List of extinct plants
The following is a list of extinct plants only.
Prehistoric extinctions[]
Cooksonia
Araucarioxylon arizonicum
Sphenophyllum miravallis
Extinct plants by geologic period[]
Silurian[]
Devonian[]
- Archaeopteris
- Chaleuria
- cooksonia
Carboniferous[]
- Annularia
- Sigillaria
- Lepidodendron
- Calamites
- Sphenophyllum
Permian[]
- Cordaites
- Glossopteris
- Sphenophyllum
Triassic[]
- Araucarioxylon[1]
- Caytoniales (extinct at the end of the Cretaceous)
- Cladophlebis
- Zamites
- Brachyphyllum
- Pleuromeia
- Pannaulika
- Sphenophyllum
- Dicroidium odontopteroides
- pleuromeia dubai
Jurassic[]
- Araucaria mirabilis[2]
- Araucarites sanctaecrucis[2]
- Baiera
- Coniopteris
- Cycadeoidea
- Equisetum thermale (La Matilde Formation, Argentina)[3]
- Neocalamites
- Nilssonia
- Pararaucaria patagonica[2]
- Schmeissneria
Cretaceous[]
- Archaeamphora (Northeastern China)
- Archaefructus
- Orontium mackii (Maastrictian?, McRea Formation, North America)[4]
- Palaeoaldrovanda (Czech Republic)
- Pagiophyllum
- Podozamites
- Sagaria (Southern Italy)
- Sphenobaiera
- Williamsonia
Paleocene[]
- Acer alaskense (Chickaloon Formation, Alaska) [5]
- Banksieaeidites (Australia) (species through the Miocene)
- Cornus piggae (Almont/Biecegal Creek, North America)[6]
- Pinus peregrinus (Golden Valley Formation)[7]
- Ginkgo cranei (Sentinel Butte Formation)[8]
- Metasequoia foxii (Paskapoo Formation, Alberta)[9]
- Montrichardia aquatica (Cerrejón Formation, Colombia)[10]
- Petrocardium (Cerrejón Formation, Colombia)[10]
Eocene[]
- Acer castorrivularis (Montana, North America)[5]
- Acer clarnoense (John Day Formation, North America)[5]
- Acer douglasense (West Foreland Formation, Alaska, North America)[5]
- Acer hillsi (Klondike Mountain Formation, Washington, North America)[5]
- Acer republicense (Klondike Mountain Formation, Washington, North America)[5]
- Acer rousei (Allenby Formation, McAbee Site, British Columbia, North America)[5]
- Acer stewarti (Allenby Formation, British Columbia, North America)[5]
- Acer stonebergae (Okanagan Highlands, North America)[5]
- Acer taurocursum (Bull Run flora, North America)[5]
- Acer toradense (Okanagan Highlands, North America)[5]
- Acer washingtonense (Klondike Mountain Formation, Washington, North America)[5]
- Actinidia oregonensis (Central Oregon, USA)[11]
- Azolla primaeva (British Columbia, Canada)[12]
- Abies milleri (British Columbia, Canada; Washington, USA)[13]
- Banksia archaeocarpa (Australia)[citation needed]
- Chamaecyparis eureka (Axel Heiberg Island, Canada)[14]
- Corylopsis reedae (Klondike Mountain Formation, Washington, North America)[15]
- Cornus clarnensis (Central Oregon, USA)[11]
- Coryloides (Central Oregon, USA)[11]
- Corylus johnsonii (Washington, USA)[16]
- Dillhoffia (British Columbia, Canada; Washington, USA)[17]
- Diploporus (Paleocene-Eocene; Sentinel Butte Formation, Clarno Formation)[11]
- Eucommia eocenica (Claiborne Formation, southeastern North America)[18]
- Eucommia montana (Western North America)[18]
- Eucommia jeffersonensis (John Day Formation, Oregon, North America)[18]
- Eucommia rolandii (North America)[18]
- Fothergilla malloryi (Klondike Mountain Formation, Washington, North America)[15]
- Ginkgo dissecta (Ypresian, Okanagan Highlands)[19]
- Kardiasperma (Central Oregon, USA)[11]
- Langeria magnifica (Okanagan highlands, north America)[20]
- Latanites (Italy) [21]
- Nelumbo aureavallis (North Dakota, North America)[7]
- Neviusia dunthornei (Allenby Formation, North America)[22]
- Orontium wolfei (Okanagan Highlands)[4]
- Paleopanax (Central Oregon, USA)[11]
- Peltandra primaeva (North Dakota, USA)[7]
- Pinus driftwoodensis (Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park, British Columbia)[23]
- Rhizomnium dentatum (Baltic amber, Europe)[24]
- Rhus malloryi (Washington, USA)[20]
- Rhus rooseae (Central Oregon, USA)[11]
- Sassafras hesperia (Okanogan Highlands)[20]
- Saxonipollis ("East Germany")[citation needed]
- Stonebergia (British Columbia, Canada) [25]
- Succinanthera baltica (Baltic amber)[26]
- Taxus masonii (Central Oregon, USA)[11]
- Tilia johnsoni (Washington, USA)[20]
- Torreya clarnensis (Central Oregon, USA)[11]
- Trochodendron drachukii (Okanogan Highlands)[27]
- Trochodendron nastae (Washington, USA)[28]
Oligocene[]
- Acer ashwilli (John Day Formation, Oregon)[5]
- Acer chaneyi (Oligocene to Miocene)[5]
- Acer dettermani (Late Eocene - Early Oligocene; Meshik Volcanics, Alaska)[5]
- Acer ivanofense (Late Eocene - Early Oligocene; Meshick Volcanics, Alaska)[5]
- Acer kenaicum (Oligocene; Kenai Group, Alaska)[5]
- Banksia novae-zelandiae (South Island, New Zealand) (Straddles the Oligocene-Miocene boundary)
- (fossil seeds, Chattian stage; Oberleichtersbach Formation, Germany).[29]
Miocene[]
- Acer browni (western North America)[5]
- Acer latahense (western North America)[5]
- Acer smileyi (Late Oligocene-Middle Miocene; western North America)[5]
- Acer traini (western North America)[5]
- Carya washingtonensis (Washington State, North America)[30]
Sequoiadendron chaneyi branchlet; Nevada - (in diatomite, New Zealand)[31]
- Droserapites (Taiwan)
- Droserapollis (Taiwan)
- (in diatomite, New Zealand)[31]
- (Dominican amber)[32]
- Hymenaea allendis (Late Oligocene - early Eocene; Mexican Amber)[33]
- Hymenaea mexicana (Late Oligocene - early Eocene; Mexican Amber)[33]
- Hymenaea protera (Dominican amber)
- Meliorchis caribea (Dominican amber)[34]
- Osmunda wehrii (Yakima Canyon Flora, North America)[35]
- Palaeoraphe (Dominican Republic)[36]
- Roystonea palaea (Dominican amber)[36]
- (Dominican amber)[32]
- Sequoiadendron chaneyi (Western North America)[37]
- Wessiea yakimaensis (Yakima Canyon Flora, North America)[38]
Pliocene[]
- Acer palaeorufinerve (Miocene - Pliocene; East Asia and possibly Alaska?)[5]
- Pinus matthewsii[39]
Pleistocene[]
- Banksia kingii (Western Tasmania)
- Banksia strahanensis (Western Tasmania)
- Picea critchfieldii (North America)
Modern extinctions[]
Africa[]
Saint Helena olive (Nesiota elliptica)
- Acalypha rubrinervis (1870, Saint Helena)
- (1940s, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1950s, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1900, South Africa) [40]
- (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- Byttneria ivorensis (1896, Côte d'Ivoire)
- (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1910, South Africa) [40]
- (1900, South Africa) [40]
- Coffea lemblinii (1907, Côte d'Ivoire)
- (1900, South Africa) [40]
- Corynanthe brachythyrsus (1898, Cameroon)
- (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1889, Ascension Island)
- (1940, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1910, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1920, South Africa) [40]
- (1950, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- Heliotropium pannifolium (1808, Saint Helena)
- (1950, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1920, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1805, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1930, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1830, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1925, South Africa) [40]
- (1980, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- Nesiota elliptica (2003, Saint Helena)
- Oldenlandia adscensionis (1889, Ascension Island)
- (1910, Cameroon)
- (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1950s, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1930, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- Silphium – Ferula ? (c. 50, Cyrene)
- Sporobolus durus (1886, Ascension Island)
- (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- Trochetiopsis melanoxylon (1771, Saint Helena)
- (1900, South Africa) [40]
- (1920, South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- (1900, South Africa) [40]
Americas[]
- – (1885, Roan Mountain, Tennessee)[41]
- (Arizona)[41]
- Atriplex tularensis (California)[41]
- Galapagos Amaranth – Blutaparon rigidum (1999, Galápagos Ecuador)
- (Wyoming)[41]
- Brickellia chenopodina (New Mexico)[41]
- Calochortus indecorus (Oregon)[41]
- Calochortus monanthus (California)[41]
- (California)[41]
- (California)[41]
- Rio de Janeiro Myrtle – Campomanesia lundiana (1825, Brazil)
- Casearia quinduensis (1997, Colombia)
- – (1997, Brazil)
- (California)[41]
- Havana Fragrant Tree – Cnidoscolus fragrans (1840, Cuba)
- (Washington)[41]
- Crataegus austromontana (Alabama and Tennessee)[41]
- (Colorado)[41]
- (California)[41]
- (Nevada)[41]
- (Texas)[41]
- (California)[41]
- (Tamaulipas and Texas)[41]
- (New York and Pennsylvania)[41]
- Erigeron mariposanus (California)[41]
- Santa Cruz Bryophyte – Flabellidium spinosum (1911, Bolivia)
- – Galipea ossana (1825, Cuba)
- Cuban Guettarda Tree – Guettarda retusa (1975, Cuba)
- Govenia floridana (Florida)[41]
- (Texas)[41]
- Helianthus praetermissus (Arizona and New Mexico)[41]
- Isocoma humilis (Utah)[41]
- (Massachusetts)[41]
- (Florida)[41]
- Licania caldasiana (1997, Colombia)
- (California)[41]
- Marshallia grandiflora (North Carolina)[41]
- Micranthemum micranthemoides (Mid-atlantic United States)[41]
- Monardella leucocephala (California)[41]
- (California)[41]
- Mason River Myrtle – Myrcia skeldingii (1972, Jamaica)
- – (Henderson County, North Carolina)[42]
- Hastings County Neomacounia – Neomacounia nitida (1864, Canada)
- – (1899, Polk County, North Carolina)
- Falls-of-the-Ohio scurfpea – Orbexilum stipulatum (1881, Jefferson County, Kentucky)
- (Texas)[41]
- (Oregon)[41]
- (California)[41]
- (California)[41]
- (California)[41]
- Rio de Janeiro Pouteria – Pouteria stenophylla (1997, Brazil)
- Cajamarca Pradosia – Pradosia argentea (1820, Peru)
- Rio de Janeiro Pradosia – Pradosia glaziovii (1997, Brazil)
- – Pradosia mutisii (1925, Colombia)
- Proboscidea spicata (Texas)[41]
- Jamaican Psidium – Psidium dumetorum (1976, Jamaica)
- Quercus tardifolia (Coahuila and Texas)[41]
- (New Mexico)[41]
- – Santalum fernandezianum (1908, Chile)
- Sesuvium trianthemoides (Texas)[41]
- (New Mexico)[41]
- Thismia americana – Thismia americana (1916, Chicago, IL, USA)
Asia[]
- Adiantum lianxianense (Guangdong, China)
- Sri Lanka Legume Tree – Crudia zeylanica (1990, Sri Lanka)
- Kerala Legume Tree – Cynometra beddomei (1870, India)
- – (1996, Sumatra, Indonesia)
- Arunchal Hopea Tree – Hopea shingkeng (1996, India)
- Nilgiri Holly – Ilex gardneriana (1859, India)
- Karnataka Sapota – Madhuca insignis (1900, India)
- Hainan Ormosia – Ormosia howii (1997, Southern China)
- Hainan Otophora – Otophora unilocularis (1935, Hainan, China)
- Pluchea glutinosa (19th Century, Yemen)
- Psiadia schweinfurthii (19th Century, Yemen)
- Sarawak Shorea – Shorea cuspidata (1996, Malaysia)
- Meghalaya Sterculia – Sterculia khasiana (1877, India)
- Valerianella affinis (19th century, Yemen)
- – Wendlandia angustifolia (1997, India)
- Woolly-stalked Begonia – Begonia eiromischa (20th century, Penang, Malaysia)
- Ruzhildalani "Ruzhil" (1995, India)
Europe[]
- Cry Pansy – Viola cryana (1933, France)
- (1912, Czech Republic)
Oceania[]
- Hawaii Chaff Flower – Achyranthes atollensis (1964, Hawaiian Is.)
- Argyroxiphium virescens (1996, Hawaiian Is.)
- (New Caledonia)
- Casearia tinifolia (1976, Mauritius)
- (1871, Hawaiian Is.)
- – (1869, New Caledonia)
- – (1928, Hawaiian Is.)
- (late 19th century, Hawaiian Is.)
- (1909, Hawaiian Is.)
- Cyanea dolichopoda (1990, Hawaiian Is.)
- – (1917, Hawaiian Is.)
- – Cyanea marksii (1900, Hawaiian Is.) - update in 2016: This plant is endemic to Hawaiʻi, where it has experienced severe and ongoing decline in habitat and numbers due to the impacts of invasive plants and animals. Previously it was believed to be Extinct, but the rediscovery of 12 plants (occurring in two separate subpopulations) resulted in it being downlisted to CR.[43]
- – (1910, Hawaiian Is.)
- – (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Oak-leaved Cyanea Tree – Cyanea quercifolia (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Dracaena umbraculifera (Mauritius)
- – Fitchia mangarevensis (1997, Taravai, French Polynesia)
- Moorea Laurel – Hernandia drakeana (1997, French Polynesia)
- Kawaihae Hibiscadelphus – Hibiscadelphus bombycinus (1868, Hawaiian Is.)
- Puhielelu Hibiscadelphus – Hibiscadelphus crucibracteatus (1981, Hawaiian Is.)
- Auwahi Hibiscadelphus – Hibiscadelphus wilderianus (1910, Hawaiian Is.)
- Oahu Kokia – Kokia lanceolata (1888, Hawaiian Is.)
- Cross-bearing Pelea – Melicope cruciata (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Maui Ruta Tree – Melicope haleakalae (1919, Hawaiian Is.)
- Obovate Melicope – Melicope obovata (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Nuku Hiva Neisosperma – Neisosperma brownii (1997, French Polynesia)
- Fatu Hiva Ochrosia – Ochrosia fatuhivensis (1997, French Polynesia)
- Nuku Hiva Ochrosia – Ochrosia nukuhivensis (1997, French Polynesia)
- Tahiti Ochrosia – Ochrosia tahitensis (1997, French Polynesia)
- (New Caledonia)
- Koé Stenocarpus – Stenocarpus dumbeensis (1905, New Caledonia)
- Norfolk Island Streblorrhiza – Streblorrhiza speciosa (1997, Norfolk Island)
- – Weinmannia spiraeoides (1840, Fiji)
- Skottsberg's Wikstroemia – Wikstroemia skottsbergiana (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- – (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- – Xanthostemon sebertii (1869, New Caledonia)
Plants extinct in the wild[]
Encephalartos woodii
Sophora toromiro
Africa[]
- St. Helena roundleaf gumwood – (Commidendrum rotundifolium) (Saint Helena)
- Encephalartos brevifoliolatus (South Africa) [40]
- Encephalartos nubimontanus (South Africa) [40]
- Encephalartos relictus (Swaziland)
- Encephalartos woodii (South Africa)[40]
- (South Africa: Cape Flora)[40]
- Erica turgida (South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- Erica verticillata (South Africa: Cape Flora) [40]
- Pleiospilos simulans (South Africa) [40]
- Lotus berthelotii (Canary Islands)
- St. Helena redwood – (Trochetiopsis erythroxylon) (Saint Helena)
Americas[]
- Csapodya splendens (syn. Deppea splendens) (Mexico)
- Root-spine Palm – (Cryosophila williamsii) (Honduras)
- Cuban Erythroxylum – (Erythroxylum echinodendron) (Cuba)
- Franklin Tree – (Franklinia alatamaha) (Georgia, U.S.)
- Laelia gouldiana (Mexico)
- Biznaguita – (Mammillaria glochidiata) (Mexico)
- Biznaguita – (Mammillaria guillauminiana) (Mexico)
- Rio de Janeiro Terminalia – (Terminalia acuminata) (Brazil)
- Bastard gumwood (Commidendrum rotundifolium) (St. Helena)
Asia[]
- India Monocarpic Palm – (Corypha taliera) - (Bengal)
- Pallasana Spurge – (Euphorbia mayurnathanii) (India)
- Yunnan Malva – (Firmiana major) (Yunnan, China)
- Kalimantan Mango – (Mangifera casturi) (Kalimantan, Indonesia)
- Sarawak Mango – (Mangifera rubropetala) (Kalimantan & Sumatra)
- Kanehira Azalea – (Rhododendron kanehirai) (Taiwan)
- Tulipa sprengeri)
Europe[]
Oceania[]
- Cyanea pinnatifida (Hawaiian Is.)
- Royal Cyanea Tree – (Cyanea superba) (Hawaiian Is.)
- Punaluu Cyanea – (Cyanea truncata) (Hawaiian Is.)
- Fuzzyflower Cyrtandra – (Cyrtandra waiolani) (Hawaiian Is.)
- (Australia)
- Cooke's Kokia – (Kokia cookei) (Hawaiian Is)
- Toromiro – (Sophora toromiro) (Easter Island, Chile)
Extinct plant cultivars[]
The "Ansault" pear
- "" – pear cultivar
- Semper augustus – tulip traded during tulip mania
- "Taliaferro" – apple cultivar
- "Viceroy" – tulip traded during tulip mania
Plants previously thought extinct and subsequently rediscovered[]
See Lazarus species
- – from Mauritius. Known in 1830s; collected in 1970 and 1997 but undetermined (Page and D'Argent 1997, IUCN report)/confirmed identity in 2008 (Florens et al., Kew Bulletin)
- Café marron (Ramosmania rodriguesii) – rediscovered on Rodrigues in 1979
- Jellyfish tree (Medusagyne oppositifolia) – rediscovered in Seychelles in the 1970s
- Sichuan Thuja (Thuja sutchuenensis) – rediscovered 1999 (Sichuan, China)
- Gibraltar Campion (Silene tomentosa) – rediscovered on Gibraltar in 1994
- Astragalus nitidiflorus (1909, Spain) – rediscovered 2004 (Cartagena, Spain)
Extinct algae[]
- Bennett's Seaweed (Vanvoorstia bennettiana) – a red alga. (1886, Australia)
See also[]
- List of recently extinct plants
- List of extinct plants of the British Isles
- List of extinct animals
References[]
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- ^ Santiago R. Ramírez; Barbara Gravendeel; Rodrigo B. Singer; Charles R. Marshall; Naomi E. Pierce (30 August 2007). "Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator". Nature. 448 (7157): 1042–5. Bibcode:2007Natur.448.1042R. doi:10.1038/nature06039. PMID 17728756. S2CID 4402181.
- ^ Miller, C.N. jr. (1982). "Osmunda wehrii, a New Species Based on Petrified Rhizomes from the Miocene of Washington". American Journal of Botany. 69 (1): 116–121. doi:10.2307/2442836. JSTOR 2442836.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Poinar, G. (2002). "Fossil palm flowers in Dominican and Baltic amber". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 139 (4): 361–367. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00052.x.
- ^ Axelrod, D. (1980). Contributions to the Neogene paleobotany of central California. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences. 121. pp. 1–212. ISBN 9780520096219.
- ^ Pigg, K.B. (2001). "Anatomically preserved Woodwardia virginica (Blechnaceae) and a new Filicalean fern from the Middle Miocene Yakima Canyon Flora of central Washington, USA". American Journal of Botany. 88 (5): 777–787. doi:10.2307/2657030. JSTOR 2657030. PMID 11353703.
- ^ McKown, A.D.; Stockey, R.A.; Schweger, C.E. (2002). "A New Species of Pinus Subgenus Pinus Subsection Contortae From Pliocene Sediments of Ch'ijee's Bluff, Yukon Territory, Canada" (PDF). International Journal of Plant Sciences. 163 (4): 687–697. doi:10.1086/340425. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-21. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php Red List of South African Plants
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- ^ http://sabs.appstate.edu/sites/sabs.appstate.edu/files/chinquapin-issues/Chinq%2016-4.pdf Newsletter of the Southern Appalachia Botanical Society
- ^ IUCN (September 4, 2016). "Four out of six great apes one step away from extinction – IUCN Red List". Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
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