List of domesticated animals

This page gives a list of domestic animals,^[1] also including a list of animals which are or may be currently undergoing the process of domestication and animals that have an extensive relationship with humans beyond simple predation. This includes species which are semi-domesticated, undomesticated but captive-bred on a commercial scale, or commonly wild-caught, at least occasionally captive-bred, and tameable. In order to be considered fully domesticated, most species have undergone significant genetic, behavioural and morphological changes from their wild ancestors, while others have changed very little from their wild ancestors despite hundreds or thousands of years of potential selective breeding. A number of factors determine how quickly any changes may occur in a species, but there is not always a desire to improve a species from its wild form. Domestication is a gradual process, so there is no precise moment in the history of a given species when it can be considered to have become fully domesticated.

Archaeozoology has identified three classes of animal domesticates:

Pets (dogs, cats, hamsters, etc.)
Livestock (cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, etc.)
Beasts of burden (horses, camels, donkeys, etc.)^[2]

To sort the tables chronologically by date of domestication, refresh your browser window, as clicking the Date column heading will mix CE and BCE dates.

Domesticated animals[]

Species and subspecies	Wild ancestor	Date	Location of origin	Purposes	Degree and type of domestication	Extent in the wild vs. captivity	Taxon group
Domestic dog (Canis familiaris)^[3]	Extinct Pleistocene population of the grey wolf (Canis lupus ssp.)^[4]	13,000 BCE^[5]^[6]	China,^[7]^[8]^[9] Europe^[6]	meat, leather, fiber, hunting, herding, guarding, fighting, racing, working, rescuing, guiding, policing, draft, pack, sport, service, therapy, narcotics detection, truffle harvesting, pest control, research, education, show, pets	Tame (with exceptions),^[10] significant physical changes, probably significant behavioral changes as well	Domestic and feral dogs both very common,^[10] ancestor or nearest wild relative less common, but not rare	1c Carnivora
Domestic goat (Capra hircus)	Bezoar ibex (Capra aegagrus aegagrus)	10,000 BCE^[11]^[12]^[13]	Iran	milk, meat, fiber, skin, horns, vellum, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, clearing land, show, pets	Slight physical changes	Common in captivity, threatened in the wild, feral populations common	1b Bovidae
Domestic pig (Sus domesticus)	Anatolian boar (Sus scrofa libycus),^[14] Northern Chinese boar (Sus scrofa moupinensis)^[15]	9000 BCE^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]	China, Western Asia	meat, leather, tusks, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, truffle harvesting, weed control, research, show, pets	Some physical changes	Common in the wild, much more common in captivity, feral populations common in some areas	1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Domestic sheep (Ovis aries)^[3]	Unknown ancestor,^[20] possibly the Armenian mouflon (Ovis gmelini gmelini)	9000 BCE to 8500 BCE^[21]^[22]	Anatolia, Iran	meat, milk, fiber, leather, hides, pelts, horns, vellum, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, ornamental, show, pets	Some physical changes	Common in captivity, threatened in the wild	1b Bovidae
European cattle or taurine cattle (Bos taurus)^[3]^[23]^[24]	Eurasian aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius)†	8000 BCE^[25]^[26]	China,^[27] Western Asia	meat, milk, leather, hides, fiber, horns, vellum, blood, dung, working, plowing, guarding, fighting, racing, draft, mount, soil fertilization, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets	Some physical changes	Very common in captivity, wild relatives extinct, feral populations fairly common	1b Bovidae
Zebu, Brahman cattle, indicine cattle or humped cattle (Bos indicus)^[3]	Indian aurochs (Bos primigenius namadicus)†	8000 BCE	India	meat, milk, leather, hides, horns, vellum, blood, dung, working, plowing, fighting, racing, draft, soil fertilization, lawn mowing, show, pets	Considerable physical changes	Common in captivity, wild relatives extinct	1b Bovidae
Domestic cat or house cat (Felis catus)^[3]	North African wildcat (Felis lybica lybica)^[28]	8000–7500 BCE^[28]	the Near East	meat, pelts, pest control, research, show, pets	Tame, some physical changes	Very abundant in captivity; true wildcat species less abundant, though not rare, feral populations very common	1c Carnivora
Domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)	Indian red junglefowl (Gallus gallus murghi) with some contribution from the grey junglefowl (Gallus sonneratii)	6000 BCE^[29]	India and Southeast Asia	meat, eggs, feathers, leather, manure, guarding, alarming, fighting, racing, pest control, weed control, ornamental, show, pets	Some physical changes, considerable reproductive changes	Very common in the wild and in captivity	2b Galliformes
Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)	Montane guinea pig (Cavia tschudii)	5000 BCE	Peru	meat, manure, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, show, pets	Tame, slight physical changes	Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity	1d Rodentia
Domestic donkey or domestic ass (Equus asinus)	African wild ass (Equus africanus), including subspecies Nubian (E. a. africanus) and Somali wild ass (E. a. somaliensis)^[30]	5000 BCE^[31]^[32]	Nubia	meat, milk, manure, working, plowing, guarding, racing, draft, pack, mount, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets	Slight physical changes	Somewhat common in captivity and as feral populations, wild relatives critically endangered	1e Other mammals
Domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)	Common mallard (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos)	4000 BCE	China	meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, weed control, ornamental, show, pets	Considerable physical changes	Common in captivity, but more abundant in the wild	2a Anseriformes
Domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)^[3]	Wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee)	4000 BCE	India, China, the Philippines	meat, milk, horns, dung, working, plowing, fighting, racing, draft, mount, lawn mowing, show	Mainly unchanged from the wild animal	Common in captivity, endangered in the wild	1b Bovidae
Dromedary or Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius)^[33]	Thomas's camel (Camelus thomasi)†^[34]	4000 BCE	Arabia, the Horn of Africa	meat, milk, urine, racing, hunting, pack, mount, show, pets	Tame, few physical changes	Moderately common in captivity, small feral population in original range, significant feral population in Australia, truly wild dromedaries may be extinct	1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Domestic horse (Equus caballus)	Extinct unknown population of the wild horse, possibly the tarpan or European wild horse (Equus ferus ferus)†^[35]	3500 BCE^[36]	Kazakhstan	milk, meat, hair, manure, working, plowing, fighting, racing, servicing, guiding, draft, pack, mount, execution, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets	Tame, some physical changes, mainly in colouration	Common in captivity, very rare in the wild, feral populations common	1e Other mammals
Domestic silkmoth (Bombyx mori)	Wild silkmoth (Bombyx mandarina)	3000 BCE	China	silk, animal feed, pets	Tame/held in captivity, some physical changes	Fairly common in captivity, extent of status in the wild unclear	6b Other insects
Domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica)	Rock dove (Columba livia)	3000 BCE	the Mediterranean Basin	meat, manure, racing, messenger, ornamental, show, pets	Artificially selected and bred into many varieties including meat breeds, racing/messenger breeds and fancy plumage breeds	Relatively common in captivity, very common in the wild, feral populations extremely abundant	2c Columbiformes
Domestic goose and domestic swan goose (Anser anser domesticus and Anser cygnoides domesticus)	Greylag goose (Anser anser) and swan goose (A. cygnoides)	3000 BCE for A. anser, date uncertain for A. cygnoides^[37]	Egypt (A. anser), China (A. cygnoides)	meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, alarming, pest control, weed control, show, pets	Considerable physical changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	2a Anseriformes
Domestic yak (Bos grunniens)^[3]	Wild yak (Bos mutus)	2500 BCE	Tibet, Nepal	meat, milk, fiber, horns, dung, working, plowing, guarding, fighting, racing, pack, mount, show, pets	Tame, slight physical changes	Fairly common in captivity; threatened in the wild	1b Bovidae
Domestic Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)	Wild Bactrian camel (Camelus ferus)	2500 BCE	Central Asia (Afghanistan)	meat, milk, hair, dung, pack, mount, show, pets	Tame, few physical changes	Moderately common in captivity, critically endangered in the wild	1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Llama (Lama glama)^[3]	Guanaco (Lama guanicoe cacsilensis)^[38]	2400 BCE^[39]	Peru, Bolivia	meat, fiber, manure, working, guarding, racing, draft, pack, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets	Slight physical changes	Fairly common in the wild and in captivity	1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Alpaca (Lama pacos)^[3]	Vicuña (Lama vicugna mensalis)^[38]	2400 BCE^[39]	Peru, Bolivia	meat, milk, fiber, manure, guarding, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets	Considerable physical changes	Fairly common in the wild and in captivity	1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Domestic guineafowl (Numida meleagris domesticus)	West African helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeatus)	2400 BCE^[40]	Africa	meat, eggs, manure, guarding, alarming, pest control, show, pets	Mainly unaltered from the wild population	Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity	2b Galliformes
Fuegian dog or Yaghan dog (Lycalopex culpaeus)†	Culpeo or Andean fox (Lycalopex culpaeus)	date uncertain^[41]	Argentina, Chile	hunting, guarding, warmth, pets	Tame, slight physical changes	Extinct in captivity, but common in the wild	1c Carnivora
Domestic ferret (Mustela furo)	European polecat (Mustela putorius)	1500 BCE^[42]	Roman North Africa	hunting, racing, pest control, show, pets	Tame, slight physical changes	Common in captivity, somewhat common in the wild, feral populations rare	1c Carnivora
Domestic Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata domestica)	Wild Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata sylvestris)	700–600 BCE^[39]	South America	meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, show, pets	Tame, some physical changes	Common in captivity, feral populations rare	2a Anseriformes
Barbary dove or ringed turtle dove (Streptopelia risoria)	African collared dove (Streptopelia roseogrisea)	500 BCE	North Africa	meat, show, pets	Slight physical changes	Common in both captivity and feral populations	2c Columbiformes
Bali cattle (Bos javanicus domesticus)	Javan banteng (Bos javanicus javanicus)	date uncertain	Bali, Indonesia	meat, milk, horns, dung, working, plowing, draft, show	Slight physical changes	Common in captivity, endangered in the wild	1b Bovidae
Gayal (Bos frontalis)^[3]	Gaur (Bos gaurus)	date uncertain	Southeast Asia, Northeast India	meat, milk, horns, dung	Slight physical changes	Somewhat common in captivity, threatened in the wild	1b Bovidae
Domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo domesticus)	South Mexican wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo)	180 CE^[39]	Mexico	meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, show, pets	Considerable physical changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	2b Galliformes
Goldfish (Carassius auratus)	Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio)	300 CE to 400 CE	China	racing, pest control, ornamental, show, pets	Tame/held in captivity, significant physical changes	Very common and abundant in captivity, extent of status in the wild unclear	5a Cyprinidae
Domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus)	Iberian rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus)^[43]	600 CE^[44]	Europe	meat, fiber, pelts, manure, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, show, pets	Tame, significant physical changes	Common in captivity, rare in native habitat, common in introduced range	1e Other mammals
Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)	Amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)	the 11th century CE	Japan	ornamental, show, pets	Tame/held in captivity, considerable physical changes	Fairly common in captivity, threatened in the wild	5a Cyprinidae
Domestic canary (Serinus canaria domestica)	Atlantic canary or wild canary (Serinus canaria canaria)	the 15th century CE	the Canary Islands, Europe	mining, fighting, research, show, pets	Slight physical changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	2d Passeriformes
Society finch or Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata domestica)	White-rumped munia or striated finch (Lonchura striata swinhoei) with some contribution from the Indian silverbill or white-throated munia (Euodice malabarica)	unknown, may have been introduced to Japan sometime around the early 18th century CE^[45]	Japan	pets, show, research	Slight physical changes	Fairly common in captivity; no longer exists in the wild	2d Passeriformes
Fancy mouse and laboratory mouse (Mus musculus domestica)	Western European house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus)	1100 BCE (China), then the 17th century CE (Europe)^[46]	China	animal feed, racing, research, show, pets	Tame, significant physical changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	1d Rodentia
Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) including subspecies German (A. m. mellifera), Italian (A. m. iigustica), Carniolan (A. m. carnica), Caucasian (A. m. caucasia), Greek (A. m. cecropia), Saharan (A. m. sahariensis) and Egyptian honey bees (A. m. lamarckii)	-	4000 BCE (the modern era for A. m. mellifera, the 1880s for A. m. ligustica, uncertain for A. m. carnica, A. m. caucasia, A. m. cecropia, A. m. sahariensis and A. m. lamarckii)	Europe, Asia, Africa	honey, wax, propolis, bee brood, royal jelly, venom, pollen, pollination, research	Very common in captivity, feral populations common, extent of status in the wild unclear; see Western honey bee for details	Some physical and behavioral changes, actual domestication status is still a point of contention^[47]	6a Hymenoptera
Fancy rat and laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus domestica)	Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus)	the 19th century CE^[48]	the United Kingdom	animal feed, research, show, pets	Tame, some physical and psychological changes	Common in the wild and in captivity	1d Rodentia
Domestic mink (Neovison vison domesticus)^[49]	American mink (Neovison vison)	the 19th century CE	North America	fur, hunting, pest control, pets	Some physical and psychological changes	Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity	1c Carnivora
Domesticated silver fox (Vulpes vulpes amicus)	Red fox (Vulpes vulpes)	the 1950s	the Soviet Union, Russia	fur, pelts, research, pets	Tame, some physical changes	Very small domestic population, wild relatives fairly common	1c Carnivora
Domesticated hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris, A. algirus, Hemiechinus auritus and H. collaris)	Four-toed hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris), Algerian hedgehog (A. algirus), long-eared hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus), and Indian long-eared hedgehog (H. collaris)	the 1980s	Central and Eastern Africa	pets	Slight physical changes	Common in the wild, somewhat rare in captivity	1e Other mammals
Domesticated striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)	Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)	the 19th century CE	North America	pelts, pest control, pets	Tame when captive-bred, significant physical changes	Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity	1c Carnivora

Tame and partially domesticated animals[]

Due to the somewhat unclear outlines of what precisely constitutes domestication, there are some species that may or may not be fully domesticated. There are also some species that are extensively used or kept as pets by humans, but are not significantly altered from wild-type animals. Most animals on this second table are at least somewhat altered from wild-type animals due to their extensive interactions with humans, albeit not to the point that they are regarded as distinct forms (therefore, no separate wild ancestors are noted). Many of them could not be released into the wild, or are in some way dependent on humans.

Species and subspecies	Wild ancestor	Date	Location of origin	Purpose	Degree and type of domestication	Extent in the wild vs. captivity	Taxon group
Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) including subspecies Sri Lankan (E. m. maximus), Indian (E. m. indicus), Sumatran (E. m. sumatranus), Bornean (E. m. borneensis) and formerly Syrian elephants (E. m. asurus)†^[50]^[51]^[52]	-	2000 BCE (uncertain for E. m. maximus, E. m. sumatranus, E. m. borneensis and E. m. asurus)†	India, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Nepal, Borneo, China, Indochina, formerly Iran	dung, working, hunting, fighting, racing, transportation, mount, patrol, worship, show	Semi-domesticated (captured from the wild and tamed)	Syrian subspecies extinct in the wild and in captivity; other subspecies somewhat common in captivity, but endangered in the wild^[53]^[54]	1e Other mammals
Domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus domesticus)	-	3000 BCE	Fennoscandia, western Russia (possibly eastern Russia),^[55] China, Mongolia	meat, milk, leather, hides, antlers, transportation, mount, pets	Semi-domesticated		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Gemsbok (Oryx gazella)^[56]	-	date uncertain	Southern Africa	meat, hides, horns	Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Arabian ostrich or Syrian ostrich (Struthio camelus syriacus)†^[57]	-	date uncertain	Mesopotamia	meat, eggs, feathers, sacrifices		Extinct in the wild and in captivity	2f Palaeognathae
Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx)	-	date uncertain	the Middle East, Egypt	meat, horns	Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas)^[58]	-	date uncertain	Egypt	meat, hides, horns, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana)^[59]	-	date uncertain	Egypt	meat, horns	Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah)	-	2320–2150 BCE	Egypt	meat, hides, horns, sacrifices	Held/tame in captivity	Small captive population, but nearly extinct in the wild	1b Bovidae
Serval (Leptailurus serval)^[60]	-	date uncertain	Egypt	pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Caracal (Caracal caracal)^[61]	-	date uncertain	Egypt, India, Southern Africa	hunting, pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) including subspecies Southeast African (A. j. jubatus), Northeast African (A. j. soemmeringii) and Asiatic cheetahs (A. j. venaticus)^[62]^[63]	-	date uncertain	Egypt, India, the Middle East, South Africa	hunting, tourism, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Bubal hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus)†	-	date uncertain	Egypt	meat, hides, horns, sacrifices		Extinct in the wild and in captivity	1b Bovidae
Wood duck (Aix sponsa)	-	date uncertain	North America	meat, pest control, ornamental, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2a Anseriformes
Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata)	-	pre-modern China (date uncertain)	China	pest control, ornamental, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2a Anseriformes
Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus)	-	date uncertain	Egypt	meat, eggs, feathers, guarding, ornamental, pets	Held/tame in captivity	Common in the wild and in captivity, feral populations very common	2a Anseriformes
Bar-headed goose (Anser indicus)	-	date uncertain	Central Asia, South Asia	meat, eggs, feathers, guarding, ornamental, pets	Held/tame in captivity	Common in the wild and in captivity, feral populations somewhat common	2a Anseriformes
Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon)	-	ancient Egypt (date uncertain)	Egypt	pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)^[64]	-	5000 BCE	China	pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Common (Genetta genetta),^[65] Cape (G. tigrina), pardine (G. pardina) and rusty-spotted genets (G. maculata)	-	date uncertain	Africa	pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Eastern honey bee (Apis cerana) including subspecies Chinese (A. c. cerana), Indian (A. c. indica) and Japanese honey bees (A. c. japonica)	-	date uncertain	South Asia, Thailand, Japan, China	honey, wax, pollination	Held/tame in captivity		6a Hymenoptera
Common fallow (Dama dama) and Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica)^[66]	-	1000 BCE	the Mediterranean Basin, the Levant	meat, hides, antlers, pets	Semi-domesticated		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
European medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis)^[67]^[68]	-	800 BCE	Europe, Asia	bloodletting, surgery, therapy, research, saliva, pets	Captive-bred		7b Annelida
Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus)	-	700–500 BCE^[39]	Chile, Peru, Mexico	dye	Held/tame in captivity	Very common in the wild	6b Other insects
Indian (Pavo cristatus) and green peafowl (P. muticus)	-	500 BCE (uncertain for P. muticus)	India, Java	meat, feathers, ornamental, guarding, pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity	Fairly common in the wild	2b Galliformes
Common hill myna (Gracula religiosa)	-	kept in ancient Greece, date of captive breeding uncertain	Greece	pets, talking bird	Held/tame in captivity		2d Passeriformes
Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) including subspecies African (P. k. krameri) and Indian rose-ringed parakeets (P. k. manillensis)	-	classical antiquity (date uncertain)	West Africa, India	pets, talking bird	Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Red deer (Cervus elaphus)^[69]^[70] including subspecies Caspian (C. e. maral), Norwegian (C. e. atlanticus) and Scottish red deer (C. e. scoticus)	-	~0 CE	China, Russia, Europe (including the United Kingdom), Iran	meat, milk, leather, hides, antlers, velvet, pets	Captive-bred		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Roman (Helix pomatia) and Turkish snails (H. lucorum)	-	100 CE (uncertain for H. lucorum)	Europe	meat, eggs, shells, slime, pets	Captive-bred		7a Mollusca
Stingless bees (Melipona beecheii), (M. scutellaris), (M. bicolor), (M. quadrifasciata) and (M. subnitida)	-	180 CE	Mexico, the Amazon Basin	honey, wax, propolis, pollination, pets	Semi-domesticated		6a Hymenoptera
White cockatoo (Cacatua alba)	-	the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE)	China, Indonesia	pets, show	Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) including subspecies Triton (C. g. triton) and Eleonora cockatoos (C. g. eleonora)	-	date uncertain	Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea	pets, show	Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Great (Phalacrocorax carbo), Japanese (P. capillatus) and neotropic cormorants (P. brasilianus)	-	960 CE (uncertain for P. brasilianus)	China, Japan, Peru	fishing	Held/tame in captivity		2g Other birds
Black swan (C. atratus)	-	date uncertain	style="text-align:center;" Australia	meat, feathers, ornamental, guarding, pets	Semi-domesticated		2a Anseriformes
Mute swan (Cygnus olor)	-	1000-1500 CE	Europe (including the United Kingdom)	meat, feathers, ornamental, guarding, pets	Semi-domesticated		2a Anseriformes
House cricket (Acheta domesticus)	-	the 12th century CE	Southwestern Asia, China, Japan	meat, animal feed, fighting, pets	Held in captivity	Somewhat common in captivity, very common in the wild	6b Other insects
Common (Coturnix coturnix) and Japanese quails (C. japonica)	-	1100–1900 CE	Eurasia, Japan	meat, eggs, research, pets	Domesticated in captivity		2b Galliformes
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)	-	1200–1500 CE	Europe, Asia	meat, eggs, pets	Held/tame in captivity		5a Cyprinidae
Siamese fighting fish or betta (Betta splendens); Akar (B. akarensis), giant (B. anabantoides), slim (B. bellica), Toba (B. rubra), spotted (B. picta), Krabi mouth-brooding (B. simplex), Penang (B. pugnax), peaceful (B. imbellis), emerald green (B. smaragdina), spotfin (B. macrostoma), and Howong bettas (B. unimaculata)	-	the 19th century CE (uncertain for B. akarensis, B. anabantoides, B. bellica, B. rubra, B. picta, B. simplex, B. pugnax, B. imbellis, B. smaragdina, B. macrostoma and B. unimaculata)	Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo	fighting, show, pets	Held/tame in captivity, very significant physical and slight behavioral changes	Common in captivity	5b Other fish
Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora)	-	the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 CE)	China	pets	Non-wild coloration pied and fancy colored Java sparrows from long Asian captivity lines are hand tamable	Threatened in the wild	2d Passeriformes
Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) including subspecies masked bobwhite (C. v. ridgwayi)	-	date uncertain	the United States, Sonora	meat, eggs, feathers, pets	Captive-bred, plumage changes		2b Galliformes
European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis)	-	date uncertain	Europe	pets, singing	Captive-bred		2d Passeriformes
Red-billed leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea)	-	date uncertain	China, Japan	pets, singing	Captive-bred		2d Passeriformes
Indian grey mongoose (Urva edwardsii)	-	date uncertain	India	pest control, fighting, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Gambian pouched (Cricetomys gambianus), southern giant pouched (C. ansorgei), and Emin's pouched rats (C. emini)	-	at least 1997,^[71] but possibly the early 1990s (uncertain for C. emini and C. ansorgei)	Sub-Saharan Africa	meat, landmine detection, tuberculosis detection, pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Indian palm squirrel (Funambulus palmarum)	-	date uncertain	India	pets	Easy to tame		1d Rodentia
Black (Francolinus francolinus) and grey francolins (F. pondicerianus)	-	date uncertain	India, Pakistan	meat, fighting, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Golden (Chrysolophus pictus) and Lady Amherst's pheasants (C. amherstiae)	-	date uncertain	China	ornamental, pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Common (Phasianus colchicus) and green pheasants (P. versicolor)	-	date uncertain	Asia, Japan	meat, eggs, ornamental, pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Sika deer (Cervus nippon)^[72]	-	date uncertain	China, Taiwan, Japan	meat, hides, antlers, tourism, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Common eland (Taurotragus oryx) including subspecies East African (T. o. pattersonianus) and Livingstone's elands (T. o. livingstonii)	-	date uncertain	Zimbabwe, South Africa, Kenya	meat, milk, leather, hides, horns	Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) ^[73]	-	date uncertain	the southeastern United States	meat, hides, teeth, blood, pets	Captive-bred	Both species once uncommon in the wild; captive breeding has led to the American species recovering across and repopulating much of its range, while the Chinese species is nearly extinct in the wild	3d Other reptiles
Eurasian elk or moose (Alces alces)^[74] including subspecies Alaskan moose (A. a. gigas)	-	date uncertain	Russia, Finland, Sweden, Alaska	meat, milk, hides, antlers, working, draft, mount, transportation, research, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Masai ostrich (S. c. massaicus)	-	date uncertain	North Africa, West Africa, East Africa	meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, mount, racing, guarding, pets	Semi-domesticated		2f Palaeognathae
South African ostrich (Struthio camelus australis)	-	the 19th century CE	Southern Africa	meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, mount, racing, guarding, pets	Semi-domesticated		2f Palaeognathae
Somali ostrich (Struthio molybdophanes)	-	date uncertain	Kenya	meat, eggs, feathers, mount, racing, guarding, pets	Semi-domesticated		2f Palaeognathae
Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)	-	the 1850s	Australia	pets, show, talking bird	Plumage changes, some breeds are physically larger	Fairly common in the wild and in captivity	2e Psittaciformes
Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus)	-	the 1870s	Australia	pets, show, talking bird	Held/tame in captivity	Common in the wild and in captivity	2e Psittaciformes
Tian Shan wapiti (Cervus canadensis songaricus)	-	date uncertain	Russia, China	meat, leather, hides, antlers, velvet, pets	Captive-bred		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
European mink (Mustela lutreola)	-	the 1800s	Europe, Russia	fur	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Coypu or nutria (Myocastor coypus)	-	the late 19th to the early 20th century CE	Argentina	meat, fur, aquatic weed control, pets	Captive-bred		1d Rodentia
Guppy (Poecilia reticulata);^[75] Cauca (P. caucana), Amazon (P. formosa), sailfin (P. latipinna), shortfin (P. mexicana), liberty (P. salvatoris), common (P. sphenops), and Yucatan mollies (P. velifera); Endler's livebearer (P. wingei)	Guppy (Poecilia reticulata); Cauca (P. caucana), Amazon (P. formosa), sailfin (P. latipinna), shortfin (P. mexicana), liberty (P. salvatoris), common (P. sphenops), and Yucatan mollies (P. velifera); Endler's livebearer (P. wingei)	date uncertain	Barbados, Brazil, El Salvador, Guyana, Mexico, Venezuela	bait, pest control, research, pets	Held/tame in captivity		5b Other fish
Common fruit fly or vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster)	-	the 1910s	Australia, South Africa	research, animal feed	Captive-bred		6b Other insects
Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus)	-	the 1920s	China	research, biotechnology, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Rosy-faced (Agapornis roseicollis), yellow-collared (A. personatus), Fischer's (A. fischeri), black-cheeked (A. nigrigenis), black-winged (A. taranta), and red-headed lovebirds (A. pullarius)	-	the 1920s (uncertain for A. roseicollis, A. lilianae, A. nigrigenis, A. taranta, A. pullarius and A. canus)	Africa, Madagascar	pets	Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae; various species and subspecies)	-	the 1920s	northern and eastern Australia, New Guinea, islands in Cenderawasih Bay and the Raja Ampat Islands in Indonesia	pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		5b Other fish
Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)	-	the 1930s	Syria, Turkey	pets, research	Domesticated		1d Rodentia
Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti)	-	the 20th century CE	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russia, Turkey	pets, research	Domesticated		1d Rodentia
Long-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)	-	the 1930s	the Andes	fur, research, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Short-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla chinchilla)	-	the 1930s	the Andes	fur	Raised in captivity	Critically endangered in the wild	1d Rodentia
Water flea (Daphnia magna)	-	the 1930s	North America, Eurasia, Africa	research, animal feed	Held/tame in captivity		6c Other arthropods
African (Xenopus laevis) and western clawed frogs (X. tropicalis)	-	the 1950s (uncertain for X. tropicalis)	Southern Africa, West Africa	research, pets	Captive-bred		4a Anura
Sea-monkey (Artemia nyos)	-	the 1950s	the United States	pets, research	Captive-bred		6c Other arthropods
Ball (Python regius), Borneo (P. breitensteini), Sumatran short-tailed (P. curtus) and Brongersma's short-tailed pythons (P. brongersmai)	-	the 1960s (uncertain for P. breitensteini, P. curtus and P. brongersmai)	Africa, India, Sumatra, Borneo, Malaysia	pets	Captive-bred		3a Serpentes
Burmese python (Python bivittatus) including subspecies dwarf Burmese python (P. b. progschai)^[76]^[77]	-	date uncertain	Myanmar, Thailand, Bali, Java, Sulawesi	meat, skins, medicine, pets	Captive-bred		3a Serpentes
Campbell's dwarf (Phodopus campbelli), winter white dwarf (P. sungorus) and Roborovski dwarf hamsters (P. roborovskii)	-	the 1960s	Mongolia, Russia, China	pets, research	Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum); tiger (A. tigrinum) and barred tiger salamanders (A. mavortium)	-	the 20th century CE (uncertain for A. tigrinum and A. mavortium)	Mexico, the United States	research, pets	Slight physical changes	Critically endangered in the wild	4b Other amphibians
Palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus)	-	date uncertain	Australia, Papua New Guinea	pets	Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Common leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) including subspecies Afghan leopard gecko (E. m. afghanicus)	-	the 20th century CE (uncertain for E. m. afghanicus)	Pakistan, Afghanistan	pets	Slight physical modification	Somewhat common in captivity	3b Lacertilia
American bison (Bison bison) including subspecies wood bison (B. b. athabascae)	-	the 20th century CE (uncertain for B. b. athabascae)	North America	meat, leather, hides, fiber, horns, guarding, pets	Semi-domesticated		1b Bovidae
Companion parrot (Psittaciformes; various species and subspecies)^[78]^[79]	-	the 1980s and 1990s	Australia, Africa, Asia, North America, Central America, South America, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Fiji	pets, show, talking bird, ornamental, guarding, education, therapy	Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Turqoise (Neophema pulchella), blue-winged (N. chrysostoma), and scarlet-chested parrots (N. splendida)	-	the 20th century CE (uncertain for N. chrysostoma and N. splendida)	Australia	pets, show	Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Green and black (Dendrobates auratus) and yellow-banded poison dart frogs (D. leucomelas)	-	the mid- to late 20th century CE	Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, French Guiana, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela	pets	Slight physical changes; loss of toxicity		4a Anura
Common kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula) including subspecies eastern (L. g. getula), California (L. g. californiae), Florida (L. g. floridana), Mexican black (L. g. nigrita), and Brooks' kingsnakes (L. g. brooksi)	-	date uncertain	Arizona, Florida, Mexico, California	pets	Held/tame in captivity		3a Serpentes
Grey-banded kingsnake (Lampropeltis alterna)	-	date uncertain	Mexico, Guatemala, Arizona, Texas, California	pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		3a Serpentes
Thayer's kingsnake (Lampropeltis mexicana thayeri)	-	date uncertain	Mexico	pets	Captive-bred		3a Serpentes
Milk snake or house snake (Lampropeltis triangulum) including subspecies eastern (L. t. triangulum), Andean (L. t. andesiana), Mexican (L. t. annulata), Pueblan (L. t. campbelli), black (L. t. gaigeae), Honduran (L. t. hondurensis), Nelson's (L. t. nelsoni), and Sinaloan milk snakes (L. t. sinaloae)	-	date uncertain	Guatemala, Mexico, Honduras, Colombia, Puebla, Panama, Sonora, Florida, Iowa, Alabama, Indiana, Tennessee	pets	Captive-bred		3a Serpentes
Corn (Pantherophis gutttatus), western rat (P. obsoletus), and grey rat snakes (P. spiloides)	-	the 1960s (uncertain for P. alleghaniensis, P. bairdi, P. emoryi, P. gloydi, P. obsoletus,P. slowinskii, P. spiloides and P. vulpinus)	the United States	pets	Slight physical changes	Somewhat common in captivity, common in the wild	3a Serpentes
Muskox (Ovibos moschatus)^[80]	-	the 1960s	the United States	meat, milk, wool, horns	Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Siberian chipmunk (Eutamias sibiricus)^[81]	-	the 1960s	Russia	pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Madagascar hissing (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and wide-horned hissing cockroaches (G. oblongonota)	-	the 1960s (uncertain for G. oblongonota)	Madagascar	pets	Captive-bred		6b Other insects
Eastern (Pogona barbata) and western bearded dragons (P. minor)	-	date uncertain	Australia	pets	Slight physical changes		3b Lacertilia
Central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps)	-	the 1970s	Australia	pets	Slight physical changes		3b Lacertilia
Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)^[82]	-	the 1970s	China	meat, algae control	Held/tame in captivity		5a Cyprinidae
Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus)	-	the 1980s	Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands	pets	Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Salmon-crested (Cacatua moluccensis), blue-eyed (C. ophthalmica), red-vented (C. haematuropygia) and Solomons cockatoos (C. ducorpsii); long-billed (C. tenuirostris), western (C. pastinator), little (C. sanguinea) and Tanimbar corellas (C. goffiniana)	-	the 1980s (uncertain for C. ophthalmica, C. haematuropygia, C. durcopsii, C. tenuirostris, C. pastinator, C. sanguinea and C. goffiniana)	the Maluku Islands, Papua New Guinea, Australia, the Tanimbar Islands, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands	pets, show, talking bird	Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis)	-	date uncertain	Australia	pets	Held/tame in captivity		1e Other mammals
Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps)^[83]	-	the 1980s	Australia	pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1e Other mammals
Rankin's dragon (Pogona henrylawsoni)	-	the 1980s	Australia	pets	Held/tame in captivity		3b Lacertilia
Buff-tailed (Bombus terrestris) and common eastern bumblebees (B. impatiens)	-	the 1980s (uncertain for B. impatiens)	Europe (including the United Kingdom), North America	wax, pollination	Held/tame in captivity		6a Hymenoptera
Greater (Rhea americana) and Darwin's rheas (R. pennata)^[84]	-	the 1990s (uncertain for R. pennata)	South America	meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, pets	Semi-domesticated		2f Palaeognathae
Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)	-	the 1990s	Australia	meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, guarding, pets	Semi-domesticated		2f Palaeognathae
Giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus)	-	date uncertain	West Africa	meat, milk, leather, hides, horns	Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Common beisa (Oryx beisa beisa)^[85] and fringe-eared oryxes (O. b. callotis)	-	date uncertain	Kenya	meat, leather, hides, horns	Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Common degu (Octodon degus)	-	the 1990s	the Chilean Andes	pets, research	Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus); Persian (M. persicus), Libyan (M. libycus), Shaw's (M. shawi), Tristram's (M. tristrami) and Sundevall's jirds (M. crassus)	-	the 1990s (uncertain for M. persicus, M. libycus, M. shawi, M. tristrami and M. crassus)	Mongolia, Algeria, Iran, Libya, Turkey, Egypt	pets, research	Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Green (Iguana iguana) and Lesser Antillean iguanas (I. delicatissima)	-	the 1990s (uncertain for I. delicatissima)	South America, the Lesser Antilles	meat, leather, pets	Captive-bred		3b Lacertilia
Carpet python (Morelia spilota) including subspecies diamond python (M. s. spilota); coastal (M. s. mcdowelli), inland (M. s. metcalfei), Darwin (M. s. variegata) and jungle carpet pythons (M. s. cheynei)	-	date uncertain	Indonesia, Australia, New Guinea	pets	Captive-bred		3a Serpentes
Green tree (Morelia viridis), southwestern (M. imbricata), rough-scaled (M. carinata) and Bredl's pythons (M. bredli)	-	the mid-1990s (uncertain for M. carinata and M. bredli)	Indonesia, Australia, New Guinea	pets	Captive-bred		3a Serpentes
Red-tailed black (Calyptorhynchus banksii), yellow-tailed black (C. funereus) and glossy black cockatoos (C. lathami)	-	the late 1990s (uncertain for C. funereus and C. lathami)	Australia	pets, education	Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Pin-tailed (Erythrura prasina), tricolored (E. tricolor), tawny-breasted (E. hyperythra), blue-faced (E. trichroa), red-eared (E. coloria), red-throated (E. psittacea) and Fiji parrotfinches (E. pealii)	-	date uncertain	Malaysia, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Timor, Australia, the Philippines, New Caledonia, Fiji and Thailand	pets	Held/tame in captivity		2d Passeriformes
Gouldian finch (Chloebia gouldiae)	-	the late 1990s	Australia	pets, show	Held/tame in captivity		2d Passeriformes
Australian green (Ranoidea caerulea), orange-eyed (R. chloris), leaf green (R. phyllochroa), mountain stream (R. barringtonensis), magnificent (R. splendida), Blue Mountains (R. citropa) and dainty green tree frogs (R. gracilenta); growling grass frog (R. raniformis)	-	the late 20th century CE (uncertain for R. chloris, R. phyllochroa, R. barringtonensis, R. splendida, R. citropa, R. gracilenta and R. raniformis)	Australia	research, pets	Captive-bred		4a Anura
Argentine (Ceratophrys ornata), Brazilian (C. aurita), Venezuelan (C. calcarata), Surinam (C. cornuta), Caatinga (C. joazeirensis), Pacific (C. stolzmanni) and Cranwell's horned frogs (C. cranwelli)	-	the late 20th century CE (uncertain for C. aurita, C. calcarata, C. cornuta, C. joazeirensis, C. stolzmanni and C. cranwelli)	Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname, Ecuador	pets	Captive-bred		4a Anura
Crucian (Carassius carassius), Japanese white crucian (C. cuvieri) and Prussian carp (C. gibelio); ginbuna (C. langdorfii) ^[86]	-	the 2000s (uncertain for C. cuvieri, C. gibelio and C. langdorfii)	England, Russia, Japan	meat, research, pets	Domesticated		5a Cyprinidae
King quail (Excalfactoria chinensis)	-	date uncertain	Asia, Australia	pets	Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Small-billed tinamou (Crypturellus parvirostris)	-	date uncertain	South America	meat, eggs	Held/tame in captivity		2f Palaeognathae
Red-winged tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens)^[87]	-	date uncertain	South America	meat, eggs	Held/tame in captivity		2f Palaeognathae
Common (Corvus corax), white-necked (C. albicollis) and Australian ravens (C. coronoides); carrion (C. corone), hooded (C. cornix), American (C. brachyrhynchos), pied (C. albus) and house crows (C. splendens); rook (C. frugilegus)^[88]^[89]^[90]^[91]^[92]^[93]^[94]	-	date uncertain	Europe, Africa, India, Australia, North America	pest control, research, show, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2d Passeriformes
Southern ground (Bucorvus leadbeateri) and Abyssinian ground hornbills (B. abyssinicus)	-	date uncertain	South Africa, Ethiopia	pest control, show, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2g Other birds
Oriental darter (Anhinga melanogaster)^[95]	-	date uncertain	India	fishing	Held/tame in captivity		2g Other birds
Southern (Chauna torquata) and northern screamers (C. chavaria)	-	date uncertain	South America	guarding	Held/tame in captivity		2a Anseriformes
Horned screamer (Anhima cornuta)^[96]	-	date uncertain	South America	guarding	Held/tame in captivity		2a Anseriformes
Red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata)	-	date uncertain	South America	guarding	Held/tame in captivity		2g Other birds
Black-legged seriema (Chunga burmeisteri)	-	date uncertain	South America	guarding	Held/tame in captivity		2g Other birds
Golden (Aquila chrysaetos),^[97]eastern imperial (A. heliaca), Spanish imperial (A. adalberti), wedge-tailed (A. audax), steppe (A. nipalensis), tawny (A. rapax), Bonelli's (A. fasciata) and Verreaux's eagles (A. verreauxii); African hawk-eagle (A. spilogaster)	-	date uncertain	Europe, North America, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Africa, Australia	falconry, intercepting, pest control, show, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2g Other birds
Bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)^[98]^[99] and white-tailed eagles (H. albicilla); African fish eagle (H. vocifer); white-bellied sea (H. leucogaster) and Steller's sea eagles (H. pelagicus)	-	date uncertain	North America, Europe, Russia, Africa, Australia	falconry, intercepting, pest control, show, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2g Other birds
Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi)^[100]	-	date uncertain	the United States	falconry, pest control, show, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2g Other birds
Northern (Accipiter gentilis),^[101] crested (A. trivirgatus) and African goshawks (A. tachiro); Cooper's (A. cooperii) and sharp-shinned hawks (A. striatus); Eurasian (A. nisus), Ovambo (A. ovampensis), collared (A. cirrocephalus), Japanese (A. gularis) and black sparrowhawks (A. melanoleucus); besra (A. virgatus); shikra (A. badius)	-	date uncertain	Europe, Asia, Africa, North America	falconry, pest control, show, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2g Other birds
Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo)^[102] including subspecies western Siberian (B. b. sibiricus), eastern Siberian (B. b. yenisseensis) and Turkmenian eagle-owls (B. b. omissus)	-	date uncertain	Europe, Russia, Turkmenistan	pest control, show, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2g Other birds
Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) including subspecies northern great horned owl (B. v. subarcticus)	-	date uncertain	Canada	pest control, show, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2g Other birds
Tawny owl (Strix aluco)^[103]	-	date uncertain	Europe (including the United Kingdom)	pest control, show, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2g Other birds
Glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus)	-	date uncertain	Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, the Atlantic and Caribbean regions of the Americas	meat, eggs, pest control	Held/tame in captivity		2g Other birds
Puna ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi)	-	date uncertain	Peru	meat, eggs, pest control	Held/tame in captivity		2g Other birds
Wild boar (Sus scrofa)^[104]^[105] including subspecies Indian wild boar (S. s. cristatus)	-	date uncertain	Europe (including the United Kingdom), Thailand	meat, leather, hides, tusks, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Celebes warty pig (Sus celebensis)	-	date uncertain	Sulawesi	meat, tusks, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Red-necked (Macropus rufogriseus),^[106] tammar (M. eugenii) and Parma wallabies (M. parma)	-	the 2000s (uncertain for M. eugenii and M. parma)	Tasmania, South Australia, Western Australia, New South Wales	lawn mowing, research, tourism, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1e Other mammals
Red kangaroo (Osphranter rufus)^[107]	-	date uncertain	Australia	meat, leather, tourism, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1e Other animals
Tiger (Dasyurus maculatus), eastern (D. viverrinus), western (D. geoffroii) and northern quolls (D. hallucatus)^[108]^[109]^[110]^[111]	-	date uncertain	Australia	pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1e Other mammals
Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)^[112]	-	date uncertain	Bangladesh	fishing, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Beech (Martes foina),^[113]^[114] and yellow-throated martens (M. flavigula); sable (M. zibellina)	-	date uncertain	Europe, Russia, India	fur, pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Fisher or Pennant's marten (Pekania pennanti)	-	date uncertain	North America	fur, pest control, research, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Least (M. nivalis), Siberian (Mustela sibirica)^[115]and yellow-bellied weasels (M. kathiah); European polecat (M. putorius)^[116]^[117]	-	date uncertain	Europe, Russia, India	pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Greater (Galictis vittata) and lesser grisons (G. cuja)	-	date uncertain	South America	hunting, pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Patagonian weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus)	-	date uncertain	Argentina, Chile	pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Northern raccoon (Procyon lotor)^[118]	-	date uncertain	North America	pest control, show, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
South American (Nasua nasua)^[119] and white-nosed coati (N. narica)	-	date uncertain	South America, Costa Rica	pest control, show, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus) and cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)^[120]	-	date uncertain	North America, Central America	pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Southern (Tamandua tetradactyla) and northern tamanduas (T. mexicana)^[121]^[122]	-	date uncertain	South America, Central America	pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1e Other mammals
Lowland (Cuniculus paca) and mountain pacas (C. taczanowskii)	-	date uncertain	Mexico, Argentina, Ecuador	meat, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Malayan (Hystrix brachyura),^[123]Sunda (H. javanica), Indian crested (H. indica), African crested (H. cristata), Cape (H. africaeaustralis) and Philippine porcupines (H. pumila)	-	date uncertain	Vietnam, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, India, Africa	meat, quills, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Chinese bamboo (Rhizomys sinensis) and large bamboo rats (R. sumatrensis)	-	date uncertain	China	meat, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Lesser bamboo rat (Cannomys badius)^[124]	-	date uncertain	China, Laos	meat, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Desmarest's hutia (Capromys pilorides)	-	date uncertain	Cuba	meat, pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus)	-	date uncertain	the Eurasian steppe	pets	Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Norway lemming (Lemmus lemmus)	-	the 20th century CE	northern Fennoscandia	pets	Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Lesser Egyptian (Gerbillus gerbillus), greater Egyptian (G. pyramidum), pale (G. perpallidus) and pleasant gerbils (G. amoenus)	-	date uncertain	Egypt, Libya	pets	Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Eurasian harvest mouse (Micromys minutus)^[125]	-	date uncertain	Europe	pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Northeastern (Ctenosaura acanthura), black (C. similis), and Mexican spiny-tailed iguana (C. pectinata)	-	date uncertain	Mexico, Central America	meat, pets	Captive-bred		3b Lacertilia
Chinese cobra (Naja atra)^[126]	-	date uncertain	China	venom, skins, pets	Captive-bred		3a Serpentes
Crimson rosella (Platycercus elegans) including subspecies Adelaide (P. e. adelaidae) and yellow rosellas (P. e. flaveolus)	-	date uncertain	Australia	pets	Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Western (Platycercus icterotis), green (P. caledonicus), pale-headed (P. adscitus) and northern rosellas (P. venustus)	-	date uncertain	Australia	pets	Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Eastern rosella (Platycercus eximius) including subspecies golden-mantled rosella (P. e. elecica)	-	date uncertain	Australia	pets	Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Hispaniolan (Trachemys decorata), Colombian (T. callirostris), Cuban (T. decussata), D'Orbigny's (T. dorbigni), Nicaraguan (T. emolli), ornate (T. ornata), Jamaican (T. terrapen) and Meso-American sliders (T. venusta)	-	date uncertain	Haiti, Colombia, Cuba, Brazil, Uruguay, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Mexico, Jamaica	pets	Captive-bred		3c Testudines
Pond slider (Trachemys scripta) including subspecies yellow-bellied (T. s. scripta), red-eared (T. s. elegans) and Cumberland sliders (T. s. troostii)	-	date uncertain	the south-central and southeastern United States	meat, pets	Easy to tame	Fairly common in captivity, common in the wild	3c Testudines
Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)^[127]	-	date uncertain	China	meat, pets	Captive-bred		3c Testudines
Chinese pond (Mauremys reevesii) and yellow pond turtles (M. mutica)^[128]	-	date uncertain	China	meat, pets	Captive-bred		3c Testudines
Common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina)^[129]	-	date uncertain	Florida	meat, pets	Captive-bred		3c Testudines
Golden coin turtle (Cuora trifasciata)	-	date uncertain	China	meat, pets	Captive-bred		3c Testudines
Wattle-necked softshell turtle (Palea steindachneri)	-	date uncertain	China	meat, pets	Captive-bred		3c Testudines
Keeled box turtle (Cuora mouhotii)^[130]	-	date uncertain	China	meat, medicine, pets	Captive-bred		3c Testudines
Arrau turtle (Podocnemis expansa)^[131]	-	date uncertain	Brazil	meat, pets	Captive-bred		3c Testudines
Saltwater (Crocodylus porosus), Nile (C. niloticus), West African (C. suchus), mugger (C. palustris), American (C. acutus), Cuban (C. rhombifer), Morelet's (C. moreletii), Orinoco (C. intermedius), freshwater (C. johnsoni), Siamese (C. siamensis), Philippine (C. mindorensis) and New Guinea crocodiles (C. novaeguineae)^[132]^[133]^[134]^[135]^[136]^[137]	-	date uncertain	Florida, Cuba, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Africa, Iran, India, Thailand, Myanmar, Sumatra, Borneo, the Philippines, Australia, Papua New Guinea	meat, hides, teeth, blood, fat, guarding, tourism, show, pets	Captive-bred		3d Other reptiles
Crimson (Neochmia phaeton), and red-browed finches (N. temporalis)	-	date uncertain	New Guinea, Australia	pets, show	Held/tame in captivity		2d Passeriformes
Star finch (Bathilda ruficauda)	-	date uncertain	Australia	pets, show	Held/tame in captivity		2d Passeriformes
Plum-headed finch (Aidemosyne modesta)	-	date uncertain	Australia	pets, show	Held/tame in captivity		2d Passeriformes
Grey partridge (Perdix perdix)	-	date uncertain	Hungary, the United Kingdom	meat, eggs, feathers, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Red-legged (Alectoris rufa), chukar (A. chukar), Philby's (A. philbyi), Arabian (A. melanocephala) and Barbary partridges (A. barbara)	-	date uncertain	France, Afghanistan, North Africa, Yemen, Oman	meat, eggs, feathers, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Chinese bamboo (Bambusicola thoracicus) and mountain bamboo partridges (B. fytchii)	-	date uncertain	China, India	meat, eggs, feathers, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus)	-	date uncertain	Nepal	meat, eggs, feathers, ornamental, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Kalij (Lophura leucomelanos), Swinhoe's (L. swinhoii), Salvadori's (L. inornata), silver (L. nycthemera) and Edwards's pheasants (L. edwardsi); Siamese fireback (L. diardi)	-	date uncertain	Nepal, Taiwan, Vietnam, Sumatra, China, Thailand	meat, eggs, feathers, ornamental, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Red (Gallus gallus), green (G. varius), grey (G. sonneratii) and Sri Lankan junglefowl (G. lafayettii)	-	date uncertain	India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Java	meat, eggs, feathers, ornamental, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Scaled (Callipepla squamata), elegant (C. douglasii), Gambel's (C. gambelii) and California quails (C. californica)	-	date uncertain	Mexico, Utah, California	meat, eggs, feathers, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus)	-	date uncertain	California	meat, eggs, feathers, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae)	-	date uncertain	Mexico	meat, eggs, feathers, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Vulturine guineafowl (Acryllium vulturinum)	-	date uncertain	Ethiopia	meat, pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Harlequin (Coturnix delegorguei), rain (C. coromandelica) and stubble quails (C. pectoralis)	-	date uncertain	Africa, India, Australia	meat, eggs, feathers, pets	Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Edible-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus)^[138]	-	date uncertain	Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore	nests	Held/tame in captivity		2g Other birds
Tarantulas (Theraphosidae, various species and subspecies)^[139]	-	date uncertain	North America, Central America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia	research, venom, pets	Captive-bred	Common in captivity, becoming rare in the wild	6c Other arthropods
Crested (Correlophus ciliatus) and suras geckos (C. sarasinorum)	-	date uncertain	New Caledonia	pets	Captive-bred	Somewhat common in captivity, nearly extinct in the wild	3b Lacertilia
Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)^[140]	-	date uncertain	Florida	meat	Held/tame in captivity		1e Other mammals
Roan (Hippotragus equinus)^[141] and sable antelopes (H. niger)^[142]	-	date uncertain	South Africa	meat, horns	Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros),^[143] nyala (T. angasii),^[144] and Cape bushbuck (T. sylvaticus)	-	date uncertain	South Africa	meat, hides, horns, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Blue (Connochaetes taurinus)^[145] and black wildebeest (C. gnou)^[146]	-	date uncertain	South Africa, Kenya	meat, leather, hides, horns, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus pygargus) including subspecies blesbok (D. p. phillipsi)^[147]	-	date uncertain	South Africa	meat, hides, horns	Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus)^[148]	-	date uncertain	India, Pakistan	meat, hides, horns, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata)	-	date uncertain	Southeast Asia	pets, research	Slight physical changes	Fairly common in the wild and in captivity	2d Passeriformes
Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)	-	date uncertain	India, Pakistan	meat, hides, horns, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Chinkara (Gazella bennettii)	-	date uncertain	India, Pakistan	meat, horns, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis)^[149]	-	date uncertain	South Africa	meat, hides, horns, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia)^[150]	-	date uncertain	North Africa	meat, horns	Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)^[151]^[152]	-	date uncertain	South Africa	meat, leather, horns	Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu)^[153]	-	date uncertain	Brazil	meat, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
South African giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa)	-	date uncertain	South Africa	tourism, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Thorold's deer (Cervus albirostris)^[154]	-	date uncertain	China	meat, antlers	Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
White-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus)^[155] and mule deer (O. hemionus)	-	date uncertain	Virginia, West Virginia, Florida, Montana, Canada, Colombia	meat, hides, antlers, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Chital or axis deer (Axis axis)	-	date uncertain	India	meat, hides, antlers, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Water deer (Hydropotes inermis)	-	date uncertain	China	meat, tusks, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Dwarf (Moschus berezovskii), alpine (M. chrysogaster), white-bellied (M. leucogaster) and Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus)^[156]^[157]^[158]	-	date uncertain	China, India, Russia	meat, hides, tusks, musk	Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Guanaco (Lama guanicoe)^[159]	-	date uncertain	Peru	fiber, guarding, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna)^[160]	-	date uncertain	Peru	fiber, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)^[161]	-	date uncertain	South Africa	horns	Held/tame in captivity		1e Other mammals
Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)^[162]	-	date uncertain	South Africa	horns	Held/tame in captivity		1e Other mammals
Fishing (Prionailurus viverrinus) and rusty-spotted cats (P. rubiginosus)^[163]^[164]	-	date uncertain	India	pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)^[165]^[166]^[167]^[168]	-	date uncertain	South Africa, Ethiopia, Nigeria	hunting, guarding, waste management, tourism, show, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and Japanese raccoon dog (N. viverrinus)	-	date uncertain	China, Japan	fur, pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnvora
Red (Vulpes vulpes), Arctic (V. lagopus), swift (V. velox), kit (V. macrotis), fennec (V. zerda),^[169] corsac (V. corsac) and pale foxes (V. pallida)	-	date uncertain	Europe, North America, North Africa, Sudan, Central Asia	fur, pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Grey (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and island foxes (U. littoralis)^[170]	-	date uncertain	the eastern United States, the Channel Islands, California	pelts, pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis)	-	date uncertain	Africa	pest control, show, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)^[171]	-	date uncertain	South America	pest control, pets	Easy to tame		1c Carnivora
Eurasian (C. l. lupus), Iberian (C. l. signatus), steppe (C. l. campestris), Mongolian (C. l. chanco), Arabian (C. l. arabs), Indian (C. l. pallipes), Arctic (C. l. arctos), Greenland (C. l. orion) and northwestern wolves (C. l. occidentalis)^[172]^[173]^[174]^[175]^[176]^[177]^[178]^[179]^[180]^[181]	-	date uncertain	Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, the Middle East, Canada, Greenland	hunting, guarding, pest control, draft, research, education, therapy, tourism, show, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Coyote (Canis latrans)^[182]	-	date uncertain	North America	pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Side-striped jackal (Lupulella adusta)^[183]	-	date uncertain	South Africa	pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Meerkat or suricate (Suricata suricatta)^[184]^[185]	-	date uncertain	South Africa	pest control, research, education, therapy, tourism, show, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Common kusimanse (Crossarchus obscurus)	-	date uncertain	West Africa	pets, pest control	Captive-bred		1c Carnivora
Ruddy (Urva smithii)^[186]and Javan mongoose (U. javanicus)^[187]	-	date uncertain	India, Southeast Asia	pest control, pets	Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Kissing gourami (Helostoma temminckii)	-	date uncertain	Thailand, Indonesia	meat, pets	Domesticated		5b Other fish
Giant (Osphronemus goramy),^[188]^[189] giant red tail (O. laticlavius) and elephant ear gouramis (O. exodon)	-	date uncertain	Southeast Asia	meat, weed control, pets	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Red-bellied (Pygocentrus nattereri), piraya (P. piraya) and black spot piranha (P. cariba)	-	date uncertain	South America	meat, teeth, research, pets	Semi-domesticated	Fairly common in captivity, common in the wild	5b Other fish
Atlantic bluefin (Thunnus thynnus), Pacific bluefin (T. orientalis), southern bluefin (T. maccoyii), yellowfin (T. albacares) and bigeye tunas (T. obesus); albacore or longfin tuna (T. alalunga)^[190]^[191]	-	date uncertain	Europe, East Asia, Australia, Hawaii, North America	meat, eggs	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
European sea (Acipenser sturio), white (A. transmontanus), shortnose (A. brevirostrum), Persian (A. persicus), Siberian (A. baerii), Adriatic (A. naccarii) and starry sturgeons (A. stellatus)^[192]^[193]^[194]^[195]	-	date uncertain	Europe, Alaska, California, Canada, Iran, Russia, Albania, the Aegean Sea	meat, eggs, pets	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Malabar (Epinephelus malabaricus), giant (E. lanceolatus), greasy (E. tauvina), areolate (E. areolatus), dusky (E. marginatus), wavy-lined (E. undulosus), six-bar (E. sexfasciatus) and orange-spotted groupers (E. coioides)^[196]^[197]^[198]	-	date uncertain	Asia, Australia, Fiji, South Africa, Italy, the Indo-Pacific	meat	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha)	-	date uncertain	Europe, Asia, North America	meat, eggs	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) including subspecies amago (O. m. macrostomus)	-	date uncertain	Russia, Japan, Korea	meat	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta)	-	date uncertain	Europe (including the United Kingdom), Alaska, Canada, Chile, Russia, Australia, Tasmania	meat, eggs	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer),^[199] Japanese lates (L. japonicus) and Nile perch (L. niloticus)^[200]	-	date uncertain	the United Kingdom, Poland, the United States, India, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Australia, Japan, Africa	meat, pets	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)	-	date uncertain	the United States, Asia, Panama, Mexico	meat	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
European bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)	-	date uncertain	Europe	meat	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Milkfish (Chanos chanos)^[201]	-	date uncertain	the Philippines, Taiwan, Indonesia	meat	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Northern pike (Esox lucius)^[202]	-	date uncertain	Europe	meat, eggs, research, pets	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Alligator (Atractosteus spatula), Cuban (A. tristoechus) and tropical gars (A. tropicus)^[203]^[204]^[205]	-	date uncertain	North America, Cuba, Costa Rica	meat, pets	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)	-	date uncertain	China	meat, weed control	Held/tame in captivity		5a Cyprinidae
Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)	-	date uncertain	China	meat, pest control, medicine	Held/tame in captivity		5a Cyprinidae
Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)	-	date uncertain	China	meat	Held/tame in captivity		5a Cyprinidae
Giant barb (Catlocarpio siamensis)^[206]	-	date uncertain	Vietnam	meat, pets	Held/tame in captivity		5a Cyprinidae
Arapaima (Arapaima gigas)^[207]^[208]	-	date uncertain	the Amazon Basin	meat, pets	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Wels catfish (Silurus glanis)^[209]	-	date uncertain	Europe	meat	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Iridescent shark (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and Mekong giant catfish (P. gigas)^[210]	-	date uncertain	Southeast Asia	meat, pets	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus)^[211]	-	date uncertain	California, Colorado	meat	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Green (Etroplus suratensis)^[212]and orange chromides (E. maculatus); Canara pearlspot (E. canarensis)	-	date uncertain	India	meat, pets	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus)	-	date uncertain	the Caribbean Sea	meat, tourism	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Northern red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus)^[213]	-	date uncertain	the Gulf of Mexico	meat, research	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Greater (Seriola dumerili), Japanese (S. quinqueradiata) and yellowtail amberjacks (S. lalandi); longfin yellowtail (S. rivoliana)^[214]^[215]	-	date uncertain	the Mediterranean Sea, Japan, Chile, Hawaii	meat	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Southern (Paralichthys lethostigma) and olive flounders (P. olivaceus)^[216]	-	the 1980s (uncertain for P. lethostigma)	the United States, Japan, China, Korea	meat	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
European (Anguilla anguilla), Japanese (A. japonica), American (A. rostrata), short-finned (A. australis) and New Zealand longfin eels (A. dieffenbachii^[217]^[218]^[219]^[220]	-	date uncertain	Europe, Asia, North America, Australia, New Zealand	meat, research, medicine, pets	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Sugarbag bee (Tetragonula carbonaria) and Indian stingless bee (T. iridipennis)	-	date uncertain	Australia, India	honey, wax, propolis, pollination	Held/tame in captivity		6a Hymenoptera
Dubia roach (Blaptica dubia)	-	date uncertain	Central America, South America	animal feed, pets	Captive-bred		6b Other insects
Mealworm (Tenebrio molitar) and superworm (Zophobas morio)	-	date uncertain	Europe	meat, animal feed, research	Captive-bred		6b Other insects
Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)	-	date uncertain	the United States	research	Captive-bred		6b Other insects
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)^[221]	-	date uncertain	the United States	meat, animal feed, pollination, decomposing	Captive-bred		6b Other insects
Waxworms (Achroia grisella and Galleria mellonella)	-	date uncertain	Europe?	meat, bait, animal feed, research	Captive-bred		6b Other insects
Mopane moth (Gonimbrasia belina)^[222]	-	date uncertain	Southern Africa	meat, silk	Captive-bred		6b Other insects
American cockroach (Periplaneta americana)^[223]	-	date uncertain	North America	meat, medicine, pets	Captive-bred		6b Other insects
Pacific beetle cockroach (Diploptera punctata)^[224]^[225]^[226]^[227]	-	date uncertain	Hawaii	research	Captive-bred		6b Other insects
Flame jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum)^[228]	-	date uncertain	China	meat, medicine, pets	Captive-bred		7c Other animals
Giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini)^[229]	-	date uncertain	Japan, Korea	meat, research, pets	Captive-bred		7a Mollusca
Common (Octopus vulgaris), common Sydney (O. tetricus), big blue (O. cyanea), Mexican four-eyed (O. maya), California two-spot (O. bimaculoides), Gould's (O. mimus), long arm (O. minor), Caribbean reef (O. briareus), Caribbean dwarf (O. mercatoris) and East Pacific red octopuses (O. rubescens)^[230]^[231]^[232]^[233]^[234]^[235]	-	date uncertain	Europe, Asia, North America, Western Australia, Hawaii, the Caribbean Sea	meat, ink, research, pets	Captive-bred		7a Mollusca
Webfoot (Amphioctopus fangsiao)^[236] and coconut octopus (A. marginatus)	-	date uncertain	South Korea, Sulawesi	meat, research, pets	Captive-bred		7a Mollusca
Common periwinkle (Littorina littorea)	-	date uncertain	Europe	meat, shells	Captive-bred		7a Mollusca
Garden snail (Cornu aspersum)	-	date uncertain	Europe	meat, eggs, shells, slime, pets	Captive-bred		7a Mollusca
Giant Ghana African snail (Achatina achatina)^[237]	-	date uncertain	Ghana, Kenya	meat, eggs, shells, slime, pets	Captive-bred		7a Mollusca
Giant East African (Lissachatina fulica)^[238] and African land snails (L. albopicta)	-	date uncertain	East Africa	meat, shells, slime, education, pets	Captive-bred		7a Mollusca
Pacific (Eptatretus stoutii) and inshore hagfishes (E. burgeri)^[239]^[240]	-	date uncertain	the United States, South Korea, Japan	meat, skins, slime	Captive-bred		5b Other fish
Mangrove horseshoe crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda)^[241]	-	date uncertain	Asia	meat, eggs, blood, pets	Captive-bred		6c Other arthropods
Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus)	-	date uncertain	North America	meat, blood, research, pets	Captive-bred		6c Other arthropods
Japanese (Tachypleus tridentatus) and Indo-Pacific horseshoe crabs (T. gigas)	-	date uncertain	Japan, China, India	meat, blood, pets	Captive-bred		6c Other arthropods
Mud crab (Scylla serrata)	-	date uncertain	Asia	meat, pets	Captive-bred		6c Other arthropods
(Portunus armatus)^[242]^[243]	-	date uncertain	Australia	meat	Captive-bred		6c Other arthropods
Spanner crab (Ranina ranina)^[244]	-	date uncertain	Australia	meat	Captive-bred		6c Other arthropods
European (Homarus gammarus) and American lobsters (H. americanus)^[245]^[246]^[247]	-	date uncertain	Europe, the United States	meat	Captive-bred		6c Other arthropods
American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus), northern leopard frog (L. pipiens) and wood frog (L. sylvaticus )	-	date uncertain	North America	meat, education, research, pets	Captive-bred		4a Anura
Northern green frog (Lithobates clamitans melanota)	-	date uncertain	North America	pets	Captive-bred		4a Anura
Pool (Pelophylax lessonae) and marsh frogs (P. ridibundus)^[248]	-	date uncertain	Europe	meat, pets	Captive-bred		4a Anura
Pig frog (Lithobates grylio)	-	date uncertain	North America	meat, pets	Captive-bred		4a Anura
Crab-eating frog (Fejervarya cancrivora)	-	date uncertain	Java	meat	Captive-bred		4a Anura
Chinese edible frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) and Indus Valley bullfrog (H. tigerinus)	-	date uncertain	China, Thailand	meat, pets	Captive-bred		4a Anura
Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa)	-	date uncertain	China	meat	Captive-bred		4a Anura
Edible dormouse (Glis glis)^[249]	-	classical antiquity (date uncertain)	Europe	meat, fat, fur, pets	Captured in the wild and fattened for food	Extended in the wild, no longer kept in captivity	1d Rodentia
Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)	-	the 14th century CE	Europe	meat	Captured in the wild or captive-bred	Extended in the wild and in captivity	7a Mollusca
New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus)	-	the 1970s	New Zealand	meat	Captured in the wild and captive-bred		7a Mollusca
Purple dye murex (Bolinus brandaris)	-	classical antiquity (date uncertain)	the central and western Mediterranean Sea	Tyrian purple, meat	Captive-bred	No longer bred	7a Mollusca
Banded dye-murex (Hexaplex trunculus)	-	classical antiquity (date uncertain)	the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean near the Mediterranean Sea	purple dye, meat	Captive-bred	No longer bred	7a Mollusca

Taxonomical groupings[]

The categories used in the Taxon group column are:

1a: Artiodactyla except Bovidae, 1b: Bovidae, 1c: Carnivora, 1d: Rodentia, 1e: Other mammals
2a: Anseriformes, 2b: Galliformes, 2c: Columbiformes, 2d: Passeriformes, 2e: Psittaciformes, 2f: Palaeognathae , 2g: Other birds
3a: Serpentes, 3b: Lacertilia, 3c: Testudines, 3d: Other reptiles
4a: Anura, 4b: Other amphibians
5a: Cyprinidae, 5b: Other fish
6a: Hymenoptera, 6b: Other insects, 6c: Other arthropods
7a: Mollusca, 7b: Annelida, 7c: Other animals

References[]

^ "How did we ever manage to domesticate so many animals?".
^ Price, T. Douglas; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2011). "The Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas". Current Anthropology. 52: S163–S174. doi:10.1086/659964. S2CID 128906192.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Gentry, A.; Clutton-Brock, J.; Groves, C. P. (2004). "The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 31 (5): 645–651. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006.
^ Fan, Zhenxin; Silva, Pedro; Gronau, Ilan; Wang, Shuoguo; Armero, Aitor Serres; Schweizer, Rena M.; Ramirez, Oscar; Pollinger, John; Galaverni, Marco; Ortega Del-Vecchyo, Diego; Du, Lianming; Zhang, Wenping; Zhang, Zhihe; Xing, Jinchuan; Vilà, Carles; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Godinho, Raquel; Yue, Bisong; Wayne, Robert K. (2016). "Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves". Genome Research. 26 (2): 163–173. doi:10.1101/gr.197517.115. PMC 4728369. PMID 26680994.
^ Sablin, Mikhail V.; Khlopachev, Gennady A. (2002). "The Earliest Ice Age Dogs: Evidence from Eliseevichi 11". Current Anthropology. 43 (5): 795–799. doi:10.1086/344372. S2CID 144574445.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Thalmann, O.; Shapiro, B.; Cui, P.; Schuenemann, V. J.; Sawyer, S. K.; Greenfield, D. L.; Germonpré, M. B.; Sablin, M. V.; López-Giráldez, F.; Domingo-Roura, X.; Napierala, H.; Uerpmann, H. -P.; Loponte, D. M.; Acosta, A. A.; Giemsch, L.; Schmitz, R. W.; Worthington, B.; Buikstra, J. E.; Druzhkova, A.; Graphodatsky, A. S.; Ovodov, N. D.; Wahlberg, N.; Freedman, A. H.; Schweizer, R. M.; Koepfli, K. -P.; Leonard, J. A.; Meyer, M.; Krause, J.; Pääbo, S.; et al. (2013). "Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs". Science. 342 (6160): 871–4. Bibcode:2013Sci...342..871T. doi:10.1126/science.1243650. hdl:10261/88173. PMID 24233726. S2CID 1526260.
^ Ding, Z.-L.; Oskarsson, M.; Ardalan, A.; Angleby, H.; Dahlgren, L.-G.; Tepeli, C.; Kirkness, E.; Savolainen, P.; Zhang, Y.-P. (May 2012). "Origins of domestic dog in Southern East Asia is supported by analysis of Y-chromosome DNA". Heredity. 108 (5): 507–514. doi:10.1038/hdy.2011.114. ISSN 1365-2540. PMC 3330686. PMID 22108628.
^ Wang, Guo-Dong; Zhai, Weiwei; Yang, He-Chuan; Wang, Lu; Zhong, Li; Liu, Yan-Hu; Fan, Ruo-Xi; Yin, Ting-Ting; Zhu, Chun-Ling; Poyarkov, Andrei D.; Irwin, David M. (January 2016). "Out of southern East Asia: the natural history of domestic dogs across the world". Cell Research. 26 (1): 21–33. doi:10.1038/cr.2015.147. ISSN 1748-7838. PMC 4816135. PMID 26667385.
^ Crapon de Caprona, Marie-Dominique; Savolainen, Peter (2013). "Extensive Phenotypic Diversity among South Chinese Dogs". ISRN Evolutionary Biology. 2013: 1–8. doi:10.5402/2013/621836. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Coppinger, Ray (2001). Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-85530-1.^{[page needed]}
^ Zeder, Melinda A. (2011). "The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East". Current Anthropology. 52: S221–S235. doi:10.1086/659307. S2CID 8202907.
^ Vigne, Jean-Denis (2011). "The origins of animal domestication and husbandry: A major change in the history of humanity and the biosphere". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 334 (3): 171–181. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.009. PMID 21377611.
^ "Guard Goat". Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
^ "The Domestication of Pigs - Sus scrofa's Two Distinct Histories". ThoughtCo. April 29, 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
^ "Pig Domestication in Ancient China". September 12, 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
^ Giuffra, E.; Kijas, J. M.; Amarger, V.; Carlborg, O.; Jeon, J. T.; Andersson, L. (2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: Independent domestication and subsequent introgression". Genetics. 154 (4): 1785–91. doi:10.1093/genetics/154.4.1785. PMC 1461048. PMID 10747069.
^ Larson, Greger; Dobney, Keith; Albarella, Umberto; Fang, Meiying; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Robins, Judith; Lowden, Stewart; Finlayson, Heather; Brand, Tina; Willerslev, Eske; Rowley-Conwy, Peter; Andersson, Leif; Cooper, Alan (2005). "Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication". Science. 307 (5715): 1618–21. Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1618L. doi:10.1126/science.1106927. PMID 15761152. S2CID 39923483.
^ Frantz, Laurent A F.; Schraiber, Joshua G.; Madsen, Ole; Megens, Hendrik-Jan; Cagan, Alex; Bosse, Mirte; Paudel, Yogesh; Crooijmans, Richard P M A.; Larson, Greger; Groenen, Martien A M. (2015). "Evidence of long-term gene flow and selection during domestication from analyses of Eurasian wild and domestic pig genomes". Nature Genetics. 47 (10): 1141–1148. doi:10.1038/ng.3394. PMID 26323058. S2CID 205350534.
^ "The Pig Pet Idea Project: Plausible or Unimaginable?". . October 14, 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ "What species is the ancestor of the domestic sheep?". . February 24, 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
^ Zeder, Melinda A. (2008). "Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (33): 11597–11604. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511597Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801317105. PMC 2575338. PMID 18697943.
^ Holt, Ben (13 April 2017). Animal Heroes: True Stories of Extraordinary Creatures. ISBN 9781786851369.
^ Cailey Rizzo. "Junkyard Owner Replaces Guard Dogs With Two Fighting Bulls Because It's Spain". www.travelandleisure.com.
^ Govan, Fiona (26 October 2016). "Bulls replace guard dogs at scrap yard in Valencia". www.thelocal.es.
^ Wendorf, Fred; Schild, Romuald (1998). "Nabta Playa and its Role in Northeastern African Prehistory". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 17 (2): 97–123. doi:10.1006/jaar.1998.0319.
^ Source : Laboratoire de Préhistoire et Protohistoire de l'Ouest de la France "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-06-26. Retrieved 2009-04-17.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), (in French).
^ "Origins of cattle farming in China uncovered". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Driscoll, C. A.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Roca, A. L.; Hupe, K.; Johnson, W. E.; Geffen, E.; Harley, E. H.; Delibes, M.; Pontier, D.; Kitchener, A. C.; Yamaguchi, N.; O'Brien, S. J.; Macdonald, D. W. (2007). "The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication". Science. 317 (5837): 519–523. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..519D. doi:10.1126/science.1139518. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 5612713. PMID 17600185.
^ West, Barbara; Zhou, Ben-Xiong (1989). "Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication". World's Poultry Science Journal. 45 (3): 205–218. doi:10.1079/WPS19890012.
^ "Identity of Pompeii's mystery horse revealed". University of Cambridge. December 17, 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
^ Beja-Pereira, Albano; et al. (18 June 2004). "African Origins of the Domestic Donkey". Science. 304 (1781): 1781. doi:10.1126/science.1096008. PMID 15205528. S2CID 12783335.
^ Roger Blench, "The history and spread of donkeys in Africa" (PDF). (235 KB)
^ "This is why people drink camel urine". Metro. June 11, 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
^ Peters, J. (1997). "The dromedary: Ancestry, history of domestication and medical treatment in early historic times". Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere. 25 (6): 559–565. PMID 9451759.
^ "The Genetic History of Horses". . November 7, 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
^ Outram, Alan K.; Stear, Natalie A.; Bendrey, Robin; Olsen, Sandra; Kasparov, Alexei; Zaibert, Victor; Thorpe, Nick; Evershed, Richard P. (2009). "The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking". Science. 323 (5919): 1332–5. Bibcode:2009Sci...323.1332O. doi:10.1126/science.1168594. PMID 19265018. S2CID 5126719. see also Domestication of the horse
^ Buckland, R., & Guy, G. (2002). Goose Production. Chapter 1: Origins and Breeds of Domestic Geese. FAO Agriculture Department.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b A. Rosati, C. Mosoni and A. Tewolde. [1]
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e D.L Johnson and B.K. Swartz, Jr. Evidence for Pre-Columbian Animal Domestication in the New World
^ "Thecozynest.com Is For Sale". www.thecozynest.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-23. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
^ Martial, L., (2005). Mision al Cabo de Hornos, la expedición científica francesa en la Romanche Julio de 1882 a setiembre de 1883. Ushuaia: Zaguier & Urruty Publications . pp. 225
^ Glover, James. "The Ancestry Of The Domestic Ferret". PetPeoplesPlace.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2006-09-12.
^ "New study reveals how wild rabbits were genetically transformed into tame rabbits". Phys. August 28, 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
^ "American Livestock Breeds Conservancy News". www.albc-usa.org.
^ Svanberg, Ingvar (2008). "Towards a cultural history of the Bengalese Finch (Lonchura domestica)". Der Zoologische Garten. 77 (5–6): 334–344. doi:10.1016/j.zoolgart.2008.05.003.
^ Royer, Nichole. "The History of Fancy Mice". American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association. AFRMA.org. Retrieved on 2015-12-25.
^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
^ Royer, Nichole. "The History of Fancy Rats". American Fancy Rat & Mouse Association.
^ Decuypere. "Is the Mink Domesticated?" (PDF).
^ Bist, S. S.; Cheeran, J. V.; Choudhury, S.; Barua, P.; Misra, M. K. (2002). "The domesticated Asian elephant in India". In I. Baker; M. Kashio (eds.). In Giants on our hands. Proc. Int. Workshop on the domesticated Asian elephant (PDF). pp. 129–148.
^ Crawley, Jennie AH; Lahdenperä, Mirkka; et al. (2019). "Investigating changes within the handling system of the largest semi-captive population of Asian elephants". PLOS ONE. 14 (1): e0209701. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1409701C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209701. PMC 6354975. PMID 30703121.
^ Locke, Piers (2011). "The ethnography of captive elephant management in Nepal: a synopsis" (PDF). Gajah. 34 (1): 32–40.
^ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/a/asian-elephant/#:~:text=The%20Asian%20elephant%20is%20classified,elephants%20left%20in%20the%20wild.
^ https://theconversation.com/what-should-we-do-about-the-15-000-asian-elephants-still-in-captivity-64620#:~:text=Nearly%20one%20in%20three%20Asian,challenges%2C%20but%20also%20some%20opportunities.
^ Roed, K. H.; Flagstad, O.; Nieminen, M.; Holand, O.; Dwyer, M. J.; Rov, N.; Vila, C. (2008). "Genetic analyses reveal independent domestication origins of Eurasian reindeer". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1645): 1849–1855. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0332. PMC 2593925. PMID 18460427.
^ "Cattle farmers learn how to farm game". Farmers Weekly. August 17, 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
^ "Article". opensiuc.lib.siu.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ "Ancient Egyptian Pets". www.epiceras-ancientegypt.com.
^ Zandee, Jan: Festschrift; Voss, Matthieu Sybrand Huibert Gerard Heerma van (6 February 1982). Studies in Egyptian Religion: Dedicated to Professor Jan Zandee. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004067288 – via Google Books.
^ "Fun Facts - Servals". georginadp6.weebly.com.
^ www.netboot.ch, Programmierung: Netboot Internet Solutions. "CatSG: Caracal". www.catsg.org.
^ "Ancient people in India and the Middle East tamed cheetahs and trained them to ride horses". . March 10, 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
^ "Cheetah cub petting is simply a selfie opportunity". Independent Online (South Africa). July 25, 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
^ "Farmers in China domesticated Asian Leopard Cats 5,000 Years Ago". . February 7, 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
^ "Search for the Common Genet (Genetta genetta) and other species in Southern France". . August 31, 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ "The Story of the Fallow Deer: An Exotic Aspect of British Globalisation". Environmental History. November 13, 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
^ "People Are Keeping Parasitic Leeches as Pets, And Letting Them Drink Their Blood". . July 21, 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
^ "Leech saliva drug could cut heart attacks by a third". The Daily Telegraph. September 3, 2001. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
^ "Milking the potential of deer". . October 23, 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
^ "Deer Milk Is Apparently a Real Thing (in New Zealand)". Modern Farmer. June 27, 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
^ User, Super. "We train rats to save lives". APOPO - we train rats to save lives. Archived from the original on 2016-07-30. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
^ "How to (safely) enjoy Japan's famed deer park". CNN. March 29, 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
^ "Alligator Blood May Lead to Powerful New Antibiotics". National Geographic. April 7, 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
^ "Once Upon A Time We Farmed Moose". . December 2, 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
^ Khoo, Gideon; Lim, Kok Fang; Gan, Damien K.Y.; Chen, Fan; Chan, Woon-Khiong; Lim, Tit Meng; Phang, Violet P.E. (2002). "Genetic Diversity Within and Among Feral Populations and Domesticated Strains of the Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) in Singapore". Marine Biotechnology. 4 (4): 367–378. doi:10.1007/s10126-002-0007-z. PMID 14961248. S2CID 8358855.
^ "Gucci owner gets teeth into snakeskin market with python farm". The Guardian. January 25, 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ "Kering and IUCN Boa & Python Specialist Group announce first report on captive breeding". IUCN. March 31, 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ Engebretson, M. (2006). "The welfare and suitability of parrots as companion animals: a review" (PDF). Animal Welfare. 15 (#3): 263–276.
^ "Therapy Birds: Emotional Support Animal? Or Merely A Pet?". . July 17, 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
^ "Data" (PDF). www.uaf.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-31. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ "Tamias sibiricus (Siberian chipmunk)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ "USGS NAS silver carp fact sheet". Archived from the original on 2009-05-10. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
^ "Cute native sugar gliders offer pest control solution for southern NSW farmers". ABC News. August 20, 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ "Lesser Rheas on a farm in Argentina. | Download Scientific Diagram". Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ King, J. M. (1979). "Game domestication for animal production in Kenya: Field studies of the body-water turnover of game and livestock". The Journal of Agricultural Science. 93: 71–79. doi:10.1017/S0021859600086147.
^ Nanjo, A.; Shibata, T.; Saito, M.; Yoshii, K.; Tanaka, M.; Nakanishi, T.; Fukuda, H.; Sakamoto, T.; Kato, G.; Sano, M. (2017). "Susceptibility of isogeneic ginbuna Carassius auratus langsdorfii Temminck et Schlegel to cyprinid herpesvirus‐2 (CyHV‐2) as a model species". Journal of Fish Diseases. 40 (2): 157–168. doi:10.1111/jfd.12500. PMID 27150547.
^ Cromberg, VU; Stein, MS; Boleli, IC; Tonhati, H.; Queiroz, SA (2007). "Reproductive and behavioral aspects of red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens) in groups with different sex ratios". Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola. 9 (3): 161–166. doi:10.1590/S1516-635X2007000300004.
^ "Hooded Crows as Pets: Keeping the World's Most Intelligent Bird". 12 May 2015.
^ Woolfson, Esther (22 April 2013). "Crazy for crows" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
^ "Crows as Pets: The African Pied Crow, a Most Intelligent Bird". 6 May 2013.
^ "CA Fish and Game seek to euthanize pet raven". CNN iReport. Archived from the original on 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
^ "Corvus brachyrhynchos (American crow)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ "Corvus frugilegus (rook)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ "I never knew a crow could be so attached to human beings". The Times of India. April 26, 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
^ Stonor, CR (1948). "Fishing with the Indian Darter (Anhinga melanogaster) in Assam". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 47 (4): 746–747.
^ "Anhima cornuta (horned screamer)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ "Eagles vs drones: French army trains birds of prey for combat". The Irish Times. November 18, 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
^ "Eagles Trained To Take Down Drones". . February 2, 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
^ "Bald eagles deployed to defend beachgoers from 'scary' seagull attacks". The Daily Telegraph. April 18, 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
^ "Couple's falconry business takes off". Darlington & Stockton Times. February 18, 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ "Couple's falconry business takes off". Darlington and Stockton Times.
^ Association, Press (29 July 2015). "Overdue recognition: owl issued library card after solving university's gull woes". The Guardian.
^ "Strix aluco (tawny owl)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ "Aldens". www.aldenoxford.co.uk.
^ "Mad about the boar". . July 27, 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
^ "Gardeners buy wallabies as lawnmowers". The Daily Telegraph. May 11, 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
^ "Forget cattle, kangaroos are the future of farming". Stuff. November 8, 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
^ "Senator wants to kick start discussion about allowing certain native animals as pets". news.com.au. March 19, 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ "Dasyurus viverrinus (eastern quoll)". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
^ "Dasyurus geoffroii (western quoll)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ "Dasyurus hallucatus (northern quoll)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ Feeroz, M. M., Begum, S. and Hasan, M. K. (2011). "Fishing with Otters: a Traditional Conservation Practice in Bangladesh". Proceedings of XIth International Otter Colloquium. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin (28A): 14–21.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Parsons, Eleanor. "The 1830s seamstress who solved Aristotle's octopus mystery". New Scientist.
^ "Martes foina (beech marten)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ "Posts Tagged 'Kolonok'". . May 15, 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
^ "The Weasel in Antiquity: Pet or Pest?". . October 28, 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
^ "Mustela kathiah (yellow-bellied weasel)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ "Are Raccoons Good to Have Around the Yard?". homeguides.sfgate.com.
^ "Nasua nasua (South American coati)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ "Why This Critter Was The Must-Have Pet For Gold Miners". io9. July 22, 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
^ "Tamandua tetradactyla (southern tamandua)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ "Tamandua mexicana (northern tamandua)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ "Porcupines Expose Pitfalls of Wildlife Farming". . December 16, 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
^ "Weekend trip to Dong Nai porcupine, bamboo rat farm". . January 16, 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
^ "Micromys minutus (Eurasian harvest mouse)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ Aust, P. W.; Van Tri, N.; Natusch, D. J.; Alexander, G. J. (2017). "Asian snake farms: conservation curse or sustainable enterprise?". Oryx. 51 (3): 498–505. doi:10.1017/S003060531600034X.
^ Dharmananda, Subhuti, Endangered species issues affecting turtles and tortoises in Chinese medicine, Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon, retrieved 5 September 2016
^ Haitao, Shi; Parham, James F.; Zhiyong, Fan; Meiling, Hong; Feng, Yin (2008). "Evidence for the massive scale of turtle farming in China". Oryx. 42. doi:10.1017/S0030605308000562.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-01-21.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Accounts" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ Aguiar, Julio C.; Adriano, Edson A.; Mathews, Patrick D. (2017). "Morphology and molecular phylogeny of a new Myxidium species (Cnidaria: Myxosporea) infecting the farmed turtle Podocnemis expansa (Testudines: Podocnemididae) in the Brazilian Amazon". Parasitology International. 66 (1): 825–830. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2016.09.013. PMID 27693559.
^ "Crocodile farming in Africa – An Interesting Niche Business Many People Don't Know About, and a Success Story from Kenya - Smallstarter Africa". www.smallstarter.com. 2015-10-19.
^ "Buwama Crocodile Farm Uganda, Crocodile Tourism in Uganda". Speedway Safaris.
^ "Crocodile Farm:: trade technology Project Information". www.primaryinfo.com.
^ "Crocodile farming in Australia" – via www.ft.com.
^ Crocodile Farming in Papua New Guinea - Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics - The National Academies Press. 1983. doi:10.17226/18531. ISBN 978-0-309-29386-0.
^ "Crocodile Blood: Could be the New Source for Antibiotics and HIV Cure". . April 21, 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
^ "Bird's nest boom". Inside Indonesia. April 18, 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
^ "Spider venom key to pain relief without side-effects". ScienceDaily. April 14, 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
^ "University of Antarctica News: Restaurant Scandal". antarcticaedu.com.
^ "The many rewards of game farming in the Karoo". Farmers Weekly. May 27, 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
^ "Big bucks for game ranchers". Mail & Guardian. January 6, 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
^ "Optimizing game production in a new era: The road to financial success". Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (South Africa). November 17, 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ "Breeding high-value game species in North West". Farmers Weekly. November 19, 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
^ "The York family & Breeding Golden Wildebeest". Farmer's Weekly. July 29, 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
^ "Transforming game farming". ANN7. March 13, 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
^ "Eastern Cape farmer earns big with blesbok variants". Farmers Weekly. April 1, 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
^ "Farmer bridles blue bull to plough fields in Ujjain district". The Times of India. February 7, 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^ "How to start farming high-value game species". Farmer's Weekly. July 10, 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ "Barbary sheep: farming potential?". Farmer's Weekly. July 22, 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
^ "Black gold: disease-free buffalo farming". Farmers Weekly. October 11, 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ "Commercial buffalo breeding: 'It's not just for the rich'". Farmers Weekly. July 6, 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
^ "Pigtrop - about pig production in developing countries - Commercial farming of collared peccary / Genetic and Biodiversity / Subjects". pigtrop.cirad.fr.
^ "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: White-lipped Deer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. November 17, 2014.
^ "Deer Farming Bill Hits a Snag". . February 17, 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
^ "Musk Deer farming as a conservation tool in China (Scanned PDF, 3.7 MB)" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ Xiuxiang, Meng; Caiquan, Zhou; Jinchu, Hu; Cao, Li; Zhibin, Meng; Jinchao, Feng; Yijun, Zhou; Yinjiu, Zhu (2006). "Musk deer farming in China". Animal Science. 82: 1–6. doi:10.1079/ASC200516.
^ "Musk deer farm in Pithoragarh dying slow death?". Hindustan Times. October 15, 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
^ "Faculty of Tropical AgriScience". www.ftz.czu.cz.
^ "The golden fleece". The Guardian. October 1, 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
^ Richardson, Nigel (November 11, 2017). "Can farming rhinos for their horns save the species?". The Telegraph. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
^ "An Inside Look at the World's Biggest Rhino Farm". National Geographic. January 22, 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ "Know Your Cat - Rusty-Spotted Cats". www.knowyourcat.info.
^ "Russian family keeps pet fishing cat". . April 12, 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
^ "In Pics: Ethiopia's Harar city uses hyenas for waste management". Hindustan Times. July 18, 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ "Taming Ethiopia's hyenas". BBC News. April 12, 2004. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ "The hyena men of Nigeria: Nomads tame baboons and snakes to make them perform". The Independent. March 2, 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ Brottman, Mikita (15 February 2013). Hyena. Reaktion Books. ISBN 9781861899415 – via Google Books.
^ "When Fennec Foxes Make Good Pets". The Spruce Pets.
^ Coonan, Timothy J.; Schwemm, Catherin A.; Garcelon, David K. (22 July 2010). Decline and Recovery of the Island Fox: A Case Study for Population Recovery. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139491563 – via Google Books.
^ "Thursday [Wednesday] Woof - Cerdocyon thous Edition". . October 10, 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
^ Rushby, Kevin (12 March 2016). "In the company of wolves: animal encounters in Narvik, Norway". The Guardian.
^ "Kazakhstan: Villagers use 'guard wolves' for protection". BBC News. BBC. December 17, 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
^ "The Reindeer Riders". . February 25, 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
^ "Hugging with wolves: Chinese businessman spends ¥1 million a year on his passion for 150 wild animals". South China Morning Post. December 14, 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
^ al-Zaidi, Mohammed. "The Iraqi Man Who Made Local Predators His Best Friends".
^ "In a Kurdish village, wolves and sheep live in domestic harmony". Rudaw Media Network. June 19, 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
^ "The Saudi Family Keeping Wolves as Pets". . January 26, 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
^ "The wolf at our door". . February 23, 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
^ "Therapy Wolves Become Guides for Troubled Teens". Good News Network. July 1, 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
^ "The loyalty of Captain Hare's pet Spanish wolf". . June 29, 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
^ "Rescued Coyote Becomes Lifelong Friend With The Family That Saved His Life". . May 21, 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
^ "Dumped box of 'puppies' turn out to be baby jackals". Metro. August 29, 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
^ "Suricata suricatta (meerkat)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ "Yorkshire meerkats used for therapy in care homes". BBC News. February 21, 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
^ "Ruddy mongoose".
^ "Pet mongoose in Hawaii". . July 28, 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
^ "Osphronemus goramy summary page".
^ Budi, Darmawan Setia; Alimuddin; Suprayudi, Muhammad Agus (2015). "Growth Response and Feed Utilization of Giant Gourami ( Osphronemus goramy ) Juvenile Feeding Different Protein Levels of the Diets Supplemented with Recombinant Growth Hormone". HAYATI Journal of Biosciences. 22: 12–19. doi:10.4308/hjb.22.1.12.
^ "US entrepreneurs out to prove yellowfin tuna can be farmed". . July 8, 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
^ "Hawaii Approves First Bigeye Tuna Farm". thefishsite.com.
^ "Caviar Dreams: Why A Florida Startup Is Farming Siberian Sturgeon Amid The Spanish Moss". Forbes. November 30, 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
^ Jarvis, Peter L.; Ballantyne, James S. (2 April 2003). "Metabolic responses to salinity acclimation in juvenile shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum". Aquaculture. 219 (1–4): 891–909. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00063-2.
^ Alavi, Sayyed Mohammad Hadi; Cosson, Jacky (2005). "Sperm motility and fertilizing ability in the Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus". Aquaculture Research. 36 (9): 841–850. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01292.x.
^ "As sturgeon farming grows, demand concerns emerge". Global Aquaculture Alliance. November 7, 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
^ "Greener alternatives for giant grouper". World Wide Fund for Nature. November 6, 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
^ "FAO: FIGIS query for Greasy Grouper total production". FAO - Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Branch. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
^ Cunha, Maria Emília; Quental, Hugo; Barradas, Ana; Pousão-Ferreira, Pedro; Cabrita, Elsa; Engrola, Sofia (2009). "Rearing larvae of dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834), (Pisces: Serranidae) in a semi-extensive mesocosm". Scientia Marina. 73: 201–212. doi:10.3989/scimar.2009.73s1201.
^ "Barramundi aquaculture". Government of Queensland. June 27, 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
^ "Nile Perch Farming in Iganga". . May 22, 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2020.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "Aquaculture". www.fishbase.se.
^ "Data" (PDF). core.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ Mendoza Alfaro, Roberto; González, Carlos Aguilera; Ferrara, Allyse M. (2008). "Gar biology and culture: Status and prospects". Aquaculture Research. 39 (7): 748–763. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.01927.x.
^ Clay, Tim A.; Suchy, Mark D.; Ferrara, Allyse M.; Fontenot, Quenton C.; Lorio, Wendell (2011). "Early Growth and Survival of Larval Alligator Gar, Atractosteus spatula, Reared on Artificial Floating Feed with or without a Live Artemia spp. Supplement". Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 42 (3): 412–416. doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.2011.00481.x.
^ "The 7 Wonderful Gar of the World". 2016-09-06.
^ tuoitrenews (2014-11-22). "Cultivating giant carps creates giant profits in Vietnam". Vietnam Breaking News. Retrieved 2019-01-12.
^ "Saving an Endangered Fish by Eating More of It - BusinessWeek Education Resource Center". resourcecenter.businessweek.com. Archived from the original on 2017-01-06. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
^ ศิริสัมพันธ์, ธาวิดา (2018-04-07). ศิริวรรณ อะราไพม่า ฟาร์มนครปฐม เพาะเลี้ยงปลาช่อนอะเมซอนส่งขายทั่วโลก ได้เพียงที่เดียวในประเทศ. Technology Chaoban Magazine (in Thai).
^ "Silurus glanis (wels catfish)". www.cabi.org.
^ Hoseini, Seyyed Morteza; Rajabiesterabadi, Hamid; Tarkhani, Reza (2015). "Anaesthetic efficacy of eugenol on iridescent shark, Pangasius hypophthalmus(Sauvage, 1878) in different size classes". Aquaculture Research. 46 (2): 405–412. doi:10.1111/are.12188.
^ "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Aquatic species". 5 November 2015. Archived from the original on 5 November 2015.
^ Anoop, Aabha (November 1, 2016). "Reaping gold from Karimeen farming". The Hindu. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
^ "Gulf Coast Research Laboratory". gcrl.usm.edu.
^ "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture Seriola dumerili". www.fao.org.
^ "Amberjack culture" (PDF). www.oceanicinstitute.org. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ Alam, M.S.; Watanabe, W.O.; Carroll, P.M.; Gabel, J.E.; Corum, M.A.; Seaton, P.; Wedegaertner, T.C.; Rathore, K.S.; Dowd, M.K. (2018). "Evaluation of genetically-improved (glandless) and genetically-modified low-gossypol cottonseed meal as alternative protein sources in the diet of juvenile southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma reared in a recirculating aquaculture system". Aquaculture. 489: 36–45. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.02.006.
^ "The world's most responsible eel farm is located in Denmark - Royal Danish Fish". www.royaldanishfish.com.
^ "A guide to eel farming". thefishsite.com.
^ "When an Endangered Species Endangers a Culture". The Atlantic. January 12, 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ "Eel Farms in Maine? Idea is Gaining Traction". Maine Public Broadcasting Network. January 15, 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ "Intensive Black Soldier Fly Farming". . July 30, 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ "Mopane Worms – BIZ". www.bio-innovation.org. 8 May 2016.
^ "Cockroach farms multiplying in China". Los Angeles Times. October 15, 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
^ Banerjee, Sanchari; Coussens, Nathan P.; Gallat, François-Xavier; Sathyanarayanan, Nitish; Srikanth, Jandhyam; Yagi, Koichiro J.; Gray, James S. S.; Tobe, Stephen S.; Stay, Barbara; Chavas, Leonard M. G.; Ramaswamy, Subramanian (2016). "Structure of a heterogeneous, glycosylated, lipid-bound, in vivo-grown protein crystal at atomic resolution from the viviparous cockroach Diploptera punctata". IUCrJ. 3 (4): 282–293. doi:10.1107/S2052252516008903. PMC 4937783. PMID 27437115.
^ Kumar, Chethan (2016-07-19). "Pesky cockroaches give scientists some high-protein food for thought". Times of India. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
^ Guarino, Ben (2016-07-26). "The case for cockroach milk: The next superfood?". Washington Post. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
^ Williford, Anna; Stay, Barbara; Bhattacharya, Debashish (2004). "Evolution of a novel function: Nutritive milk in the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata". Evolution and Development. 6 (2): 67–77. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2004.04012.x. PMID 15009119. S2CID 31048064.
^ Dong, Jing; Jiang, Lian-xin; Tan, Ke-fei; Liu, Hai-Ying; Purcell, Jennifer E.; Li, Pei-jun; Ye, Chang-Chen (2009). "Stock enhancement of the edible jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum Kishinouye) in Liaodong Bay, China: A review". Hydrobiologia. 616: 113–118. doi:10.1007/s10750-008-9592-9. S2CID 25418081.
^ "Fully-farmed octopus from Nissui to reach market as soon as 2020". . June 22, 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
^ "Tantalising tentacles: octopus could be the next big thing in aquaculture". The Conservation. August 29, 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ Rosas, Carlos; Cuzon, Gerard; Pascual, Cristina; Gaxiola, Gabriela; Chay, Darwin; López, Nelda; Maldonado, Teresita; Domingues, Pedro M. (2007). "Energy balance of Octopus maya fed crab or an artificial diet". Marine Biology. 152 (2): 371–381. doi:10.1007/s00227-007-0692-2. S2CID 88668944.
^ Solorzano, Yesika; Viana, María Teresa; López, Lus M.; Correa, Juan Gabriel; True, Conal C.; Rosas, Carlos (2009). "Response of newly hatched Octopus bimaculoides fed enriched Artemia salina: Growth performance, ontogeny of the digestive enzyme and tissue amino acid content". Aquaculture. 289 (1–2): 84–90. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.12.036.
^ Baltazar, Paul; Rodríguez, Pilar; Rivera, William; Valdivieso, Violeta (2014). "Cultivo Experimental de Octopus Mimus, Gould 1852 en el Perú". Revista Peruana de Biología. 7 (2). doi:10.15381/rpb.v7i2.6818.
^ "Octopus Aquaculture A tour Of The Kanaloa Octopus Farm". . July 10, 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
^ "Octopus briareus (Caribbean reef octopus)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ Segawa, S.; Nomoto, A. (2002). "Laboratory growth, feeding, oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of Octopus ocellatus". Bulletin of Marine Science. 71: 801–813.
^ "Starting your snail farm in Ghana". . August 13, 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ "Snail Farming - How to farm these slow creatures for fast profits in Africa - Smallstarter Africa". www.smallstarter.com. 2013-02-23.
^ "Slimy hagfish farms growing". The Herald. April 14, 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ "Hagfish Slime: Biomaterial Of The Future?". IFLScience.
^ "Why is horseshoe crab blood so vital to pharmaceuticals?". Mother Nature Network. March 11, 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ "commercial blue swimmer crab farming in Queensland". Prezi. June 24, 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
^ "Crab and mud crab farm" (PDF). www.acfs.go.th. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ Minagawa, Megumi (1993). "Relative Growth and Sexual Dimorphism in the Red Frog Crab Ranina ranina (Decapoda: Raninidae)". Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 59 (12): 2025–2030. doi:10.2331/suisan.59.2025.
^ "Could lobster farming become a new industry for Coastal areas?". 2014-07-10.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-05. Retrieved 2018-02-04.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Info" (PDF). www.diversifyfish.eu. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ "Intensive frog farming takes giant leap forward". New Scientist. September 1, 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ "London retailer to sell unusual pet". . December 11, 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

[Table_of_Domesticated_Animals-1] "How did we ever manage to domesticate so many animals?".

[2] Price, T. Douglas; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2011). "The Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas". Current Anthropology. 52: S163–S174. doi:10.1086/659964. S2CID 128906192.

[Gentry2004-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Gentry, A.; Clutton-Brock, J.; Groves, C. P. (2004). "The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 31 (5): 645–651. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006.

[4] Fan, Zhenxin; Silva, Pedro; Gronau, Ilan; Wang, Shuoguo; Armero, Aitor Serres; Schweizer, Rena M.; Ramirez, Oscar; Pollinger, John; Galaverni, Marco; Ortega Del-Vecchyo, Diego; Du, Lianming; Zhang, Wenping; Zhang, Zhihe; Xing, Jinchuan; Vilà, Carles; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Godinho, Raquel; Yue, Bisong; Wayne, Robert K. (2016). "Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves". Genome Research. 26 (2): 163–173. doi:10.1101/gr.197517.115. PMC 4728369. PMID 26680994.

[5] Sablin, Mikhail V.; Khlopachev, Gennady A. (2002). "The Earliest Ice Age Dogs: Evidence from Eliseevichi 11". Current Anthropology. 43 (5): 795–799. doi:10.1086/344372. S2CID 144574445.

[thalmann2013-6] Jump up to: ^a ^b Thalmann, O.; Shapiro, B.; Cui, P.; Schuenemann, V. J.; Sawyer, S. K.; Greenfield, D. L.; Germonpré, M. B.; Sablin, M. V.; López-Giráldez, F.; Domingo-Roura, X.; Napierala, H.; Uerpmann, H. -P.; Loponte, D. M.; Acosta, A. A.; Giemsch, L.; Schmitz, R. W.; Worthington, B.; Buikstra, J. E.; Druzhkova, A.; Graphodatsky, A. S.; Ovodov, N. D.; Wahlberg, N.; Freedman, A. H.; Schweizer, R. M.; Koepfli, K. -P.; Leonard, J. A.; Meyer, M.; Krause, J.; Pääbo, S.; et al. (2013). "Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs". Science. 342 (6160): 871–4. Bibcode:2013Sci...342..871T. doi:10.1126/science.1243650. hdl:10261/88173. PMID 24233726. S2CID 1526260.

[7] Ding, Z.-L.; Oskarsson, M.; Ardalan, A.; Angleby, H.; Dahlgren, L.-G.; Tepeli, C.; Kirkness, E.; Savolainen, P.; Zhang, Y.-P. (May 2012). "Origins of domestic dog in Southern East Asia is supported by analysis of Y-chromosome DNA". Heredity. 108 (5): 507–514. doi:10.1038/hdy.2011.114. ISSN 1365-2540. PMC 3330686. PMID 22108628.

[8] Wang, Guo-Dong; Zhai, Weiwei; Yang, He-Chuan; Wang, Lu; Zhong, Li; Liu, Yan-Hu; Fan, Ruo-Xi; Yin, Ting-Ting; Zhu, Chun-Ling; Poyarkov, Andrei D.; Irwin, David M. (January 2016). "Out of southern East Asia: the natural history of domestic dogs across the world". Cell Research. 26 (1): 21–33. doi:10.1038/cr.2015.147. ISSN 1748-7838. PMC 4816135. PMID 26667385.

[9] Crapon de Caprona, Marie-Dominique; Savolainen, Peter (2013). "Extensive Phenotypic Diversity among South Chinese Dogs". ISRN Evolutionary Biology. 2013: 1–8. doi:10.5402/2013/621836. Retrieved 2020-01-16.

[Coppinger,_Ray_2001-10] Jump up to: ^a ^b Coppinger, Ray (2001). Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-85530-1.^{[page needed]}

[11] Zeder, Melinda A. (2011). "The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East". Current Anthropology. 52: S221–S235. doi:10.1086/659307. S2CID 8202907.

[12] Vigne, Jean-Denis (2011). "The origins of animal domestication and husbandry: A major change in the history of humanity and the biosphere". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 334 (3): 171–181. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.009. PMID 21377611.

[13] "Guard Goat". Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2018-01-22.

[14] "The Domestication of Pigs - Sus scrofa's Two Distinct Histories". ThoughtCo. April 29, 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.

[15] "Pig Domestication in Ancient China". September 12, 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2017.

[16] Giuffra, E.; Kijas, J. M.; Amarger, V.; Carlborg, O.; Jeon, J. T.; Andersson, L. (2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: Independent domestication and subsequent introgression". Genetics. 154 (4): 1785–91. doi:10.1093/genetics/154.4.1785. PMC 1461048. PMID 10747069.

[17] Larson, Greger; Dobney, Keith; Albarella, Umberto; Fang, Meiying; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Robins, Judith; Lowden, Stewart; Finlayson, Heather; Brand, Tina; Willerslev, Eske; Rowley-Conwy, Peter; Andersson, Leif; Cooper, Alan (2005). "Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication". Science. 307 (5715): 1618–21. Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1618L. doi:10.1126/science.1106927. PMID 15761152. S2CID 39923483.

[18] Frantz, Laurent A F.; Schraiber, Joshua G.; Madsen, Ole; Megens, Hendrik-Jan; Cagan, Alex; Bosse, Mirte; Paudel, Yogesh; Crooijmans, Richard P M A.; Larson, Greger; Groenen, Martien A M. (2015). "Evidence of long-term gene flow and selection during domestication from analyses of Eurasian wild and domestic pig genomes". Nature Genetics. 47 (10): 1141–1148. doi:10.1038/ng.3394. PMID 26323058. S2CID 205350534.

[19] "The Pig Pet Idea Project: Plausible or Unimaginable?". . October 14, 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2018.

[20] "What species is the ancestor of the domestic sheep?". . February 24, 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2017.

[21] Zeder, Melinda A. (2008). "Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (33): 11597–11604. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511597Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801317105. PMC 2575338. PMID 18697943.

[22] Holt, Ben (13 April 2017). Animal Heroes: True Stories of Extraordinary Creatures. ISBN 9781786851369.

[23] Cailey Rizzo. "Junkyard Owner Replaces Guard Dogs With Two Fighting Bulls Because It's Spain". www.travelandleisure.com.

[24] Govan, Fiona (26 October 2016). "Bulls replace guard dogs at scrap yard in Valencia". www.thelocal.es.

[25] Wendorf, Fred; Schild, Romuald (1998). "Nabta Playa and its Role in Northeastern African Prehistory". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 17 (2): 97–123. doi:10.1006/jaar.1998.0319.

[26] Source : Laboratoire de Préhistoire et Protohistoire de l'Ouest de la France "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-06-26. Retrieved 2009-04-17.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), (in French).

[27] "Origins of cattle farming in China uncovered". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2020-01-16.

[Driscoll07-28] Jump up to: ^a ^b Driscoll, C. A.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Roca, A. L.; Hupe, K.; Johnson, W. E.; Geffen, E.; Harley, E. H.; Delibes, M.; Pontier, D.; Kitchener, A. C.; Yamaguchi, N.; O'Brien, S. J.; Macdonald, D. W. (2007). "The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication". Science. 317 (5837): 519–523. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..519D. doi:10.1126/science.1139518. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 5612713. PMID 17600185.

[29] West, Barbara; Zhou, Ben-Xiong (1989). "Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication". World's Poultry Science Journal. 45 (3): 205–218. doi:10.1079/WPS19890012.

[30] "Identity of Pompeii's mystery horse revealed". University of Cambridge. December 17, 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2017.

[31] Beja-Pereira, Albano; et al. (18 June 2004). "African Origins of the Domestic Donkey". Science. 304 (1781): 1781. doi:10.1126/science.1096008. PMID 15205528. S2CID 12783335.

[32] Roger Blench, "The history and spread of donkeys in Africa" (PDF). (235 KB)

[33] "This is why people drink camel urine". Metro. June 11, 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2020.

[34] Peters, J. (1997). "The dromedary: Ancestry, history of domestication and medical treatment in early historic times". Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere. 25 (6): 559–565. PMID 9451759.

[35] "The Genetic History of Horses". . November 7, 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2017.

[36] Outram, Alan K.; Stear, Natalie A.; Bendrey, Robin; Olsen, Sandra; Kasparov, Alexei; Zaibert, Victor; Thorpe, Nick; Evershed, Richard P. (2009). "The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking". Science. 323 (5919): 1332–5. Bibcode:2009Sci...323.1332O. doi:10.1126/science.1168594. PMID 19265018. S2CID 5126719. see also Domestication of the horse

[37] Buckland, R., & Guy, G. (2002). Goose Production. Chapter 1: Origins and Breeds of Domestic Geese. FAO Agriculture Department.

[books.google-38] Jump up to: ^a ^b A. Rosati, C. Mosoni and A. Tewolde. [1]

[wichita1-39] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e D.L Johnson and B.K. Swartz, Jr. Evidence for Pre-Columbian Animal Domestication in the New World

[40] "Thecozynest.com Is For Sale". www.thecozynest.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-23. Retrieved 2010-01-25.

[41] Martial, L., (2005). Mision al Cabo de Hornos, la expedición científica francesa en la Romanche Julio de 1882 a setiembre de 1883. Ushuaia: Zaguier & Urruty Publications . pp. 225

[42] Glover, James. "The Ancestry Of The Domestic Ferret". PetPeoplesPlace.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2006-09-12.

[43] "New study reveals how wild rabbits were genetically transformed into tame rabbits". Phys. August 28, 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2017.

[44] "American Livestock Breeds Conservancy News". www.albc-usa.org.

[45] Svanberg, Ingvar (2008). "Towards a cultural history of the Bengalese Finch (Lonchura domestica)". Der Zoologische Garten. 77 (5–6): 334–344. doi:10.1016/j.zoolgart.2008.05.003.

[46] Royer, Nichole. "The History of Fancy Mice". American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association. AFRMA.org. Retrieved on 2015-12-25.

[47] "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

[48] Royer, Nichole. "The History of Fancy Rats". American Fancy Rat & Mouse Association.

[49] Decuypere. "Is the Mink Domesticated?" (PDF).

[50] Bist, S. S.; Cheeran, J. V.; Choudhury, S.; Barua, P.; Misra, M. K. (2002). "The domesticated Asian elephant in India". In I. Baker; M. Kashio (eds.). In Giants on our hands. Proc. Int. Workshop on the domesticated Asian elephant (PDF). pp. 129–148.

[51] Crawley, Jennie AH; Lahdenperä, Mirkka; et al. (2019). "Investigating changes within the handling system of the largest semi-captive population of Asian elephants". PLOS ONE. 14 (1): e0209701. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1409701C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209701. PMC 6354975. PMID 30703121.

[52] Locke, Piers (2011). "The ethnography of captive elephant management in Nepal: a synopsis" (PDF). Gajah. 34 (1): 32–40.

[53] ttps://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/a/asian-elephant/#:~:text=The%20Asian%20elephant%20is%20classified,elephants%20left%20in%20the%20wild.

[54] ttps://theconversation.com/what-should-we-do-about-the-15-000-asian-elephants-still-in-captivity-64620#:~:text=Nearly%20one%20in%20three%20Asian,challenges%2C%20but%20also%20some%20opportunities.

[55] Roed, K. H.; Flagstad, O.; Nieminen, M.; Holand, O.; Dwyer, M. J.; Rov, N.; Vila, C. (2008). "Genetic analyses reveal independent domestication origins of Eurasian reindeer". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1645): 1849–1855. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0332. PMC 2593925. PMID 18460427.

[56] "Cattle farmers learn how to farm game". Farmers Weekly. August 17, 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2019.

[57] "Article". opensiuc.lib.siu.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-29.

[58] "Ancient Egyptian Pets". www.epiceras-ancientegypt.com.

[59] Zandee, Jan: Festschrift; Voss, Matthieu Sybrand Huibert Gerard Heerma van (6 February 1982). Studies in Egyptian Religion: Dedicated to Professor Jan Zandee. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004067288 – via Google Books.

[60] "Fun Facts - Servals". georginadp6.weebly.com.

[61] www.netboot.ch, Programmierung: Netboot Internet Solutions. "CatSG: Caracal". www.catsg.org.

[62] "Ancient people in India and the Middle East tamed cheetahs and trained them to ride horses". . March 10, 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2018.

[63] "Cheetah cub petting is simply a selfie opportunity". Independent Online (South Africa). July 25, 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2020.

[64] "Farmers in China domesticated Asian Leopard Cats 5,000 Years Ago". . February 7, 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2017.

[65] "Search for the Common Genet (Genetta genetta) and other species in Southern France". . August 31, 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2017.

[66] "The Story of the Fallow Deer: An Exotic Aspect of British Globalisation". Environmental History. November 13, 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2020.

[67] "People Are Keeping Parasitic Leeches as Pets, And Letting Them Drink Their Blood". . July 21, 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2020.

[68] "Leech saliva drug could cut heart attacks by a third". The Daily Telegraph. September 3, 2001. Retrieved 23 June 2020.

[69] "Milking the potential of deer". . October 23, 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2019.

[70] "Deer Milk Is Apparently a Real Thing (in New Zealand)". Modern Farmer. June 27, 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2019.

[71] User, Super. "We train rats to save lives". APOPO - we train rats to save lives. Archived from the original on 2016-07-30. Retrieved 2017-07-21.

[72] "How to (safely) enjoy Japan's famed deer park". CNN. March 29, 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2020.

[73] "Alligator Blood May Lead to Powerful New Antibiotics". National Geographic. April 7, 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2020.

[74] "Once Upon A Time We Farmed Moose". . December 2, 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2018.

[Guideon,_et_al.-75] Khoo, Gideon; Lim, Kok Fang; Gan, Damien K.Y.; Chen, Fan; Chan, Woon-Khiong; Lim, Tit Meng; Phang, Violet P.E. (2002). "Genetic Diversity Within and Among Feral Populations and Domesticated Strains of the Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) in Singapore". Marine Biotechnology. 4 (4): 367–378. doi:10.1007/s10126-002-0007-z. PMID 14961248. S2CID 8358855.

[76] "Gucci owner gets teeth into snakeskin market with python farm". The Guardian. January 25, 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[77] "Kering and IUCN Boa & Python Specialist Group announce first report on captive breeding". IUCN. March 31, 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[78] Engebretson, M. (2006). "The welfare and suitability of parrots as companion animals: a review" (PDF). Animal Welfare. 15 (#3): 263–276.

[79] "Therapy Birds: Emotional Support Animal? Or Merely A Pet?". . July 17, 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2020.

[80] "Data" (PDF). www.uaf.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-31. Retrieved 2020-03-29.

[81] "Tamias sibiricus (Siberian chipmunk)". Animal Diversity Web.

[factsheet-82] "USGS NAS silver carp fact sheet". Archived from the original on 2009-05-10. Retrieved 2019-01-13.

[83] "Cute native sugar gliders offer pest control solution for southern NSW farmers". ABC News. August 20, 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2019.

[84] "Lesser Rheas on a farm in Argentina. | Download Scientific Diagram". Retrieved 2020-03-29.

[85] King, J. M. (1979). "Game domestication for animal production in Kenya: Field studies of the body-water turnover of game and livestock". The Journal of Agricultural Science. 93: 71–79. doi:10.1017/S0021859600086147.

[nanjo-86] Nanjo, A.; Shibata, T.; Saito, M.; Yoshii, K.; Tanaka, M.; Nakanishi, T.; Fukuda, H.; Sakamoto, T.; Kato, G.; Sano, M. (2017). "Susceptibility of isogeneic ginbuna Carassius auratus langsdorfii Temminck et Schlegel to cyprinid herpesvirus‐2 (CyHV‐2) as a model species". Journal of Fish Diseases. 40 (2): 157–168. doi:10.1111/jfd.12500. PMID 27150547.

[87] Cromberg, VU; Stein, MS; Boleli, IC; Tonhati, H.; Queiroz, SA (2007). "Reproductive and behavioral aspects of red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens) in groups with different sex ratios". Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola. 9 (3): 161–166. doi:10.1590/S1516-635X2007000300004.

[88] "Hooded Crows as Pets: Keeping the World's Most Intelligent Bird". 12 May 2015.

[89] Woolfson, Esther (22 April 2013). "Crazy for crows" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.

[90] "Crows as Pets: The African Pied Crow, a Most Intelligent Bird". 6 May 2013.

[91] "CA Fish and Game seek to euthanize pet raven". CNN iReport. Archived from the original on 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2018-02-03.

[92] "Corvus brachyrhynchos (American crow)". Animal Diversity Web.

[93] "Corvus frugilegus (rook)". Animal Diversity Web.

[94] "I never knew a crow could be so attached to human beings". The Times of India. April 26, 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2020.

[95] Stonor, CR (1948). "Fishing with the Indian Darter (Anhinga melanogaster) in Assam". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 47 (4): 746–747.

[96] "Anhima cornuta (horned screamer)". Animal Diversity Web.

[:0-97] "Eagles vs drones: French army trains birds of prey for combat". The Irish Times. November 18, 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2020.

[:1-98] "Eagles Trained To Take Down Drones". . February 2, 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2018.

[:2-99] "Bald eagles deployed to defend beachgoers from 'scary' seagull attacks". The Daily Telegraph. April 18, 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2020.

[100] "Couple's falconry business takes off". Darlington & Stockton Times. February 18, 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2018.

[101] "Couple's falconry business takes off". Darlington and Stockton Times.

[102] Association, Press (29 July 2015). "Overdue recognition: owl issued library card after solving university's gull woes". The Guardian.

[103] "Strix aluco (tawny owl)". Animal Diversity Web.

[104] "Aldens". www.aldenoxford.co.uk.

[105] "Mad about the boar". . July 27, 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2018.

[106] "Gardeners buy wallabies as lawnmowers". The Daily Telegraph. May 11, 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2019.

[107] "Forget cattle, kangaroos are the future of farming". Stuff. November 8, 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2020.

[108] "Senator wants to kick start discussion about allowing certain native animals as pets". news.com.au. March 19, 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2018.

[109] "Dasyurus viverrinus (eastern quoll)". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2018-02-01.

[110] "Dasyurus geoffroii (western quoll)". Animal Diversity Web.

[111] "Dasyurus hallucatus (northern quoll)". Animal Diversity Web.

[112] Feeroz, M. M., Begum, S. and Hasan, M. K. (2011). "Fishing with Otters: a Traditional Conservation Practice in Bangladesh". Proceedings of XIth International Otter Colloquium. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin (28A): 14–21.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[113] Parsons, Eleanor. "The 1830s seamstress who solved Aristotle's octopus mystery". New Scientist.

[114] "Martes foina (beech marten)". Animal Diversity Web.

[115] "Posts Tagged 'Kolonok'". . May 15, 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2018.

[116] "The Weasel in Antiquity: Pet or Pest?". . October 28, 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2020.

[117] "Mustela kathiah (yellow-bellied weasel)". Animal Diversity Web.

[118] "Are Raccoons Good to Have Around the Yard?". homeguides.sfgate.com.

[119] "Nasua nasua (South American coati)". Animal Diversity Web.

[120] "Why This Critter Was The Must-Have Pet For Gold Miners". io9. July 22, 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2018.

[121] "Tamandua tetradactyla (southern tamandua)". Animal Diversity Web.

[122] "Tamandua mexicana (northern tamandua)". Animal Diversity Web.

[123] "Porcupines Expose Pitfalls of Wildlife Farming". . December 16, 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2018.

[124] "Weekend trip to Dong Nai porcupine, bamboo rat farm". . January 16, 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2013.

[125] "Micromys minutus (Eurasian harvest mouse)". Animal Diversity Web.

[126] Aust, P. W.; Van Tri, N.; Natusch, D. J.; Alexander, G. J. (2017). "Asian snake farms: conservation curse or sustainable enterprise?". Oryx. 51 (3): 498–505. doi:10.1017/S003060531600034X.

[127] Dharmananda, Subhuti, Endangered species issues affecting turtles and tortoises in Chinese medicine, Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon, retrieved 5 September 2016

[scale-128] Haitao, Shi; Parham, James F.; Zhiyong, Fan; Meiling, Hong; Feng, Yin (2008). "Evidence for the massive scale of turtle farming in China". Oryx. 42. doi:10.1017/S0030605308000562.

[129] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-01-21.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[130] "Accounts" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-03-29.

[Aguiar2017-131] Aguiar, Julio C.; Adriano, Edson A.; Mathews, Patrick D. (2017). "Morphology and molecular phylogeny of a new Myxidium species (Cnidaria: Myxosporea) infecting the farmed turtle Podocnemis expansa (Testudines: Podocnemididae) in the Brazilian Amazon". Parasitology International. 66 (1): 825–830. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2016.09.013. PMID 27693559.

[132] "Crocodile farming in Africa – An Interesting Niche Business Many People Don't Know About, and a Success Story from Kenya - Smallstarter Africa". www.smallstarter.com. 2015-10-19.

[133] "Buwama Crocodile Farm Uganda, Crocodile Tourism in Uganda". Speedway Safaris.

[134] "Crocodile Farm:: trade technology Project Information". www.primaryinfo.com.

[135] "Crocodile farming in Australia" – via www.ft.com.

[136] Crocodile Farming in Papua New Guinea - Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics - The National Academies Press. 1983. doi:10.17226/18531. ISBN 978-0-309-29386-0.

[137] "Crocodile Blood: Could be the New Source for Antibiotics and HIV Cure". . April 21, 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.

[138] "Bird's nest boom". Inside Indonesia. April 18, 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2017.

[139] "Spider venom key to pain relief without side-effects". ScienceDaily. April 14, 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.

[140] "University of Antarctica News: Restaurant Scandal". antarcticaedu.com.

[141] "The many rewards of game farming in the Karoo". Farmers Weekly. May 27, 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2018.

[142] "Big bucks for game ranchers". Mail & Guardian. January 6, 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2018.

[143] "Optimizing game production in a new era: The road to financial success". Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (South Africa). November 17, 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2018.

[144] "Breeding high-value game species in North West". Farmers Weekly. November 19, 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.

[145] "The York family & Breeding Golden Wildebeest". Farmer's Weekly. July 29, 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2018.

[146] "Transforming game farming". ANN7. March 13, 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.

[147] "Eastern Cape farmer earns big with blesbok variants". Farmers Weekly. April 1, 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2018.

[148] "Farmer bridles blue bull to plough fields in Ujjain district". The Times of India. February 7, 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2020.

[149] "How to start farming high-value game species". Farmer's Weekly. July 10, 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2018.

[150] "Barbary sheep: farming potential?". Farmer's Weekly. July 22, 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2018.

[151] "Black gold: disease-free buffalo farming". Farmers Weekly. October 11, 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2018.

[152] "Commercial buffalo breeding: 'It's not just for the rich'". Farmers Weekly. July 6, 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2020.

[153] "Pigtrop - about pig production in developing countries - Commercial farming of collared peccary / Genetic and Biodiversity / Subjects". pigtrop.cirad.fr.

[154] "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: White-lipped Deer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. November 17, 2014.

[155] "Deer Farming Bill Hits a Snag". . February 17, 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2018.

[156] "Musk Deer farming as a conservation tool in China (Scanned PDF, 3.7 MB)" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-03-29.

[157] Xiuxiang, Meng; Caiquan, Zhou; Jinchu, Hu; Cao, Li; Zhibin, Meng; Jinchao, Feng; Yijun, Zhou; Yinjiu, Zhu (2006). "Musk deer farming in China". Animal Science. 82: 1–6. doi:10.1079/ASC200516.

[158] "Musk deer farm in Pithoragarh dying slow death?". Hindustan Times. October 15, 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.

[159] "Faculty of Tropical AgriScience". www.ftz.czu.cz.

[160] "The golden fleece". The Guardian. October 1, 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2020.

[161] Richardson, Nigel (November 11, 2017). "Can farming rhinos for their horns save the species?". The Telegraph. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 1 July 2018.

[162] "An Inside Look at the World's Biggest Rhino Farm". National Geographic. January 22, 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2017.

[163] "Know Your Cat - Rusty-Spotted Cats". www.knowyourcat.info.

[164] "Russian family keeps pet fishing cat". . April 12, 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2018.

[165] "In Pics: Ethiopia's Harar city uses hyenas for waste management". Hindustan Times. July 18, 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.

[166] "Taming Ethiopia's hyenas". BBC News. April 12, 2004. Retrieved 22 January 2018.

[167] "The hyena men of Nigeria: Nomads tame baboons and snakes to make them perform". The Independent. March 2, 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2018.

[168] Brottman, Mikita (15 February 2013). Hyena. Reaktion Books. ISBN 9781861899415 – via Google Books.

[169] "When Fennec Foxes Make Good Pets". The Spruce Pets.

[170] Coonan, Timothy J.; Schwemm, Catherin A.; Garcelon, David K. (22 July 2010). Decline and Recovery of the Island Fox: A Case Study for Population Recovery. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139491563 – via Google Books.

[171] "Thursday [Wednesday] Woof - Cerdocyon thous Edition". . October 10, 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2017.

[172] Rushby, Kevin (12 March 2016). "In the company of wolves: animal encounters in Narvik, Norway". The Guardian.

[173] "Kazakhstan: Villagers use 'guard wolves' for protection". BBC News. BBC. December 17, 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2018.

[174] "The Reindeer Riders". . February 25, 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2019.

[175] "Hugging with wolves: Chinese businessman spends ¥1 million a year on his passion for 150 wild animals". South China Morning Post. December 14, 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2018.

[176] -Zaidi, Mohammed. "The Iraqi Man Who Made Local Predators His Best Friends".

[177] "In a Kurdish village, wolves and sheep live in domestic harmony". Rudaw Media Network. June 19, 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2020.

[178] "The Saudi Family Keeping Wolves as Pets". . January 26, 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.

[179] "The wolf at our door". . February 23, 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2019.

[180] "Therapy Wolves Become Guides for Troubled Teens". Good News Network. July 1, 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2020.

[181] "The loyalty of Captain Hare's pet Spanish wolf". . June 29, 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2020.

[182] "Rescued Coyote Becomes Lifelong Friend With The Family That Saved His Life". . May 21, 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.

[183] "Dumped box of 'puppies' turn out to be baby jackals". Metro. August 29, 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2020.

[184] "Suricata suricatta (meerkat)". Animal Diversity Web.

[185] "Yorkshire meerkats used for therapy in care homes". BBC News. February 21, 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2020.

[186] "Ruddy mongoose".

[187] "Pet mongoose in Hawaii". . July 28, 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2018.

[188] "Osphronemus goramy summary page".

[189] Budi, Darmawan Setia; Alimuddin; Suprayudi, Muhammad Agus (2015). "Growth Response and Feed Utilization of Giant Gourami ( Osphronemus goramy ) Juvenile Feeding Different Protein Levels of the Diets Supplemented with Recombinant Growth Hormone". HAYATI Journal of Biosciences. 22: 12–19. doi:10.4308/hjb.22.1.12.

[190] "US entrepreneurs out to prove yellowfin tuna can be farmed". . July 8, 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2018.

[191] "Hawaii Approves First Bigeye Tuna Farm". thefishsite.com.

[192] "Caviar Dreams: Why A Florida Startup Is Farming Siberian Sturgeon Amid The Spanish Moss". Forbes. November 30, 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2019.

[193] Jarvis, Peter L.; Ballantyne, James S. (2 April 2003). "Metabolic responses to salinity acclimation in juvenile shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum". Aquaculture. 219 (1–4): 891–909. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00063-2.

[Sperm_article-194] Alavi, Sayyed Mohammad Hadi; Cosson, Jacky (2005). "Sperm motility and fertilizing ability in the Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus". Aquaculture Research. 36 (9): 841–850. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01292.x.

[195] "As sturgeon farming grows, demand concerns emerge". Global Aquaculture Alliance. November 7, 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2020.

[196] "Greener alternatives for giant grouper". World Wide Fund for Nature. November 6, 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2018.

[FAO-197] "FAO: FIGIS query for Greasy Grouper total production". FAO - Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Branch. Retrieved 17 October 2018.

[198] Cunha, Maria Emília; Quental, Hugo; Barradas, Ana; Pousão-Ferreira, Pedro; Cabrita, Elsa; Engrola, Sofia (2009). "Rearing larvae of dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834), (Pisces: Serranidae) in a semi-extensive mesocosm". Scientia Marina. 73: 201–212. doi:10.3989/scimar.2009.73s1201.

[199] "Barramundi aquaculture". Government of Queensland. June 27, 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2018.

[200] "Nile Perch Farming in Iganga". . May 22, 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2020.^{[permanent dead link]}

[201] "Aquaculture". www.fishbase.se.

[202] "Data" (PDF). core.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-03-29.

[Ecofisiologia-203] Mendoza Alfaro, Roberto; González, Carlos Aguilera; Ferrara, Allyse M. (2008). "Gar biology and culture: Status and prospects". Aquaculture Research. 39 (7): 748–763. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.01927.x.

[204] Clay, Tim A.; Suchy, Mark D.; Ferrara, Allyse M.; Fontenot, Quenton C.; Lorio, Wendell (2011). "Early Growth and Survival of Larval Alligator Gar, Atractosteus spatula, Reared on Artificial Floating Feed with or without a Live Artemia spp. Supplement". Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 42 (3): 412–416. doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.2011.00481.x.

[205] "The 7 Wonderful Gar of the World". 2016-09-06.

[206] tuoitrenews (2014-11-22). "Cultivating giant carps creates giant profits in Vietnam". Vietnam Breaking News. Retrieved 2019-01-12.

[207] "Saving an Endangered Fish by Eating More of It - BusinessWeek Education Resource Center". resourcecenter.businessweek.com. Archived from the original on 2017-01-06. Retrieved 2019-01-13.

[208] ศิริสัมพันธ์, ธาวิดา (2018-04-07). ศิริวรรณ อะราไพม่า ฟาร์มนครปฐม เพาะเลี้ยงปลาช่อนอะเมซอนส่งขายทั่วโลก ได้เพียงที่เดียวในประเทศ. Technology Chaoban Magazine (in Thai).

[209] "Silurus glanis (wels catfish)". www.cabi.org.

[210] Hoseini, Seyyed Morteza; Rajabiesterabadi, Hamid; Tarkhani, Reza (2015). "Anaesthetic efficacy of eugenol on iridescent shark, Pangasius hypophthalmus(Sauvage, 1878) in different size classes". Aquaculture Research. 46 (2): 405–412. doi:10.1111/are.12188.

[211] "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Aquatic species". 5 November 2015. Archived from the original on 5 November 2015.

[212] Anoop, Aabha (November 1, 2016). "Reaping gold from Karimeen farming". The Hindu. Retrieved 4 February 2018.

[213] "Gulf Coast Research Laboratory". gcrl.usm.edu.

[214] "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture Seriola dumerili". www.fao.org.

[215] "Amberjack culture" (PDF). www.oceanicinstitute.org. Retrieved 2020-03-29.

[216] Alam, M.S.; Watanabe, W.O.; Carroll, P.M.; Gabel, J.E.; Corum, M.A.; Seaton, P.; Wedegaertner, T.C.; Rathore, K.S.; Dowd, M.K. (2018). "Evaluation of genetically-improved (glandless) and genetically-modified low-gossypol cottonseed meal as alternative protein sources in the diet of juvenile southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma reared in a recirculating aquaculture system". Aquaculture. 489: 36–45. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.02.006.

[217] "The world's most responsible eel farm is located in Denmark - Royal Danish Fish". www.royaldanishfish.com.

[218] "A guide to eel farming". thefishsite.com.

[219] "When an Endangered Species Endangers a Culture". The Atlantic. January 12, 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2018.

[220] "Eel Farms in Maine? Idea is Gaining Traction". Maine Public Broadcasting Network. January 15, 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2018.

[221] "Intensive Black Soldier Fly Farming". . July 30, 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2018.

[222] "Mopane Worms – BIZ". www.bio-innovation.org. 8 May 2016.

[223] "Cockroach farms multiplying in China". Los Angeles Times. October 15, 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2018.

[224] Banerjee, Sanchari; Coussens, Nathan P.; Gallat, François-Xavier; Sathyanarayanan, Nitish; Srikanth, Jandhyam; Yagi, Koichiro J.; Gray, James S. S.; Tobe, Stephen S.; Stay, Barbara; Chavas, Leonard M. G.; Ramaswamy, Subramanian (2016). "Structure of a heterogeneous, glycosylated, lipid-bound, in vivo-grown protein crystal at atomic resolution from the viviparous cockroach Diploptera punctata". IUCrJ. 3 (4): 282–293. doi:10.1107/S2052252516008903. PMC 4937783. PMID 27437115.

[225] Kumar, Chethan (2016-07-19). "Pesky cockroaches give scientists some high-protein food for thought". Times of India. Retrieved 31 July 2016.

[226] Guarino, Ben (2016-07-26). "The case for cockroach milk: The next superfood?". Washington Post. Retrieved 31 July 2016.

[227] Williford, Anna; Stay, Barbara; Bhattacharya, Debashish (2004). "Evolution of a novel function: Nutritive milk in the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata". Evolution and Development. 6 (2): 67–77. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2004.04012.x. PMID 15009119. S2CID 31048064.

[Pitt-228] Dong, Jing; Jiang, Lian-xin; Tan, Ke-fei; Liu, Hai-Ying; Purcell, Jennifer E.; Li, Pei-jun; Ye, Chang-Chen (2009). "Stock enhancement of the edible jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum Kishinouye) in Liaodong Bay, China: A review". Hydrobiologia. 616: 113–118. doi:10.1007/s10750-008-9592-9. S2CID 25418081.

[229] "Fully-farmed octopus from Nissui to reach market as soon as 2020". . June 22, 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2018.

[230] "Tantalising tentacles: octopus could be the next big thing in aquaculture". The Conservation. August 29, 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2018.

[231] Rosas, Carlos; Cuzon, Gerard; Pascual, Cristina; Gaxiola, Gabriela; Chay, Darwin; López, Nelda; Maldonado, Teresita; Domingues, Pedro M. (2007). "Energy balance of Octopus maya fed crab or an artificial diet". Marine Biology. 152 (2): 371–381. doi:10.1007/s00227-007-0692-2. S2CID 88668944.

[232] Solorzano, Yesika; Viana, María Teresa; López, Lus M.; Correa, Juan Gabriel; True, Conal C.; Rosas, Carlos (2009). "Response of newly hatched Octopus bimaculoides fed enriched Artemia salina: Growth performance, ontogeny of the digestive enzyme and tissue amino acid content". Aquaculture. 289 (1–2): 84–90. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.12.036.

[233] Baltazar, Paul; Rodríguez, Pilar; Rivera, William; Valdivieso, Violeta (2014). "Cultivo Experimental de Octopus Mimus, Gould 1852 en el Perú". Revista Peruana de Biología. 7 (2). doi:10.15381/rpb.v7i2.6818.

[234] "Octopus Aquaculture A tour Of The Kanaloa Octopus Farm". . July 10, 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2018.

[235] "Octopus briareus (Caribbean reef octopus)". Animal Diversity Web.

[236] Segawa, S.; Nomoto, A. (2002). "Laboratory growth, feeding, oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of Octopus ocellatus". Bulletin of Marine Science. 71: 801–813.

[237] "Starting your snail farm in Ghana". . August 13, 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2018.

[238] "Snail Farming - How to farm these slow creatures for fast profits in Africa - Smallstarter Africa". www.smallstarter.com. 2013-02-23.

[239] "Slimy hagfish farms growing". The Herald. April 14, 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2018.

[240] "Hagfish Slime: Biomaterial Of The Future?". IFLScience.

[241] "Why is horseshoe crab blood so vital to pharmaceuticals?". Mother Nature Network. March 11, 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2018.

[242] "commercial blue swimmer crab farming in Queensland". Prezi. June 24, 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2018.

[243] "Crab and mud crab farm" (PDF). www.acfs.go.th. Retrieved 2020-03-29.

[244] Minagawa, Megumi (1993). "Relative Growth and Sexual Dimorphism in the Red Frog Crab Ranina ranina (Decapoda: Raninidae)". Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 59 (12): 2025–2030. doi:10.2331/suisan.59.2025.

[245] "Could lobster farming become a new industry for Coastal areas?". 2014-07-10.

[246] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-05. Retrieved 2018-02-04.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[247] "Info" (PDF). www.diversifyfish.eu. Retrieved 2020-03-29.

[248] "Intensive frog farming takes giant leap forward". New Scientist. September 1, 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2018.

[249] "London retailer to sell unusual pet". . December 11, 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

hide v Domestication of animals
Vertebrates	Domestic pig Domestic goat Yak Domestic rabbit Fancy mouse
Invertebrates	Honey bee Silkworm
History	Cats in ancient Egypt Domestication of the Syrian hamster Domestication of the horse theories Domesticated animals of Austronesia History of the domestic sheep Origin of the domestic dog
Related topics	List of domesticated animals Selective breeding Self-domestication The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication Genomics of domestication

List of domesticated animals

Contents

Domesticated animals[]

Tame and partially domesticated animals[]

Taxonomical groupings[]

See also[]

References[]