.4 to 5.1)		 0.64% -7.9
(-10.9 to -5.9)
Neoplasms 121.2
(119.1 to 122.9)		 16.43% -4.4
(-5.6 to -3.3)
Lip and oral cavity cancer 2.4
(2.3 to 2.5)		 0.33% 4.0
(-0.6 to 8.0)
Nasopharynx cancer 0.9
(0.8 to 0.9)		 0.12% -3.0
(-6.4 to 0.4)
Other pharynx cancer 1.4
(1.3 to 1.5)		 0.19% 7.9
(-0.3 to 14.0)
Oesophageal cancer 5.5
(5.3 to 5.6)		 0.75% -14.5
(-16.9 to -12.0)
Stomach cancer 11.0
(10.8 to 11.2)		 1.49% -17.1
(-18.8 to -15.1)
Colon and rectum cancer 11.5
(11.3 to 11.8)		 1.56% -4.3
(-7.1 to -1.8)
Liver cancer 10.2
(9.8 to 10.7)		 1.38% -2.5
(-5.6 to 2.0)
(Liver cancer due to hepatitis B) 4.0
(3.7 to 4.3)		 0.54% -6.2
(-10.0 to 0.1)
(Liver cancer due to hepatitis C) 3.0
(2.8 to 3.2)		 0.41% -2.1
(-4.9 to 1.4)
(Liver cancer due to alcohol use) 1.6
(1.4 to 1.8)		 0.22% 0.6
(-3.0 to 4.8)
(Liver cancer due to NASH) 0.8
(0.8 to 0.9)		 0.11% 7.6
(4.4 to 11.7)
(Liver cancer due to other causes) 0.8
(0.7 to 0.9)		 0.11% -0.9
(-4.2 to 3.6)
Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer 2.2
(2.0 to 2.4)		 0.30% -6.7
(-9.4 to -4.0)
Pancreatic cancer 5.6
(5.5 to 5.7)		 0.76% 4.8
(2.5 to 6.8)
Larynx cancer 1.6
(1.5 to 1.6)		 0.22% -7.7
(-10.1 to -5.2)
Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer 23.7
(23.3 to 24.2)		 3.21% -2.0
(-4.3 to 0.1)
Malignant skin melanoma 0.8
(0.6 to 0.9)		 0.11% -5.1
(-8.5 to -2.5)
Non-melanoma skin cancer 0.8
(0.8 to 0.9)		 0.11% 2.7
(0.0 to 4.5)
(Non-melanoma skin cancer (squamous-cell carcinoma)) 0.8
(0.8 to 0.9)		 0.11% 2.7
(0.0 to 4.5)
Breast cancer 7.6
(7.4 to 8.0)		 1.03% -2.6
(-6.9 to 0.4)
Cervical cancer 3.2
(3.0 to 3.3)		 0.43% -7.2
(-11.7 to -4.0)
Uterine cancer 1.1
(1.0 to 1.1)		 0.15% -10.4
(-12.5 to -7.7)
Ovarian cancer 2.2
(2.1 to 2.3)		 0.30% -1.0
(-3.6 to 1.6)
Prostate cancer 5.5
(4.7 to 6.5)		 0.75% -2.5
(-4.9 to 1.9)
Testicular cancer 0.1
(0.1 to 0.1)		 0.01% -9.4
(-12.6 to -5.2)
Kidney cancer 1.8
(1.6 to 1.8)		 0.24% -1.3
(-4.3 to 1.7)
Bladder cancer 2.6
(2.5 to 2.7)		 0.35% -5.4
(-7.3 to -3.4)
Brain and nervous system cancer 3.1
(2.7 to 3.3)		 0.42% 3.8
(-1.0 to 7.0)
Thyroid cancer 0.5
(0.5 to 0.6)		 0.07% -1.2
(-4.5 to 2.0)
Mesothelioma 0.4
(0.4 to 0.4)		 0.05% -3.4
(-8.4 to 0.7)
Hodgkin lymphoma 0.4
(0.4 to 0.5)		 0.05% -16.8
(-19.8 to -14.0)
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 3.2
(3.1 to 3.2)		 0.43% 0.1
(-2.7 to 2.4)
Multiple myeloma 1.4
(1.3 to 1.5)		 0.19% -0.4
(-3.5 to 2.4)
Leukaemia 4.5
(4.1 to 4.7)		 0.61% -9.6
(-12.2 to -7.4)
Acute lymphoid leukaemia 0.7
(0.6 to 0.7)		 0.09% -1.5
(-11.6 to 6.2)
Chronic lymphoid leukaemia 0.5
(0.4 to 0.5)		 0.07% -10.3
(-13.0 to -7.6)
Acute myeloid leukaemia 1.3
(1.2 to 1.3)		 0.18% -1.0
(-6.6 to 3.0)
Chronic myeloid leukaemia 0.3
(0.3 to 0.3)		 0.04% -19.9
(-22.2 to -17.6)
Other leukaemia 1.8
(1.6 to 1.9)		 0.24% -15.6
(-18.7 to -12.1)
Other malignant cancers 4.6
(4.2 to 4.8)		 0.62% 0.1
(-2.6 to 2.2)
Other neoplasms 1.3
(1.0 to 1.6)		 0.18% 7.4
(2.1 to 15.8)
Myelodysplastic, myeloproliferative, and other hematopoietic neoplasms 1.3
(1.0 to 1.5)		 0.18% 7.1
(1.8 to 15.3)
Other benign and in situ neoplasms 0.1
(0.0 to 0.1)		 0.01% 15.5
(4.1 to 29.2)
Chronic respiratory diseases 51.4
(49.7 to 53.1)		 6.97% -14.2
(-16.5 to -11.5)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 42.2
(40.0 to 44.2)		 5.72% -13.6
(-16.5 to -11.0)
Pneumoconiosis 0.3
(0.3 to 0.3)		 0.04% -16.7
(-20.8 to -12.4)
(Silicosis) 0.1
(0.1 to 0.2)		 0.01% -15.5
(-23.6 to -7.4)
(Asbestosis) 0.0
(0.0 to 0.1)		 0.00% -8.3
(-14.1 to -0.4)
(Coal workers pneumoconiosis) 0.0
(0.0 to 0.1)		 0.00% -26.6
(-33.8 to -16.7)
(Other pneumoconiosis) 0.0
(0.0 to 0.1)		 0.00% -17.5
(-24.1 to -5.0)
Asthma 6.3
(4.3 to 8.2)		 0.85% -23.9
(-28.1 to -17.2)
Interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis 1.9
(1.5 to 2.4)		 0.26% 11.4
(4.0 to 17.9)
Other chronic respiratory diseases 0.7
(0.6 to 0.8)		 0.09% -3.2
(-8.7 to 6.7)
Digestive diseases 30.3
(29.2 to 32.1)		 4.11% -10.7
(-13.1 to -7.3)
Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases 16.5
(15.8 to 18.1)		 2.24% -9.7
(-14.7 to -4.6)
Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to hepatitis B 4.8
(4.3 to 5.5)		 0.65% -14.3
(-20.2 to -7.3)
Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to hepatitis C 4.2
(3.9 to 4.7)		 0.57% -8.4
(-13.0 to -3.9)
Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to alcohol use 4.1
(3.7 to 4.6)		 0.56% -8.8
(-13.2 to -3.4)
Cirrhosis due to NASH 1.5
(1.3 to 1.6)		 0.20% -1.4
(-6.3 to 3.1)
Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to other causes 1.9
(1.7 to 2.1)		 0.26% -8.6
(-13.4 to -3.8)
Upper digestive system diseases 3.8
(3.6 to 4.0)		 0.52% -21.6
(-24.8 to -17.3)
Peptic ulcer disease 3.1
(3.0 to 3.3)		 0.42% -23.5
(-26.6 to -19.7)
Gastritis and duodenitis 0.7
(0.6 to 0.7)		 0.09% -11.7
(-17.6 to -2.2)
Appendicitis 0.6
(0.5 to 0.6)		 0.08% -17.0
(-21.5 to -10.7)
Paralytic ileus and intestinal obstruction 3.2
(2.7 to 3.5)		 0.43% -5.8
(-11.0 to 0.3)
Inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernia 0.6
(0.5 to 0.7)		 0.08% -8.9
(-12.9 to -4.2)
Inflammatory bowel disease 0.5
(0.4 to 0.5)		 0.07% -10.5
(-16.0 to -5.9)
Vascular intestinal disorders 1.3
(1.2 to 1.3)		 0.18% -10.2
(-14.2 to -6.2)
Gallbladder and biliary diseases 1.5
(1.4 to 1.6)		 0.20% -5.0
(-7.5 to -1.7)
Pancreatitis 1.3
(1.1 to 1.4)		 0.18% -5.7
(-9.0 to -1.7)
Other digestive diseases 1.2
(1.1 to 1.2)		 0.16% -7.1
(-12.1 to -2.4)
Neurological disorders 43.1
(42.3 to 43.7)		 5.84% 0.1
(-1.2 to 1.3)
Alzheimer's disease and other dementias 35.4
(34.8 to 35.9)		 4.80% 0.6
(-0.9 to 1.8)
Parkinson's disease 4.6
(4.4 to 4.8)		 0.62% 0.8
(-2.8 to 3.0)
Epilepsy 1.7
(1.5 to 2.0)		 0.23% -10.7
(-15.4 to -0.5)
Multiple sclerosis 0.3
(0.2 to 0.3)		 0.04% -3.9
(-14.5 to 0.4)
Motor neuron disease 0.4
(0.4 to 0.5)		 0.05% 1.2
(-2.4 to 4.5)
Other neurological disorders 0.7
(0.7 to 0.8)		 0.09% 2.0
(-3.9 to 6.8)
Mental disorders 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% 7.5
(-1.4 to 15.9)
Eating disorders 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% 7.5
(-1.4 to 15.9)
Anorexia nervosa 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% 5.5
(-4.1 to 14.4)
Bulimia nervosa 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% 13.5
(1.0 to 26.2)
Substance use disorders 4.3
(4.1 to 4.5)		 0.58% 2.0
(-1.0 to 5.0)
Alcohol use disorders 2.3
(2.0 to 2.4)		 0.31% -16.5
(-20.4 to -12.4)
Drug use disorders 2.1
(2.0 to 2.1)		 0.28% 34.1
(31.4 to 36.9)
Opioid use disorders 1.4
(1.3 to 1.4)		 0.19% 49.4
(42.5 to 59.2)
Cocaine use disorders 0.1
(0.1 to 0.1)		 0.01% 19.6
(9.2 to 33.0)
Amphetamine use disorders 0.1
(0.0 to 0.1)		 0.01% 8.7
(-14.0 to 20.7)
Other drug use disorders 0.6
(0.5 to 0.6)		 0.08% 11.3
(1.2 to 19.9)
Diabetes and kidney diseases 33.6
(32.9 to 34.3)		 4.55% 1.3
(-0.3 to 2.7)
Diabetes mellitus 17.5
(17.1 to 17.9)		 2.37% 1.2
(-0.7 to 3.1)
Diabetes mellitus type 1 4.3
(4.0 to 4.7)		 0.58% -11.0
(-14.6 to -7.8)
Diabetes mellitus type 2 13.2
(12.7 to 13.7)		 1.79% 5.9
(4.1 to 8.0)
Chronic kidney disease 15.9
(15.5 to 16.3)		 2.16% 1.5
(-0.9 to 3.2)
Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 1 0.9
(0.8 to 1.2)		 0.12% -1.2
(-4.0 to 1.2)
Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 2 4.5
(4.0 to 5.1)		 0.61% 4.2
(1.4 to 6.2)
Chronic kidney disease due to hypertension 4.6
(4.0 to 5.2)		 0.62% 3.2
(0.4 to 5.2)
Chronic kidney disease due to glomerulonephritis 2.4
(2.1 to 2.8)		 0.33% -1.3
(-3.2 to 0.7)
Chronic kidney disease due to other and unspecified causes 3.4
(3.0 to 3.9)		 0.46% -1.4
(-3.7 to 0.6)
Acute glomerulonephritis 0.1
(0.1 to 0.2)		 0.01% -9.5
(-14.5 to -3.5)
Skin and subcutaneous diseases 1.3
(0.9 to 1.7)		 0.18% 8.1
(2.7 to 16.5)
Bacterial skin diseases 1.0
(0.6 to 1.3)		 0.14% 12.7
(6.0 to 20.7)
(Cellulitis) 0.2
(0.1 to 0.3)		 0.03% 19.6
(9.8 to 28.2)
(Pyoderma) 0.8
(0.5 to 0.9)		 0.11% 10.5
(3.2 to 19.0)
Decubitus ulcer 0.3
(0.2 to 0.4)		 0.04% -5.1
(-12.2 to 9.2)
Other skin and subcutaneous diseases 0.1
(0.0 to 0.1)		 0.01% 3.3
(-3.5 to 14.4)
Musculoskeletal disorders 1.6
(1.4 to 1.6)		 0.22% -0.1
(-4.4 to 3.2)
Rheumatoid arthritis 0.6
(0.5 to 0.7)		 0.08% -5.9
(-12.9 to -1.2)
Other musculoskeletal disorders 1.0
(0.9 to 1.0)		 0.14% 3.9
(0.9 to 7.5)
Other non-communicable diseases 16.3
(15.5 to 17.1)		 2.21% -11.2
(-15.3 to -8.5)
Congenital anomalies 8.7
(8.2 to 9.2)		 1.18% -18.2
(-24.7 to -14.1)
Neural tube defects 0.9
(0.7 to 1.3)		 0.12% -16.5
(-27.6 to -4.8)
Congenital heart anomalies 3.9
(3.2 to 4.6)		 0.53% -21.8
(-28.1 to -14.1)
Orofacial clefts 0.1
(0.0 to 0.1)		 0.01% -41.9
(-55.9 to -25.1)
Down syndrome 0.4
(0.3 to 0.5)		 0.05% -5.2
(-14.2 to 7.0)
Other chromosomal abnormalities 0.3
(0.2 to 0.4)		 0.04% 0.3
(-10.1 to 13.2)
Congenital musculoskeletal and limb anomalies 0.2
(0.1 to 0.2)		 0.03% -12.8
(-20.9 to -4.5)
Urogenital congenital anomalies 0.2
(0.1 to 0.2)		 0.03% -8.5
(-17.1 to 2.1)
Digestive congenital anomalies 0.8
(0.6 to 1.1)		 0.11% -19.3
(-29.8 to -9.8)
Other congenital anomalies 2.1
(1.5 to 2.6)		 0.28% -15.9
(-23.3 to -4.5)
Urinary diseases and male infertility 3.6
(3.5 to 3.7)		 0.49% 5.7
(2.2 to 8.5)
Urinary tract infections 2.7
(2.6 to 3.0)		 0.37% 10.9
(7.2 to 14.5)
Urolithiasis (Kidney stone disease) 0.2
(0.1 to 0.2)		 0.03% -1.2
(-9.7 to 12.9)
Other urinary diseases 0.7
(0.6 to 0.8)		 0.09% -9.9
(-15.3 to -2.2)
Gynecological diseases 0.1
(0.1 to 0.1)		 0.01% -2.6
(-13.6 to 6.0)
Uterine fibroids 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% 8.1
(-14.9 to 24.7)
Polycystic ovarian syndrome 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% 1.0
(-22.5 to 34.8)
Endometriosis 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% -3.2
(-23.8 to 25.5)
Genital prolapse 0.0
(0.0 to 0.0)		 0.00% -24.1
(-36.0 to -13.0)
Other gynecological diseases 0.1
(0.1 to 0.1)		 0.01% -3.6
(-12.2 to 5.9)
Hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anaemias 1.4
(1.1 to 1.8)		 0.19% -11.3
(-17.6 to -4.8)
Thalassemias 0.1
(0.1 to 0.1)		 0.01% -27.9
(-36.5 to -17.2)
Sickle cell disorders 0.5
(0.3 to 0.8)		 0.07% -3.1
(-17.6 to 10.3)
G6PD deficiency 0.2
(0.2 to 0.3)		 0.03% -7.1
(-12.1 to -1.0)
Other hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anaemias 0.6
(0.5 to 0.6)		 0.08% -16.1
(-18.7 to -13.4)
Endocrine, metabolic, blood, and immune disorders 1.9
(1.5 to 2.0)		 0.26% 0.8
(-5.0 to 4.4)
Sudden infant death syndrome 0.6
(0.3 to 1.2)		 0.08% -20.2
(-31.2 to -4.9)
III. Injuries 57.9
(55.9 to 59.2)		 7.85% -13.7
(-15.1 to -12.2)
Transport injuries 17.0
(16.4 to 17.4)		 2.30% -17.0
(-19.5 to -14.9)
Road injuries 15.8
(15.2 to 16.3)		 2.14% -17.1
(-19.7 to -14.9)
Pedestrian road injuries 6.2
(5.9 to 6.8)		 0.84% -21.4
(-25.5 to -17.9)
Cyclist road injuries 0.9
(0.7 to 1.0)		 0.12% -8.8
(-14.8 to -2.5)
Motorcyclist road injuries 2.9
(2.5 to 3.0)		 0.39% -12.4
(-19.5 to -7.3)
Motor vehicle road injuries 5.8
(5.4 to 6.0)		 0.79% -15.6
(-18.6 to -12.2)
Other road injuries 0.1
(0.1 to 0.2)		 0.01% -19.4
(-24.1 to -1.3)
Other transport injuries 1.2
(1.1 to 1.4)		 0.16% -15.5
(-19.5 to -10.9)
Unintentional injuries 23.8
(22.4 to 24.7)		 3.23% -15.3
(-17.3 to -12.8)
Falls 9.2
(8.5 to 9.8)		 1.25% -2.8
(-7.4 to 3.4)
Drowning 4.0
(3.8 to 4.1)		 0.54% -27.3
(-29.6 to -24.5)
Fire, heat, and hot substances 1.6
(1.3 to 1.7)		 0.22% -22.9
(-25.4 to -17.3)
Poisonings 0.9
(0.7 to 1.0)		 0.12% -20.8
(-28.4 to -12.5)
(Poisoning by carbon monoxide) 0.5
(0.3 to 0.5)		 0.07% -26.6
(-34.8 to -20.3)
(Poisoning by other means) 0.5
(0.4 to 0.5)		 0.07% -14.4
(-22.4 to -3.9)
Exposure to mechanical forces 1.8
(1.5 to 1.8)		 0.24% -20.3
(-22.9 to -17.8)
(Unintentional firearm injuries) 0.3
(0.3 to 0.3)		 0.04% -16.4
(-20.3 to -11.5)
(Other exposure to mechanical forces) 1.5
(1.2 to 1.6)		 0.20% -21.0
(-23.7 to -18.3)
Adverse effects of medical treatment 1.6
(1.4 to 1.8)		 0.22% -6.2
(-10.0 to -2.5)
Animal contact 1.1
(0.6 to 1.2)		 0.15% -16.0
(-20.5 to -9.6)
(Venomous animal contact) 0.9
(0.5 to 1.1)		 0.12% -16.0
(-21.0 to -9.7)
(Non-venomous animal contact) 0.1
(0.1 to 0.2)		 0.01% -16.1
(-27.4 to -6.2)
Foreign body 1.7
(1.6 to 1.8)		 0.23% -14.1
(-17.0 to -11.6)
(Pulmonary aspiration and foreign body in airway) 1.6
(1.5 to 1.7)		 0.22% -13.9
(-17.0 to -11.4)
(Foreign body in other body part) 0.1
(0.1 to 0.1)		 0.01% -15.8
(-20.8 to -10.0)
Environmental heat and cold exposure 0.7
(0.5 to 0.8)		 0.09% -29.4
(-37.1 to -25.4)
Exposure to forces of nature 0.1
(0.1 to 0.1)		 0.01% -45.8
(-45.8 to -45.8)
Other unintentional injuries 1.2
(1.2 to 1.3)		 0.16% -25.8
(-27.6 to -23.8)
Self-harm and interpersonal violence 17.1
(16.3 to 17.5)		 2.32% -7.6
(-9.9 to -5.5)
Self-harm 10.0
(9.4 to 10.3)		 1.36% -14.8
(-18.0 to -12.6)
Self-harm by firearm 0.8
(0.7 to 1.0)		 0.11% -10.3
(-13.9 to -7.2)
Self-harm by other specified means 9.2
(8.5 to 9.5)		 1.25% -15.2
(-18.4 to -12.8)
Interpersonal violence 5.2
(4.7 to 5.5)		 0.70% -11.1
(-13.3 to -8.7)
Assault by firearm 2.2
(1.9 to 2.4)		 0.30% -3.6
(-6.5 to -0.5)
Assault by sharp object 1.2
(0.9 to 1.4)		 0.16% -22.3
(-25.6 to -17.6)
Assault by other means 1.8
(1.6 to 2.1)		 0.24% -11.5
(-15.4 to -7.6)
Conflict and terrorism 1.7
(1.7 to 1.7)		 0.23% 98.4
(98.4 to 98.5)
Executions and police conflict 0.2
(0.2 to 0.2)		 0.03% 172.4
(156.8 to 187.6)

Underlying causes[]

Malnutrition[]

Malnutrition can be identified as an underlying cause for shortened life.[5] 70% of childhood deaths (age 0–4) are reportedly due to diarrheal illness, acute respiratory infection, malaria and immunizable disease. However 56% of these childhood deaths can be attributed to the effects of malnutrition as an underlying cause.[6] The effects of malnutrition include increased susceptibility to infection,[7] musculature wasting, skeletal deformities and neurologic development delays.[8] According to the World Health Organization, malnutrition is named as the biggest contributor to child mortality[9] with 36 million deaths in 2005 related to malnutrition.[10]

Air pollution[]

Overall, air pollution causes the deaths of around ca. 7 million people worldwide each year, and is the world's largest single environmental health risk, according to the WHO (2012) and the IEA (2016).[11][12][13]

The IEA notes that many of root causes and cures can be found in the energy industry and suggests solutions such as retiring polluting coal-fired power plants and to establishing stricter standards for motor vehicles.[13] In September 2020 the European Environment Agency reported that environmental factors such as air pollution and heatwaves contributed to around 13% of all human deaths in EU countries in 2012 (~630,000).[14] A 2021 study using a high spatial resolution model and an updated concentration-response function finds that 10.2 million global excess deaths in 2012 and 8.7 million in 2018 – or a fifth[dubious – discuss] – were due to air pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion, significantly higher than earlier estimates and with spatially subdivided mortality impacts.[15][16]

Non-optimal ambient temperatures[]

A study found that 9.4% of global deaths between 2000 and 2019 – ~5 million annually – can be attributed to extreme temperature with cold-related ones making up the larger share and decreasing and heat-related ones making up ~0.91 % and increasing. Incidences of heart attacks, cardiac arrests and strokes increase under such conditions.[17][18]

Aging[]

Traditionally aging is not considered as a cause of death. It is believed that there is always a more direct cause, and usually it is one of many age-related diseases. It is estimated that, as an root cause, the aging process underlies 2/3 of all death in the world (approximately 100,000 people per day in 2007). In highly developed countries this proportion can reach 90%.[19] There are requests of granting aging an official status of a disease and treating it directly.[20][21][22][23][24]

Developed vs. developing economies[]

Top causes of death, according to the World Health Organization report for the calendar year 2001:[25]

Causes of death in developing countries Number of deaths Causes of death in developed countries Number of deaths
HIV-AIDS 2,678,000 Ischaemic heart disease 3,512,000
Lower respiratory infections 2,643,000 Cerebrovascular disease 3,346,000
Ischaemic heart disease 2,484,000 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1,829,000
Diarrhea 1,793,000 Lower respiratory infections 1,180,000
Cerebrovascular disease 1,381,000 Lung cancer 938,000
Childhood diseases 1,217,000 Car crash 669,000
Malaria 1,103,000 Stomach cancer 657,000
Tuberculosis 1,021,000 Hypertensive heart disease 635,000
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 748,000 Tuberculosis 571,000
Measles 674,000 Suicide 499,000

By age group[]

10 leading causes of death in the United States by age group 2015.[26]
Leading causes of death in the United States by age group.[27]
Leading causes of death in the United States, as percentage of deaths in each age group.[27] Perinatal mortality (<1yrs of age) seldom falls in any of these causes.
Death by age group as rate compared to the age group with highest rate.[27]

By occupation[]

With an average of 123.6 deaths per 100,000 from 2003 through 2010 the most dangerous occupation in the United States is the cell tower construction industry.[28]

Selected occupations with high fatality rates, 2011, in the United States.[29]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ WHO (2005). "Cancer". Archived from the original on May 18, 2020.
  2. ^ Lozano, Rafael; et al. (Dec 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" (PDF). Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30050819. PMID 23245604. S2CID 1541253. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 11, 2020.
  3. ^ World Health Organization, "The top 10 causes of death"
  4. ^ GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. "Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017". The Lancet. 8 Nov 2018; 392:1736–88. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7. Table 1.
  5. ^ "Mortality In Second And Third Degree Malnutrition". Tropej.oxfordjournals.org. 2014-06-03. Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
  6. ^ Pelletier DL, Frongillo EA, Schroeder DG, Habicht JP (2014-01-24). "The effects of malnutrition on child mortality in developing countries". Bull. World Health Organ. 73 (4): 443–48. PMC 2486780. PMID 7554015.
  7. ^ "Some effects of malnutrition on the immune response in man". Ajcn.nutrition.org. 1974-06-01. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
  8. ^ Grover, Zubin; Ee, Looi C. (October 2009). "Elsevier". Pediatric Clinics. Pediatric.theclinics.com. 56 (5): 1055–1068. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2009.07.001. PMID 19931063. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
  9. ^ Stay informed today; every day (2008-01-24). "Malnutrition: The starvelings". The Economist. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
  10. ^ Ziegler, Jean (2007). L'Empire de la honte. Fayard
  11. ^ "7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution". WHO. 25 March 2014. Archived from the original on March 26, 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  12. ^ "Energy and Air Pollution" (PDF). Iea.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  13. ^ a b "Study Links 6.5 Million Deaths Each Year to Air Pollution". The New York Times. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  14. ^ Abnett, Kate (8 September 2020). "One in eight deaths in Europe linked to pollution, environment, EU says". Reuters. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  15. ^ Green, Matthew (9 February 2021). "Fossil fuel pollution causes one in five premature deaths globally: study". Reuters. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  16. ^ Vohra, Karn; Vodonos, Alina; Schwartz, Joel; Marais, Eloise A.; Sulprizio, Melissa P.; Mickley, Loretta J. (1 April 2021). "Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem". Environmental Research. 195: 110754. Bibcode:2021ER....195k0754V. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 33577774. S2CID 231909881. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  17. ^ "Extreme temperatures kill 5 million people a year with heat-related deaths rising, study finds". The Guardian. 7 July 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  18. ^ Zhao, Qi; et al. (1 July 2021). "Global, regional, and national burden of mortality associated with non-optimal ambient temperatures from 2000 to 2019: a three-stage modelling study". The Lancet Planetary Health. 5 (7): e415–e425. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00081-4. ISSN 2542-5196. PMID 34245712. S2CID 235791583.
  19. ^ Aubrey D.N.J., de Grey (2007). "Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations" (PDF). Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology. 1 (1, Article 5). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.395.745. doi:10.2202/1941-6008.1011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  20. ^ Zhavoronkov, Alexander; Bhupinder, Bhullar (2015-10-04). "Classifying aging as a disease in the context of ICD-11". Frontiers in Genetics. 6: 326. doi:10.3389/fgene.2015.00326. PMC 4631811. PMID 26583032.
  21. ^ Stambler, Ilia (2017-10-01). "Recognizing Degenerative Aging as a Treatable Medical Condition: Methodology and Policy". Aging and Disease. 8 (5): 583–589. doi:10.14336/AD.2017.0130. PMC 5614323. PMID 28966803.
  22. ^ "Opening the door to treating ageing as a disease". The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 6 (8): 587. 2018-08-01. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30214-6. PMID 30053981.
  23. ^ Calimport, Stuart; et al. (2019-10-01). "To help aging populations, classify organismal senescence". Science. 366 (6465): 576–578. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..576C. doi:10.1126/science.aay7319. PMC 7193988. PMID 31672885.
  24. ^ Khaltourina, Daria; Matveyev, Yuri; Alekseev, Aleksey; Cortese, Franco; Ioviţă, Anca (July 2020). "Aging Fits the Disease Criteria of the International Classification of Diseases". Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 189: 111230. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2020.111230. PMID 32251691. S2CID 214779653.
  25. ^ "Cause of Death". UC Atlas of Global Inequality. University of California, Santa Cruz. 18 February 2004. Archived from the original on 18 June 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
  26. ^ "Leading causes of death by age group" (PDF). National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. 2015.
  27. ^ a b c "National Vital Statistics Report" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 15. September 16, 2002.
  28. ^ Day, Ryan Knutson, Liz (21 May 2012). "Methodology: How We Calculated the Tower Industry Death Rate".
  29. ^ "Bureau of Labor Statistics; National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2006" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-09.

External links[]

Retrieved from ""