Scylla serrata
Scylla serrata | |
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Subphylum: | Crustacea |
Class: | Malacostraca |
Order: | Decapoda |
Infraorder: | Brachyura |
Family: | Portunidae |
Genus: | Scylla |
Species: | S. serrata
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Binomial name | |
Scylla serrata (Forsskål, 1775)
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Scylla serrata (often called mud crab or mangrove crab, although both terms are highly ambiguous, and black crab) is an ecologically important species of crab found in the estuaries and mangroves of Africa, Australasia, and Asia. In their most common forms, their shell colours vary from a deep, mottled green to very dark brown.
Distribution[]
The natural range of S. serrata is in the Indo-Pacific. It is found from South Africa, around the coast of the Indian Ocean, where it is especially abundant in Sri Lanka, to the Southeast Asian Archipelago, as well as from southern Japan to south-eastern Australia, northern New Zealand,[1] And as far east as Fiji and Samoa.[2] The species has also been introduced to Hawaii and Florida.[2][3]
In Hawaii, mud crabs are colloquially known as Samoan crabs, as they were originally imported from American Samoa. As these crabs are known for their robust size and dense meat content, they have been greatly sought after over the years. As a result of overcrabbing, local government efforts have restricted harvesting of crabs smaller than 6 inches (width across back) and the harvest females of any size is illegal.[4]
Ecology[]
A study on tidal flats in Deception Bay in Queensland found juvenile crabs (20–99 mm or 0.8–3.9 in carapace width) were resident in the mangrove zone, remaining there during low tide, while subadults (100–149 mm or 3.9–5.9 in) migrated into the intertidal zone to feed at high tide and retreated to subtidal waters at low tide.[5] Adults (150 mm or 5.9 in and larger) were caught mainly below the low-tide mark, with small numbers captured in the intertidal zone at high tide.[5]
These crabs are highly cannibalistic in nature; when crabs undergo molting, other hard-shelled ones sometimes attack the molting crabs and devour them. The females can give birth to a million offspring, which can grow up to 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in size and have a shell width up to 24 cm (9.4 in) wide.
Aquaculture and consumption[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Scylla_serrata_Mud_Crab.jpg/220px-Scylla_serrata_Mud_Crab.jpg)
Interest in the aquaculture of this species has been high due to the high demand/price for them, high flesh content, and rapid growth rates in captivity. In addition, they have a high tolerance to both nitrate[6] and ammonia (twice that of the similar-sized Portunus pelagicus), which is beneficial because ammonia-N is often the most limiting factor on closed aquaculture systems.[7] Their high ammonia-N tolerance may be attributed to various unique physiological responses that may have arisen due to their habitat preferences.[7] Their aquaculture has been limited, though, due to the often low and unpredictable larval survival. This may be due to inadequate nutrition, disease, "moult death syndrome" (due to their highly cannibalistic behaviour during the megalopa stage), inadequate protocols (e.g. suboptimal environmental conditions), or a combination of all.
S. serrata can be kept easily in home aquaria when small, but outgrow small setups. They are very active and eat almost any conventional sinking pellets; they also consume some small fish pieces and vegetable matter. They are tolerant of most water conditions and are generally a very hardy and entertaining species.
Generally cooked with their shells on, when they molt their shells, they can be served as one of many types of soft-shell crab. Mud crabs can be killed by placing them in a freezer for up to two hours before cooking.[8]
References[]
- ^ Yaldwyn, John C.; Webber, W. Richard (2011). "Annotated checklist of New Zealand Decapoda (Arthropoda: Crustacea)" (PDF). Tuhinga. Wellington, New Zealand: Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. pp. 171–272. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
- ^ a b "Species Fact Sheets: Scylla serrata". Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
- ^ J. Masterson (1 December 2007). "Scylla serrata". Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory. Fort Pierce, Florida: Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. Archived from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
- ^ "Marine Invertebrates and Limu". State of Hawaiʻi Division of Aquatic Resources. State of Hawaiʻi Division of Aquatic Resources. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
- ^ a b Hill, B. J.; Williams, M. J.; Dutton, P. (1982). "Distribution of juvenile, subadult and adult Scylla serrata (Crustacea: Portunidae) on tidal flats in Australia". Marine Biology. 69 (1): 117–120. doi:10.1007/BF00396967. S2CID 83951720.
- ^ Romano, N.; Zeng, C. (2007). "Effects of potassium on nitrate mediated alterations to osmoregulation in marine crabs". Aquatic Toxicology. 85 (3): 202–208. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.09.004. PMID 17942166.
- ^ a b Romano, N.; Zeng, C. (2007). "Acute toxicity of ammonia and its effects on the haemolymph osmolality, ammonia-N, pH and ionic composition of early juvenile mud crabs, Scylla serrata (Forskål)". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 148 (2): 278–285. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.04.018. PMID 17540593.
- ^ Mapstone, Dominic. "Live Mud Crab – Scylla Serrata". www.goingrank.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
External links[]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scylla serrata. |
- Portunoidea
- Edible crustaceans
- Commercial crustaceans
- Crustaceans described in 1775
- Taxa named by Peter Forsskål
- Australian cuisine