List of even-toed ungulates by population
Mammals by population |
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This is a list of even-toed ungulate species by estimated global population. This list is not comprehensive, as not all ungulates have had their numbers quantified.
Common name | Binomial name | Population | Status | Trend | Notes | Image |
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Saola | Pseudoryx nghetinhensis | 750[1] | CR[1] | ![]() |
Maximum estimate. No individuals in captivity. Wild population highly dispersed, and subpopulations fragmented with numbers of mature individuals below the minimum viable population. Foremost threatened by hunting.[1] | |
Pygmy hog | Porcula salvania | 250[2] | CR[2] | ![]() |
Maximum estimate for mature individuals.[2] | ![]() |
Bawean deer | Axis kuhlii | 200–500[3] | CR[3] | ![]() |
Estimates are for the wild population only; may reach as high as 500.[3] | ![]() |
Addax | Addax nasomaculatus | 30–90[4] | CR[4] | ![]() |
Maximum estimate for the wild.[4] | ![]() |
Tamaraw | Bubalus mindorensis | 300[5] | CR[5] | ![]() |
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Togian babirusa | Babyrousa togeanensis | 500[6] | EN[6] | ![]() |
Maximum estimate.[6] | |
Walia ibex | Capra walie | 500[7] | EN[7] | ![]() |
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Dama gazelle | Nanger dama | 500[8] | CR[8] | ![]() |
Maximum estimate.[8] | ![]() |
Hirola | Beatragus hunteri | 500–2000[9] | CR[9] | ![]() |
May be much lower.[9] | |
Anhui musk deer | Moschus anhuiensis | 700–800[10] | EN[10] | ![]() |
Most recent estimate was in 1998.[10] | |
Przewalski's gazelle | Procapra przewalskii | 700–800[11] | EN[11] | ![]() |
Could be underestimated.[11] | ![]() |
Persian fallow deer | Dama mesopotamica | 715[12] | EN[12] | ![]() |
Previously thought to be extinct.[12] | ![]() |
Wild Bactrian camel | Camelus ferus | 950[13] | CR[13] | ![]() |
Wild population only.[13] | ![]() |
South Andean deer | Hippocamelus bisulcus | 1048–1500[14] | EN[14] | ![]() |
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Calamian deer | Axis calamianensis | 1123[15] | EN[15] | ![]() |
1994 estimate; has almost certainly decreased.[15] | ![]() |
Abbott's duiker | Cephalophus spadix | 1500[16] | EN[16] | ![]() |
Maximum estimate.[16] | |
Cuvier's gazelle | Gazella cuvieri | 1750–2950[17] | EN[17] | unknown[17] | ![]() | |
Nilgiri tahr | Nilgiritragus hylocrius | 1800–2000[18] | EN[18] | ![]() |
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Pygmy hippopotamus | Choeropsis liberiensis | 2000–3000[19] | EN[19] | ![]() |
Estimate is from 1993; numbers have probably shrunk.[19] | ![]() |
Mountain anoa | Bubalus quarlesi | 2500[20] | EN[20] | ![]() |
Maximum estimate.[20] | ![]() |
Rhim gazelle | Gazella leptoceros | 2500[21] | EN[21] | ![]() |
Estimate is for mature individuals only.[21] | ![]() |
Visayan spotted deer | Rusa alfredi | 2500[22] | EN[22] | ![]() |
Maximum estimate.[22] | ![]() |
Mountain Nyala | Tragelaphus buxtoni | 2500–4000[23] | EN[23] | ![]() |
2500 is a maximum estimate from 1999, but recent work has shown numbers may be as high as 4000.[23] | ![]() |
European bison | Bison bonasus | 3200[24] | VU[24] | ![]() |
Includes 1400 semi-domestic animals and 1800 wild. Semi-domestic numbers are likely underestimated.[24] | ![]() |
Chacoan peccary | Catagonus wagneri | 3200[25] | EN[25] | ![]() |
Estimate was made in 2002; wide-scale deforestation of their habitat began in 2003.[25] | ![]() |
Wild water buffalo | Bubalus arnee | 3400[26] | EN | ![]() |
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Jentink's duiker | Cephalophus jentinki | 3500[27] | EN[27] | ![]() |
Maximum estimate; may be less than 2000.[27] | ![]() |
Barasingha | Rucervus duvaucelii | 3500–5100[28] | VU[28] | ![]() |
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Nile lechwe | Kobus megaceros | 4291[29] | EN[29] | ![]() |
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Small red brocket | Mazama bororo | 4500[30] | VU[30] | ![]() |
Maximum estimate.[30] | |
Arabian tahr | Arabitragus jayakari | 5000[31] | EN[31] | ![]() |
Maximum estimate.[31] | ![]() |
West Caucasian tur | Capra caucasica | 5000–6000[32] | EN[32] | ![]() |
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Barbary sheep | Ammotragus lervia | 5000–10000[33] | LC[33] | ![]() |
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Beira | Dorcatragus megalotis | 7000[34] | VU[34] | ![]() |
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Arabian Oryx | Oryx leucoryx | 7000–8000[35] | VU[35] | ![]() |
6000–7000 in captivity and c. 1000 in the wild.[35] | ![]() |
Hairy-fronted muntjac | Muntiacus crinifrons | 7000–8500[36] | VU[36] | ![]() |
Most recent estimate was in 1998.[36] | ![]() |
Banteng | Bos javanicus | 8000[37] | EN[37] | ![]() |
Maximum estimate; may be fewer than 5000. Numbers do not include the non-purebred domestic variety.[37] | ![]() |
Markhor | Capra falconeri | 9700[38] | NT[38] | ![]() |
Estimate includes approximately 900 animals assumed to live in areas for which data is unavailable.[38] | ![]() |
Nubian ibex | Capra nubiana | 10000[39] | VU[39] | ![]() |
Maximum estimate.[39] | |
Southern pudú | Pudu puda | 10000[40] | NT[40] | ![]() |
Maximum estimate.[40] | ![]() |
Red goral | Naemorhedus baileyi | 10000[41] | VU[41] | ![]() |
Maximum estimate for mature individuals.[41] | |
Four-horned antelope | Tetracerus quadricornis | 10000[42] | LC[42] | ![]() |
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Javan rusa | Rusa timorensis | 10000[43] | VU[43] | ![]() |
Maximum estimate for mature individuals.[22] | ![]() |
Taruca | Hippocamelus antisensis | 12000–17000[44] | VU[44] | ![]() |
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Gaur | Bos gaurus | 13000–30000[45] | VU[45] | ![]() |
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Soemmerring's gazelle | Nanger soemmerringii | 14000[46] | VU[46] | ![]() |
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Mountain gazelle | Gazella gazella | 15000[47] | VU[47] | ![]() |
Maximum estimate.[47] | |
Wild yak | Bos mutus | 15000[48] | VU[48] | ![]() |
Estimate is from 1995.[48] | ![]() |
Giant eland | Tragelaphus derbianus | 15000–20000[49] | LC[49] | ![]() |
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Black wildebeest | Connochaetes gnou | 18000[50] | LC[50] | ![]() |
Minimum estimate (11000 wild and 7000 semi-domesticated).[50] | ![]() |
Grey rhebok | Pelea capreolus | 18000[51] | LC[51] | ![]() |
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Harvey's duiker | Cephalophus harveyi | 20000[52] | LC[52] | ![]() |
Numbers may be overestimated.[52] | ![]() |
Pampas deer | Ozotoceros bezoarticus | 20000–80000[53] | NT[53] | ![]() |
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Red-fronted gazelle | Eudorcas rufifrons | 25000[54] | VU[54] | ![]() |
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Zebra duiker | Cephalophus zebra | 28000[55] | VU[55] | ![]() |
Could be overestimated; may be less than 15000.[55] | ![]() |
Bongo | Tragelaphus eurycerus | 28000[56] | NT[56] | ![]() |
Two subspecies: Mountain (75–140) and Lowland (28000).[56] | ![]() |
Alpine ibex | Capra ibex | 30000[57] | LC[57] | ![]() |
Was as low as 100 individuals in the 1800s.[57] | ![]() |
Silver Dik-dik | Madoqua piacentinii | 30000[58] | DD[58] | ![]() |
Possibly overestimated.[58] | |
Nyala | Tragelaphus angasii | 32000[59] | LC[59] | ![]() |
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Ogilby's duiker | Cephalophus ogilbyi | 35000[60] | LC[60] | ![]() |
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Okapi | Okapia johnstoni | 35000–50000[61] | EN[61] | ![]() |
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Mountain reedbuck | Redunca fulvorufula | 36000[62] | LC[62] | ![]() |
Minimum estimate, divided into three subspecies: Southern (33000), Chanler's (2900), and Western (450).[62] | ![]() |
Red forest duiker | Cephalophus natalensis | 42000[63] | LC[63] | ![]() |
Numbers may be underestimated.[63] | |
Klipspringer | Oreotragus oreotragus | 42000[64] | LC[64] | ![]() |
Estimate is considered conservative.[64] | ![]() |
Blackbuck | Antilope cervicapra | 50000[65] | NT[65] | ![]() |
Numbers have increased from 20000–24000 in the 1970s.[65] | ![]() |
Spanish ibex | Capra pyrenaica | 50000[66] | LC[66] | ![]() |
Numbered only c. 7900 in the early 1990s.[66] | ![]() |
Saiga Antelope | Saiga tatarica | 50000[67] | CR[67] | ![]() |
Numbers stood at 1250000 in the mid-1970s.[67] | ![]() |
Royal antelope | Neotragus pygmaeus | 62000[68] | LC[68] | ![]() |
Possibly underestimated.[68] | ![]() |
East African oryx | Oryx beisa | 67000[69] | NT[69] | ![]() |
Divided into two subspecies: Beisa (50000) and Fringe-eared (17000).[69] | ![]() |
Southern reedbuck | Redunca arundinum | 73000[70] | LC[70] | ![]() |
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Sable antelope | Hippotragus niger | 75000[71] | LC[71] | ![]() |
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Roan antelope | Hippotragus equinus | 76000[72] | LC[72] | ![]() |
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Mountain goat | Oreamnos americanus | 80000–119000[73] | LC[73] | ![]() |
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Gerenuk | Litocranius walleri | 95000[74] | NT[74] | ![]() |
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Sharpe's Grysbok | Raphicerus sharpei | 95000[75] | LC[75] | ![]() |
Difficult to study due to the animal's nocturnal nature; numbers may be underestimated.[75] | ![]() |
Japanese serow | Capricornis crispus | 100000[76] | LC[76] | ![]() |
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Black duiker | Cephalophus niger | 100000[77] | LC[77] | ![]() |
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Bohor reedbuck | Redunca redunca | 101000[78] | LC[78] | ![]() |
Probably underestimated.[78] | ![]() |
Dall sheep | Ovis dalli | 111500–116500[79] | LC[79] | ![]() |
Consists of approximately 41500 sheep in Canada and between 70000 and 75000 animals in the United States.[79] | ![]() |
Hippopotamus | Hippopotamus amphibius | 115000–130000[80] | VU[80] | ![]() |
Population was estimated to be between 125000 and 148000 in a 2008 assessment.[80] | ![]() |
Lesser kudu | Tragelaphus imberbis | 118000[81] | NT[81] | ![]() |
Minimum estimate.[81] | ![]() |
Goitered gazelle | Gazella subgutturosa | 120000–140000[82] | VU[82] | ![]() |
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Puku | Kobus vardonii | 130000[83] | NT[83] | ![]() |
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Muskox | Ovibos moschatus | 135000[84] | LC[84] | ![]() |
Estimate includes 75400 animals in the Northwest Territories, 45300 in Nunavut, 3714 in Alaska, and between 9500 and 12500 in Greenland.[84] | ![]() |
Common eland | Tragelaphus oryx | 136000[85] | LC[85] | ![]() |
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Yellow-backed duiker | Cephalophus silvicultor | 160000[86] | LC[86] | ![]() |
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Red-flanked duiker | Cephalophus rufilatus | 170000[87] | LC[87] | ![]() |
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Sitatunga | Tragelaphus spekii | 170000[88] | LC[88] | ![]() |
Yet-to-be-published research suggests the population has been overestimated.[88] | ![]() |
Weyns's duiker | Cephalophus weynsi | 188000[89] | LC[89] | ![]() |
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Waterbuck | Kobus ellipsiprymnus | 200000[90] | LC[90] | ![]() |
About 95000 of the Defassa subspecies and 105000 of the Common.[90] | ![]() |
Lechwe | Kobus leche | 212000[91] | LC[91] | ![]() |
Combined numbers of three subspecies: Red (98000), Kafue (78000), and Black (36000).[91] | ![]() |
Bates's pygmy antelope | Neotragus batesi | 219000[92] | LC[92] | ![]() |
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Water chevrotain | Hyemoschus aquaticus | 278000[93] | LC[93] | ![]() |
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White-bellied duiker | Cephalophus leucogaster | 287000[94] | LC[94] | ![]() |
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Black-fronted duiker | Cephalophus nigrifrons | 300000[95] | LC[95] | ![]() |
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Vicuña | Vicugna vicugna | 347273[96] | LC[96] | ![]() |
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Grant's gazelle | Nanger granti | 350000[97] | LC[97] | ![]() |
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Hartebeest | Alcelaphus buselaphus | 362000[98] | LC[98] | ![]() |
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Suni | Nesotragus moschatus | 365000[99] | LC[99] | ![]() |
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Gemsbok | Oryx gazella | 373000[100] | LC[100] | ![]() |
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Peters's duiker | Cephalophus callipygus | 382000[101] | LC[101] | ![]() |
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Mongolian gazelle | Procapra gutturosa | 400000[102] | LC[102] | Unknown[102] | Estimate has dropped from 2700000 since 1998.[102] | ![]() |
Greater kudu | Tragelaphus strepsiceros | 482000[103] | LC[103] | ![]() |
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Salt's dik-dik | Madoqua saltiana | 485600[104] | LC[104] | ![]() |
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Günther's dik-dik | Madoqua guentheri | 511000[105] | LC[105] | ![]() |
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American bison | Bison bison | 530000[106] | NT[106] | ![]() |
Includes 500000 semi-domestic animals and 30000 wild (19000 plains bison and 11000 wood bison).[106] | ![]() |
Guanaco | Lama guanicoe | 535750–589750[107] | LC[107] | ![]() |
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Thomson's gazelle | Eudorcas thomsonii | 550000[108] | NT[108] | ![]() |
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Steenbok | Raphicerus campestris | 600000[109] | LC[40] | ![]() |
Considered an underestimate.[109] | ![]() |
Pronghorn | Antilocapra americana | 700000[110] | LC[110] | ![]() |
Numbered over 35000000 in the early 1800s and as little as 20000 in the early 1920s.[110] | ![]() |
Bay duiker | Cephalophus dorsalis | 725000[111] | LC[111] | ![]() |
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Oribi | Ourebia ourebi | 750000[112] | LC[112] | ![]() |
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African buffalo | Syncerus caffer | 890000[113] | LC[113] | ![]() |
Considered conservative. Divided into four subspecies: West African Savanna (27000), Central African Savanna (133000), Southern Savanna (670000), and Forest (60000).[113] | ![]() |
Kirk's dik-dik | Madoqua kirkii | 971000[114] | LC[114] | ![]() |
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Siberian roe deer | Capreolus pygargus | 1000000[115] | NT[115] | ![]() |
About 500000 were hunted annually in Russia in the 1800s.[115] | ![]() |
Bushbuck | Tragelaphus scriptus | 1340000[116] | LC[116] | ![]() |
Estimate is considered conservative.[116] | ![]() |
Moose | Alces alces | 1500000[117] | LC[117] | ![]() |
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Blue wildebeest | Connochaetes taurinus | 1550000[118] | LC[118] | ![]() |
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Common duiker | Sylvicapra grimmia | 1660000[119] | LC[119] | ![]() |
Considered extremely conservative; yet-to-be-published research shows it may number as high as 10000000.[119] | ![]() |
Impala | Aepyceros melampus | 2000000[120] | LC[120] | ![]() |
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Springbok | Antidorcas marsupialis | 2000000–2500000[121] | LC[121] | ![]() |
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Maxwell's duiker | Philantomba maxwellii | 2137000[122] | LC[122] | ![]() |
Quite possibly underestimated.[122] | ![]() |
Blue duiker | Philantomba monticola | 7000000[123] | LC[123] | ![]() |
Estimate is considered conservative.[123] | ![]() |
White-tailed deer | Odocoileus virginianus | 11500000[124] | LC[124] | ![]() |
Estimated population in the United States and Canada only, with estimate of 11000000 in the US considered a minimum.[124] | ![]() |
Water buffalo | Bubalus bubalis | 172000000[125] | LC, Domesticated | incl. 3200000 Carabao in the Philippines | ||
Domestic goat | Capra aegagrus hircus | 850000000[126] | Domesticated | ![]() | ||
Cattle | Bos primigenius taurus | 1500000000[127] | Domesticated | ![]() | ||
Domestic pig | Sus scrofa domesticus | 1000000000[128] | Domesticated | ![]() | ||
Domestic sheep | Ovis aries | 1000000000[128] | Domesticated | ![]() |
See also[]
References[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Timmins, R. J., Hedges, S. & Robichaud, W. G. (2016). "Pseudoryx nghetinhensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18597A46364962. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18597A46364962.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Narayan, G., Deka, P. & Oliver, W. (2008). "Porcula salvania". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T21172A9254675. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T21172A9254675.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Semiadi, G., Pudyatmoko, S., Duckworth, J. W. & Timmins, R. J. (2008). "Axis kuhlii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Addax nasomaculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Hedges, S. & Duckworth, J.W. (IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group); de Leon, J., Custodio, C. & Gonzales, J.C. (2008). "Bubalus mindorensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Macdonald, A.A., Burton, J. & Leus, K. (2008). "Babyrousa togeanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Geberemedhin, B. & Grubb, P. (2008). "Capra walie". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Newby, J., Wacher, T., Lamarque, F., Cuzin, F. & de Smet, K. (2008). "Nanger dama". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Beatragus hunteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Wang, Y. & Harris, R.B. (2008). "Moschus anhuiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Procapra przewalskii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Rabiei, A. & Saltz, D. (2011). "Dama mesopotamica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Hare, J. (2008). "Camelus ferus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Jiménez, J., Guineo, G., Corti, P, Smith, J.A., Flueck, W., Vila, A., Gizejewski, Z., Gill, R., McShea, B. & Geist, V. (2008). "Hippocamelus bisulcus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Oliver, W., Widmann, P. & Lastica, E. (2008). "Axis calamianensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Moyer, D.C., Jones, T. & Rovero, F. (2008). "Cephalophus spadix". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Mallon, D.P. & Cuzin, F. (2008). "Gazella cuvieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Alempath, M. & Rice, C. (2008). "Nilgiritragus hylocrius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Lewison, R. & Oliver, W. (IUCN SSC Hippo Specialist Subgroup) (2008). "Choeropsis liberiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Semiadi, G., Burton, J., Schreiber, A. & Mustari, A.H. (2008). "Bubalus quarlesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Mallon, D. P., Cuzin, F., de Smet, K. & Hoffmann, M. (2008). "Gazella leptoceros". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Oliver, W., MacKinnon, J., Heaney, L. & Lastica, E. (2008). "Rusa alfredi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2008). "Tragelaphus buxtoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Olech, W. (IUCN SSC Bison Specialist Group) (2008). "Bison bonasus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Altrichter, M., Taber, A., Noss, A. & Maffei, L. (2008). "Catagonus wagneri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Choudhury, A. (2010). The vanishing herds : the wild water buffalo. Gibbon Books, Rhino Foundation, CEPF & COA, Taiwan, Guwahati, India.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus jentinki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Duckworth, J.W., Samba Kumar, N., Chiranjibi Prasad Pokheral, Sagar Baral, H. & Timmins, R.J. (2008). "Rucervus duvaucelii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Kobus megaceros". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Duarte, J.M.B. (2008). "Mazama bororo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Insall, D. (2008). "Arabitragus jayakari". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Weinberg, P. (2008). "Capra caucasica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Cassinello, J., Cuzin, F., Jdeidi, T., Masseti, M., Nader, I. & de Smet, K. (2008). "Ammotragus lervia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Harris, R.B. (2008). "Muntiacus crinifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Timmins, R.J., Duckworth, J.W., Hedges, S., Steinmetz, R. & Pattanavibool, A. (2008). "Bos javanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Michel, S. & Rosen Michel, T. (2015). "Capra falconeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. Retrieved 2018-04-09.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Alkon, P.U., Harding, L., Jdeidi, T., Masseti, M., Nader, I., de Smet, K., Cuzin, F. & Saltz, D. (2008). "Capra nubiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jimenez, J. & Ramilo, E. (2008). "Pudu puda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Duckworth, J.W. & MacKinnon, J. (2008). "Naemorhedus baileyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Mallon, D.P. (2008). "Tetracerus quadricornis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Hedges, S., Duckworth, J.W., Timmins, R.J., Semiadi, G. & Priyono, A. (2008). "Rusa timorensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Barrio, J. & Ferreyra, N. (2008). "Hippocamelus antisensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Duckworth, J.W., Steinmetz, R., Timmins, R.J., Pattanavibool, A., Than Zaw, Do Tuoc & Hedges, S. (2008). "Bos gaurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Heckel, J.-O., Wilhelmi, F., Kaariye, X.Y., Rayaleh, H.A., Amir, O.G. & Künzel, T. (2008). "Nanger soemmerringii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Mallon, D.P. & Cuzin, F. (2008). "Gazella gazella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-11-12. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Harris, R.B. & Leslie, D. (2008). "Bos mutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus derbianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Connochaetes gnou". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Pelea capreolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus harveyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Gonzalez, S. & Merino, M.L. (2008). "Ozotoceros bezoarticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Eudorcas rufifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus zebra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus eurycerus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Aulagnier, S., Kranz, A., Lovari, S., Jdeidi, T., Masseti, M., Nader, I., de Smet, K. & Cuzin, F. (2008). "Capra ibex". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Madoqua piacentinii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus angasii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus ogilbyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Okapia johnstoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Redunca fulvorufula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus natalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Oreotragus oreotragus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Mallon, D.P. (2008). "Antilope cervicapra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Herrero, J. & Pérez, J.M. (2008). "Capra nubiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Mallon, D.P. (2008). "Saiga tatarica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Neotragus pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Oryx beisa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Redunca arundinum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Hippotragus niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Hippotragus equinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Festa-Bianchet, M. (2008). "Oreamnos americanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Litocranius walleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Raphicerus sharpei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Tokida, K. (2008). "Capricornis crispus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Redunca redunca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Festa-Bianchet, M. (2008). "Ovis dalli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Lewison, R. & Pluháček, J. (2017). "Hippopotamus amphibius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017. Retrieved 2018-04-08.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus imberbis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Mallon, D.P. (2008). "Gazella subgutturosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Kobus vardonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Gunn, A. & Forchhammer, M. (2008). "Ovibos moschatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2018-04-09.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus oryx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus silvicultor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus rufilatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus spekii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus weynsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Kobus ellipsiprymnus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Kobus leche". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Neotragus batesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Hyemoschus aquaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus leucogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus nigrifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Vicugna vicugna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Nanger granti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Alcelaphus buselaphus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Nesotragus moschatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Oryx gazella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus callipygus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Mallon, D.P. (2008). "Procapra gutturosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus strepsiceros". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Heckel, J.-O., Wilhelmi, F., Kaariye, X.Y., Rayaleh, H.A. & Amir, O.G. (2008). "Madoqua saltiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Madoqua guentheri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Gates, C. & Aune, K. (2008). "Bison bison". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Baldi, B., Lichtenstein G., González, B., Funes, M., Cuéllar, E., Villalba, L., Hoces, D. & Puig, S. (2008). "Lama guanicoe". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Eudorcas thomsonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Raphicerus campestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Hoffmann, M., Byers, J. & Beckmann, J. (2008). "Antilocapra americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Cephalophus dorsalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Ourebia ourebi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Syncerus caffer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Madoqua kirkii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Gonzalez, T. & Tsytsulina, K. (2008). "Capreolus pygargus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Tragelaphus scriptus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Alces alces". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-11-11. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Connochaetes taurinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Sylvicapra grimmia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Aepyceros melampus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Antidorcas marsupialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Philantomba maxwellii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Philantomba monticola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Gallina, S. and Lopez Arevalo, H. (2016). "Odocoileus virginianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved 2018-04-09.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Borghese, A. (2011). Situation and Perspectives of Buffalo in the World, Europe and Macedonia Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. Macedonian Journal of Animal Science 1 (2): 281–296.
- ^ http://www.lohmann-information.com/content/l_i_45_artikel17.pdf
- ^ http://www.statista.com/statistics/263979/global-cattle-population-since-1990/
- ^ Jump up to: a b http://www.hobbyfarms.com/farm-industry-news/2011/11/22/2011-livestock-population-trends.aspx
Categories:
- Biology-related lists
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- Even-toed ungulates