List of recently extinct mammals
- Extinct in the wild (EW): 2 species
- Critically endangered (CR): 203 species
- Endangered (EN): 505 species
- Vulnerable (VU): 536 species
- Near threatened (NT): 345 species
- Least concern (LC): 3,306 species
- Data deficient (DD): 872 species
- 5850 extant species have been evaluated
- 4978 of those are fully assessed[a]
- 3651 are not threatened at present[b]
- 1244 to 2116 are threatened[c]
- 81 to 83 are extinct or extinct in the wild:
- 81 extinct (EX) species[d]
- 2 extinct in the wild (EW)
- 0 possibly extinct [CR(PE)]
- 0 possibly extinct in the wild [CR(PEW)]
- ^ excludes data deficient evaluations.
- ^ NT and LC.
- ^ Threatened comprises CR, EN and VU. Upper estimate additionally includes DD.
- ^ Chart omits extinct (EX) species
Recently extinct mammals are defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as any mammals that have become extinct since the year 1500 CE.[1] Since then, roughly 80 mammal species have become extinct.[2]
Extinction of taxa is difficult to confirm, as a long gap without a sighting is not definitive, but before 1995 a threshold of 50 years without a sighting was used to declare extinction.[1]
One study found that extinction from habitat loss is the hardest to detect, as this might only fragment populations to the point of concealment from humans. Some mammals declared as extinct may very well reappear.[1] For example, a study found that 36% of purported mammalian extinction had been resolved, while the rest either had validity issues (insufficient evidence) or had been rediscovered.[3]
As of December 2015, the IUCN listed 30 mammalian species as "critically endangered (possibly extinct)".[4]
Conventions[]
All species listed as "Extinct" are classified as being extinct (no known remaining individuals left) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). All species listed as Extinct in the wild are classified as being extinct in the wild, meaning that all remaining individuals of the species reside in captivity. All species listed as "Possibly extinct" are classified as being critically endangered, as it is unknown whether or not these species are extinct.[5] Extinct subspecies such as the Javan tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica)[6] are not listed here as the species, in this case Panthera tigris, is still extant. The IUCN Redlist classification for each species serves as a citation, and the superscripted "IUCN" by the date is a link to that species' page. A range map is provided wherever available, and a description of their former or current range is given if a range map is not available.
Causes of extinction[]
Habitat degradation is currently the main anthropogenic cause of species extinctions. The main cause of habitat degradation worldwide is agriculture, with urban sprawl, logging, mining and some fishing practices close behind. The physical destruction of a habitat, both directly (deforestation for land development or lumber) and indirectly (burning fossil fuels), is an example of this.[7][8]
Also, increasing toxicity, through media such as pesticides, can kill off a species very rapidly, by killing all living members through contamination or sterilizing them. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), for example, can bioaccumulate to hazardous levels, getting increasingly more dangerous further up the food chain.[9]
Disease can also be a factor: white nose syndrome in bats, for example, is causing a substantial decline in their populations and may even lead to the extinction of a species.[10]
Overhunting also has an impact. Terrestrial mammals, such as the tiger and deer, are mainly hunted for their pelts and in some cases meat, and marine mammals can be hunted for their oil and leather. Specific targeting of one species can be problematic to the ecosystem because the sudden demise of one species can inadvertently lead to the demise of another (coextinction) especially if the targeted species is a keystone species. Sea otters, for example, were hunted in the maritime fur trade, and their drop in population led to the rise in sea urchins—their main food source—which decreased the population of kelp—the sea urchin's and Steller's sea cow's main food source—leading to the extinction of the Steller's sea cow.[11] The hunting of an already limited species can easily lead to its extinction, as with the bluebuck whose range was confined to 1,700 square miles (4,400 km2) and which was hunted into extinction soon after discovery by European settlers.[12]
Australia[]
Island creatures are usually endemic to only that island, and that limited range and small population can leave them vulnerable to sudden changes.[13] While Australia is a continent and not an island, due to its geographical isolation, its unique fauna has suffered an extreme decline in mammal species, 10% of its 273 terrestrial mammals, since European settlement (a loss of one to two species per decade); in contrast, only one species in North America has become extinct since European settlement. Furthermore, 21% of Australia's mammals are threatened, and unlike in most other continents, the main cause is predation by feral species, such as cats.[14]
Extinct species[]
A species is declared extinct after exhaustive surveys of all potential habitats eliminate all reasonable doubt that the last individual of a species, whether in the wild or in captivity, has died.[15] Recently extinct species are defined by the IUCN as becoming extinct after 1500 CE.[1]
| Common name | Binomial name | Order | Date of extinction | Former range | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Broad-faced potoroo | Potorous platyops Gould, 1844 |
Diprotodontia | 1875 1 | Australia | 
|
| Eastern hare wallaby | Lagorchestes leporides Gould, 1841 |
Diprotodontia | 1889 1 |  Australia |
|
| Lake Mackay hare-wallaby | Lagorchestes asomatus Finlayson, 1943 |
Diprotodontia | 1932 1 | Australia | |
| Desert rat-kangaroo | Caloprymnus campestris Gould, 1843 |
Diprotodontia | 1935 1 |  Australia |
|
| Thylacine, or Tasmanian wolf/tiger |
Thylacinus cynocephalus Harris, 1808 |
Dasyuromorphia | 1936 1 |  Australia, Tasmania |
|
| Toolache wallaby | Macropus greyi Waterhouse, 1846 |
Diprotodontia | 1939 1 | Australia | 
|
| Desert bandicoot | Perameles eremiana Spencer, 1837 |
Peramelemorphia | 1943 1 | Australia | 
|
| [16] | Perameles fasciata Gray, 1841 |
Peramelemorphia | mid-19th century | Australia | 
|
| [16] | Perameles myosuros Wagner, 1841 |
Peramelemorphia | mid-19th century | Australia | 
|
| [16] | Perameles notina Thomas, 1922 |
Peramelemorphia | mid-19th century | Australia | |
| Ooldea barred bandicoot[16] | Perameles papillon Travouillon & Phillips, 2018 |
Peramelemorphia | early 20th century | Australia | |
| Lesser bilby, or Yallara |
Macrotis leucura Thomas, 1887 |
Peramelemorphia | 1960s 1 |  Australia |
|
| Southern pig-footed bandicoot | Chaeropus ecaudatus Ogilby, 1838 |
Peramelemorphia | 1950s 1 |  Australia |
|
| Northern pig-footed bandicoot | Chaeropus yirratji Travouillon et al., 2019 |
Peramelemorphia | 1950s |
|
|
| Crescent nail-tail wallaby | Onychogalea lunata Gould, 1841 |
Diprotodontia | 1956 1 | Australia (western and central) | 
|
| Red-bellied gracile opossum, or red-bellied gracile mouse opossum |
Cryptonanus ignitus Díaz, Flores and Barquez, 2002 |
Didelphimorphia | 1962 1 | Argentina | |
| Nullarbor dwarf bettong | Bettongia pusilla McNamara, 1997 |
Diprotodontia | early 1500s 1 | Australia (Nullarbor Plain) | |
| Steller's sea cow | Hydrodamalis gigas von Zimmermann, 1780 |
Sirenia | 1768 1 | Commander Islands (Russia, United States) | 
|
| Bramble Cay melomys | Melomys rubicola Thomas, 1924 |
Rodentia | 2016 1 | Australia (Bramble Cay) | 
|
| Oriente cave rat | Boromys offella Miller, 1916 |
Rodentia | early 1500s 1 | Cuba | 
|
| Torre's cave rat | Boromys torrei Allen, 1917 |
Rodentia | early 1500s 1 | Cuba | 
|
| Imposter hutia | Hexolobodon phenax Miller, 1929 |
Rodentia | early 1500s 1 | Hispaniola (currently Haiti and the Dominican Republic) | |
| Montane hutia | Isolobodon montanus Miller, 1922 |
Rodentia | early 1500s 1 | Hispaniola | |
| Dwarf viscacha | Lagostomus crassus Thomas, 1910 |
Rodentia | early 1900s 1 | Peru | |
| Galápagos giant rat | Megaoryzomys curioi Niethammer, 1964 |
Rodentia | 1500s 1 | Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos) | 
|
| Cuban coney | Geocapromys columbianus Chapman, 1892 |
Rodentia | early 1500s 1 | Cuba | |
| Hispaniolan edible rat | Brotomys voratus Miller, 1916 |
Rodentia | 1536–1546 1 | Hispaniola | |
| Puerto Rican hutia | Isolobodon portoricensis Allen, 1916 |
Rodentia | early 1900s 1 | Hispaniola; introduced to Puerto Rico, Saint Thomas Island, Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands and Mona Island | |
| Big-eared hopping mouse | Notomys macrotis Thomas, 1921 |
Rodentia | 1843 1 | Australia (central Western Australia) | |
| Darling Downs hopping mouse | Notomys mordax Thomas, 1921 |
Rodentia | 1846 1 | Australia (Darling Downs, Queensland) | |
| White-footed rabbit-rat | Conilurus albipes Lichtenstein, 1829 |
Rodentia | early 1860s 1 | Australia (eastern coast) | 
|
| Capricorn rabbit rat | Conilurus capricornensis Cramb and Hocknull, 2010 |
Rodentia | early 1500s 1 | Australia (Queensland) | |
| Short-tailed hopping mouse | Notomys amplus Brazenor, 1936 |
Rodentia | 1896 1 | Australia (Great Sandy Desert) | |
| Long-tailed hopping mouse | Notomys longicaudatus Gould, 1844 |
Rodentia | 1901 1 | Australia | |
| Great hopping mouse | Notomys robustus Mahoney, Smith and Medlin, 2008 |
Rodentia | mid-1800s 1 | Australia (Flinders and Davenport Ranges) | |
| Desmarest's pilorie, or Martinique giant rice rat |
Megalomys desmarestii Fischer, 1829 |
Rodentia | 1902 1 | Martinique | 
|
| Saint Lucia pilorie, or Saint Lucia giant rice rat |
Megalomys luciae Major, 1901 |
Rodentia | 1881 1 | Saint Lucia | 
|
| Bulldog rat | Rattus nativitatis Thomas, 1888 |
Rodentia | 1903 1 | Christmas Island | 
|
| Maclear's rat | Rattus macleari Thomas, 1887 |
Rodentia | 1903 1 | Christmas Island | 
|
| Darwin's Galápagos mouse | Nesoryzomys darwini Osgood, 1929 |
Rodentia | 1930 1 | Galápagos Islands | |
| Gould's mouse | Pseudomys gouldii Waterhouse, 1839 |
Rodentia | 1930 1 | Australia (southern half) | 
|
| Plains rat, or Palyoora |
Pseudomys auritus Thomas, 1910 |
Rodentia | early 1800s 1 | Australia (Kangaroo Island and the Younghusband Peninsula) | |
| Pemberton's deer mouse | Peromyscus pembertoni Burt, 1932 |
Rodentia | 1931 1 | San Pedro Nolasco Island, Mexico | |
| Samaná hutia | Plagiodontia ipnaeum Johnson, 1948 |
Rodentia | early 1500s [a] 1 | Hispaniola | |
| Hispaniola monkey | Antillothrix bernensis MacPhee, Horovitz, Arredondo, & Jimenez Vasquez, 1995 |
Primates | early 16th century | Hispaniola (currently Dominican Republic) | |
| Lesser stick-nest rat, or white-tipped stick-nest rat |
Leporillus apicalis John Gould, 1854 |
Rodentia | 1933 1 | Australia (west-central) | 
|
| Indefatigable Galápagos mouse | Nesoryzomys indefessus Thomas, 1899 |
Rodentia | 1934 1 | Galápagos Islands | |
| Little Swan Island hutia | Geocapromys thoracatus True, 1888 |
Rodentia | 1955 1 | Swan Islands, Honduras | 
|
| Blue-gray mouse | Pseudomys glaucus Thomas, 1910 |
Rodentia | 1956 1 | Australia (Queensland, New South Wales) | |
| Buhler's coryphomys or Buhler's rat |
Coryphomys buehleri Schaub, 1937 |
Rodentia | early 1500s 1 | West Timor, Indonesia | |
| Insular cave rat | Heteropsomys insulans , 1916 |
Rodentia | early 1500s 1 | Vieques Island, Puerto Rico | |
| Candango mouse | Juscelinomys candango Moojen, 1965 |
Rodentia | 1960 1 | Central Brazil | |
| Anthony's woodrat | Neotoma anthonyi Allen, 1898 |
Rodentia | 1926 1 | Isla Todos Santos, Mexico | |
| Bunker's woodrat | Neotoma bunkeri Burt, 1932 |
Rodentia | 1931 1 | Coronado Islands, Mexico | |
| Vespucci's rodent | Noronhomys vespuccii Carleton and Olson, 1999 |
Rodentia | 1500 1 | Fernando de Noronha, Brazil | |
| St. Vincent colilargo, or St. Vincent pygmy rice rat |
Oligoryzomys victus Thomas, 1898 |
Rodentia | 1892 1 | Saint Vincent | |
| Jamaican rice rat | Oryzomys antillarum Thomas, 1898 |
Rodentia | 1877 1 | Jamaica | 
|
| Nelson's rice rat | Oryzomys nelsoni Merriam, 1889 |
Rodentia | 1897 1 | Islas Marías, Mexico | 
|
| Nevis rice rat, or St. Eustatius rice rat, St. Kitts rice rat |
Pennatomys nivalis Turvey, Weksler, Morris, and Nokkert, 2010 |
Rodentia | early 1500s [b] 1 | Sint Eustatius and Saint Kitts and Nevis | 
|
| Christmas Island pipistrelle | Pipistrellus murrayi Andrews, 1900 |
Chiroptera | 2009 1 | Christmas Island | |
| Sardinian pika | Prolagus sardus Wagner, 1832 |
Lagomorpha | 1774 1 | Corsica and Sardinia | 
|
| Marcano's solenodon | Solenodon marcanoi Patterson, 1962 |
Eulipotyphla | 1500s 1 | Dominican Republic | |
| Puerto Rican nesophontes | Nesophontes edithae , 1916 |
Eulipotyphla | early 1500s 1 | Puerto Rico, Vieques Island, Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands | 
|
| Atalaye nesophontes | Nesophontes hypomicrus Miller, 1929 |
Eulipotyphla | early 1500s 1 | Hispaniola | |
| Greater Cuban nesophontes | Nesophontes major Arredondo, 1970 |
Eulipotyphla | early 1500s 1 | Cuba | |
| Western Cuban nesophontes | Nesophontes micrus Allen, 1917 |
Eulipotyphla | early 1500s 1 | Cuba (including Isla de la Juventud) | |
| St. Michel nesophontes | Nesophontes paramicrus Miller, 1929 |
Eulipotyphla | early 1500s 1 | Hispaniola | |
| Haitian nesophontes | Nesophontes zamicrus Miller, 1929 |
Eulipotyphla | early 1500s 1 | Haiti | |
| Lesser Mascarene flying fox, or dark flying fox |
Pteropus subniger kerr, 1792 |
Chiroptera | 1864 1 | Réunion, Mauritius | 
|
| Guam flying fox, or Guam fruit bat |
Pteropus tokudae Tate, 1934 |
Chiroptera | 1968 1 | Guam | |
| Dusky flying fox, or Percy Island flying fox |
Pteropus brunneus Dobson, 1878 |
Chiroptera | 1870 1 | Percy Islands (Australia) | |
| Large Palau flying fox | Pteropus pilosus Andersen, 1908 |
Chiroptera | 1874 1 | Palau | |
| Large sloth lemur | Palaeopropithecus ingens Grandidier, 1899 |
Primate | 1620 1 |  In green |
|
| Aurochs | Bos primigenius Bojanus, 1827 |
Artiodactyla | 1627 1 | 
|
|
| Bluebuck | Hippotragus leucophaeus Pallas, 1766 |
Artiodactyla | 1800 1 | 
|
|
| Red gazelle | Eudorcas rufina Thomas, 1894 |
Artiodactyla | late 1800s 1 | Algeria | 
|
| Schomburgk's deer | Rucervus schomburgki Blyth, 1863 |
Artiodactyla | 1932 1 | Thailand | 
|
| Queen of Sheba's gazelle, or Yemen gazelle |
Gazella bilkis Grover and Lay, 1985 |
Artiodactyla | 1951 1 | Yemen | |
| Madagascan dwarf hippopotamus | Hippopotamus lemerlei Milne-Edwards, 1868 |
Artiodactyla | early 1500s [c] 1 | Madagascar | 
|
| Falkland Islands wolf or warrah | Dusicyon australis Kerr, 1792 |
Carnivora | 1876 1 | Falkland Islands | 
|
| Burmeister's fox | Dusicyon avus Burmeister, 1866 |
Carnivora | early 1500s 1 | Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay | |
| Sea mink | Neogale macrodon , 1903 |
Carnivora | 1894 1 | United States (Maine, Massachusetts) and Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland) | |
| Japanese sea lion | Zalophus japonicus Peters, 1866 |
Carnivora | 1970s 1 | Japan, Korea, Russia | 
|
| Caribbean monk seal | Neomonachus tropicalis Gray, 1850 |
Carnivora | 1952 1 | Caribbean Sea | 
|
| Giant fossa | Cryptoprocta spelea Grandidier, 1902 |
Carnivora | before 1658 1 | 
|
|
Extinct in the wild[]
A species that is extinct in the wild is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as only known by living members kept in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its historic range due to massive habitat loss. A species is declared extinct in the wild after thorough surveys have inspected its historic range and failed to find evidence of a surviving individual.[15]
| Common name | Binomial name | Order | Date of extinction | Former range | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Père David's deer | Elaphurus davidianus Milne-Edwards, 1866 |
Artiodactyla | 1939 1 | China | 
|
| Scimitar oryx | Oryx dammah Cretzschmar, 1827 |
Artiodactyla | 2000 1 | Sahara Desert | 
|
Possibly extinct[]
Extinction of taxa is difficult to detect, as a long gap without a sighting is not definitive. Some mammals declared as extinct may very well reappear.[1] For example, a study found that 36% of purported mammalian extinction had been resolved, while the rest either had validity issues (insufficient evidence) or had been rediscovered.[3] As of December 2015, the IUCN listed 30 mammalian species as "critically endangered (possibly extinct)".[4]
| Common name | Binomial name | Order | Last confirmed sighting | Range | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kouprey, or Forest ox |
Bos sauveli Urbain, 1937 |
Artiodactyla | 1988 1 | 
|
|
| Garrido's hutia | Capromys garridoi Varona, 1970 |
Rodentia | 1989 1[dead link] | Cayo Maja, Cuba | |
| Christmas Island shrew | Crocidura trichura Dobson, 1889 |
Eulipotyphla | 1985 1 | 
|
|
| Wimmer's shrew | Crocidura wimmeri de Balsac and , 1958 |
Eulipotyphla | 1976 1 | 
|
|
| De Winton's golden mole | Cryptochloris wintoni Broom, 1907 |
Eulipotyphla | 1937 1 | 
|
|
| Fuegian dog | Lycalopex culpaeus Bridges, 1919 |
Lycalopex | 1919 1 | Argentina | 
|
| Baiji, or Yangtze river dolphin |
Lipotes vexillifer Miller, 1918 |
Cetacea | 2002 [d] 1 | 
|
|
| Zuniga's dark rice rat | Melanomys zunigae Sanborn |
Rodentia | 1949 1 | Peru | |
| Dwarf hutia | Mesocapromys nanus Allen, 1917 |
Rodentia | 1937 1 | Ciénaga de Zapata, Cuba |
|
| San Felipe hutia, or Little earth hutia |
Mesocapromys sanfelipensis Varona & Garrido, 1970 |
Rodentia | 1978 1 | Cuba | |
| One-striped opossum | Monodelphis unistriata Wagner, 1842 |
Didelphimorphia | 1899 1 | 
|
|
| Gloomy tube-nosed bat | Murina tenebrosa Yoshiyuki, 1970 |
Chiroptera | 1962 1 | Tsushima Island and possibly Yaku Island, Japan |
|
| New Zealand greater short-tailed bat | Mystacina robusta Dwyer, 1962 |
Chiroptera | 1967 1 | Big South Cape Island, New Zealand | 
|
| Ethiopian amphibious rat, or Ethiopian water mouse |
Nilopegamys plumbeus Osgood, 1928 |
Rodentia | 1920s 1 | Mouth of the Lesser Abay River, Ethiopia |
|
| Lord Howe long-eared bat | Nyctophilus howensis McKean, 1975 |
Chiroptera | 1972 1 | Lord Howe Island, Australia | |
| Angel Island mouse | Peromyscus guardia Townsend, 1912 |
Rodentia | 1991 1 | Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Mexico |
|
| Puebla deer mouse | Peromyscus mekisturus Merriam, 1898 |
Rodentia | 1950s 1 | Ciudad Serdan and Tehuacán, Mexico |
|
| Telefomin cuscus | Phalanger matanim Flannery, 1987 |
Diprotodontia | 1997 1 | 
|
|
| Montane monkey-faced bat | Pteralopex pulchra Flannery, 1991 |
Chiroptera | 1990s 1 | 
|
|
| Aru flying fox | Pteropus aruensis Peter, 1867 |
Chiroptera | 1877 1 | 
|
|
| Emma's giant rat | Uromys emmae Groves and Flannery, 1994 |
Rodentia | 1990s 1 | Papua Province, Indonesia |
|
| Emperor rat | Uromys imperator Thomas, 1888 |
Rodentia | 1888 1 | Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands |
|
| Guadalcanal rat | Uromys porculus Thomas, 1904 |
Rodentia | 1888 1 | Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands |
|
| Central rock rat | Zyzomys pedunculatus Waite, 1896 |
Rodentia | 2001 [e] 1 | 
|
|
| Malabar large-spotted civet, or Malabar civet |
Viverra civettina Blyth, 1862 |
Carnivora | late 1900s [f] 1 | 
|
See also[]
- Holocene extinction
- List of extinct animals
- List of extinct birds
- Lists of mammals by population
Notes[]
- ^ A 1985 study suggested they may have survived into the 1900s based on local legends of the "comadreja"
- ^ There were reports of unusual rats on Nevis being eaten by islanders in the 1930s.[17]
- ^ Although, 14C dating points their extinction at 1000 C. E., a 1991 study found they coexisted with humans and survived into the 1500s.[18]
- ^ The species may be functionally extinct.[19]
- ^ The species was presumed extinct until it was rediscovered in 1996. There was a possible discovery in 2015.[20]
- ^ The last confirmed sighting is unknown and their range in the wild is unconfirmed. Camera traps in Karnataka, their presumed habitat, found no individuals after 1,084 nights in 2006.[21]
References[]
- ^ a b c d e Fisher, Diana O.; Blomberg, Simon P. (2011). "Correlates of rediscovery and the detectability of extinction in mammals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1708): 1090–1097. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1579. PMC 3049027. PMID 20880890.
- ^ Ceballos, G.; Ehrlich, A. H.; Ehrlich, P. R. (2015). The Annihilation of Nature: Human Extinction of Birds and Mammals. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 1421417189. "69"
- ^ a b Macphee, Ross D. E.; Flemming, Clare (1999). "Requiem Æternam: the last five hundred years of mammalian species extinctions". In MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (eds.). Extinctions in Near Time. Advances in Vertebrate Paleobiology. Vol. 2. ISBN 978-1-4419-3315-7.
- ^ a b "IUCN Red List version 2015.4". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Retrieved 3 December 2015.
- ^ "Possibly Extinct and Possibly Extinct in the Wild Species" (PDF). IUCN Redlist of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
- ^ Jackson, P.; Nowell, K. (2008). "Panthera tigris ssp. sondaica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T41681A10509194. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41681A10509194.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Primack, R. B. (2006). "Habitat destruction". Essentials of Conservation Biology (4th ed.). Sunderland, MA.: Sinauer Associates. pp. 177–188. ISBN 978-0-87893-720-2.
- ^ Winkelmann, Ricarda; Levermann, Anders; Ridgwell, Andy; Caldeira, Ken (2015). "Combustion of available fossil fuel resources sufficient to eliminate the Antarctic Ice Sheet". Science Advances. 1 (8): e1500589. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E0589W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500589. PMC 4643791. PMID 26601273.
- ^ Kelly, B. C.; Ikonomou, M. G.; Blair, J. D.; Morin, A. E.; Gobas, F. A. P. C. (2007). "Food Web-Specific Biomagnification of Persistent Organic Pollutants". Science. 317 (5835): 236–239. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..236K. doi:10.1126/science.1138275. PMID 17626882. S2CID 52835862.
- ^ Langwig, K.E.; W.F. Frick; J.T. Bried; A.C. Hicks; T.H. Kunz; A.M. Kilpatrick (2012). "Sociality, density-dependence and microclimates determine the persistence of populations suffering from a novel fungal disease, white-nose syndrome". Ecology Letters. 15 (1): 1050–1057. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01829.x. PMID 22747672.
- ^ Estes, James A.; Burdin, Alexander; Doak, Daniel F. (2016). "Sea otters, kelp forests, and the extinction of Steller's sea cow". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (4): 880–885. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113..880E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1502552112. PMC 4743786. PMID 26504217.
- ^ Husson, A. M.; Holthuis, L. B. (1969). "On the type of Antilope leucophaea preserved in the collection of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie Leiden". Zoologische Mededelingen. 44: 147–157.
- ^ van der Geer, Alexandra; Lyras, George; de Vos, John; Dermitzakis, Michael (2010). Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 225–227. ISBN 978-1-4051-9009-1.
- ^ Woinarskia, John C. Z.; Burbidge, Andrew A.; Harrison, Peter L. (2015). "Ongoing unraveling of a continental fauna: Decline and extinction of Australian mammals since European settlement" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (5): 4531–4540. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.4531W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1417301112. PMC 4403217. PMID 25675493.
- ^ a b IUCN Redlist Categories and Criteria (PDF) (2nd ed.). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Species Survival Commission. 2012. ISBN 978-2-8317-1435-6.
- ^ a b c d TRAVOUILLON, KENNY J.; PHILLIPS, MATTHEW J. (7 February 2018). "Total evidence analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of bandicoots and bilbies (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia): reassessment of two species and description of a new species". Zootaxa. 4378 (2): 224. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4378.2.3. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ^ Turvey, Samuel T.; Weksler, Marcelo; Morris, Elaine L.; Nokkert, Mark (2010). "Taxonomy, phylogeny, and diversity of the extinct Lesser Antillean rice rats (Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and species". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 160 (4): 748–772. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00628.x.
- ^ MacPhee, R. D. E.; Burney, David A. (1991). "Dating of modified femora of extinct dwarf Hippopotamus from Southern Madagascar: Implications for constraining human colonization and vertebrate extinction events". Journal of Archaeological Science. 18 (6): 695–706. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(91)90030-S.
- ^ Turvey, Samuel T.; Pitman, Robert L.; Taylor, Barbara L.; Barlow, Jay; Akamatsu, Tomonari; Barrett, Leigh A.; Zhao, Xiujiang; Reeves, Randall R.; Stewart, Brent S.; Kexiong, Wang; Zhuo, Wei; Zhang, Xianfeng; Pusser, L. T.; Richlen, Michael; Brandon, John R.; Wang, Ding (2007). "First human-caused extinction of a cetacean species?". Biology Letters. 3 (5): 537–540. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0292. PMC 2391192. PMID 17686754.
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- IUCN Red List extinct species
- Lists of extinct animals
- Extinct mammals
- Lists of mammals