List of governors of Pennsylvania

Governor of the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Governor of the; Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
	Seal of the Governor
	Flag of the Governor
	Incumbent; Tom Wolf; since January 20, 2015
Style	Governor; (informal); The Honorable; (formal);
Status	Head of State; Head of Government;
Residence	Governor's Residence
Term length	Four years, renewable once consecutively
Inaugural holder	Thomas Mifflin
Formation	December 21, 1790
Deputy	Lieutenant Governor
Salary	$201,729 (2020)
Website	Official website

The governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is the head of government of the U.S. state, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and commander-in-chief of the Commonwealth's military forces.^[2]

The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Pennsylvania Legislature^[3] and to convene the legislature.^[4] The governor may grant pardons except in cases of impeachment, but only when recommended by the Board of Pardons.^[5]

There have been seven presidents and 47 governors of Pennsylvania, with two governors (Robert E. Pattison and Gifford Pinchot) serving non-consecutive terms, totaling 55 terms in both offices. The longest term was that of the first governor, Thomas Mifflin, who served three full terms as governor in addition to two years as President of the Continental Congress. The shortest term belonged to John Bell, who served only 19 days as acting governor after his predecessor, Edward Martin resigned. The current governor is Tom Wolf, whose term began on January 20, 2015.

Governors[]

Pennsylvania was one of the original thirteen colonies, and was admitted as a state on December 12, 1787. Prior to declaring its independence, Pennsylvania was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain; see the list of colonial governors for the pre-statehood period.

Presidents of the Supreme Executive Council[]

The first Pennsylvania constitution in 1776 created the Supreme Executive Council as the state's executive branch, with the President of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as its head.^[6] The president was chosen annually by the council, though with no specific term dates.^[7]

The original 1776 constitution created the position of "vice-president", though no provision was made if the office of president became vacant, which occurred four times later. Contemporary sources continue to label the chief executive in such times as the vice president, without any notion of succeeding to the presidency. One acting president, George Bryan, was subsequently recognized later as a full-fledged governor, due to his acting as president for over six months.

#	President	Took office	Left office	Vice President
1	Thomas Wharton Jr.	March 5, 1777	May 23, 1778 ^{[note 1]}	George Bryan
2	George Bryan	May 23, 1778	December 1, 1778	acting as president ^{[note 2]}
3	Joseph Reed	December 1, 1778	November 15, 1781	George Bryan ^{[note 3]}
				Matthew Smith ^{[note 3]}
				William Moore
4	William Moore	November 15, 1781	November 7, 1782	James Potter
5	John Dickinson	November 7, 1782	October 18, 1785	James Ewing
				James Irvine ^{[note 3]}
				Charles Biddle
6	Benjamin Franklin	October 18, 1785	November 5, 1788	Charles Biddle
				Peter Muhlenberg ^{[note 3]}
				David Redick
7	Thomas Mifflin	November 5, 1788	December 21, 1790	George Ross

Governors of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania[]

Five governors of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania who have served since 1995, (left to right): Mark Schweiker, Tom Ridge, Tom Wolf, Tom Corbett and Ed Rendell, pose in front of the south facade of the Pennsylvania State Capitol on the Susquehanna River front in Harrisburg at Wolf's January 2015 gubernatorial inauguration

The 1790 constitution abolished the council and replaced the president with a governor,^[8] and established a three-year term for governor commencing on the third Tuesday of the December following the election, with governors not allowed to serve more than nine out of any twelve years.^[9] The 1838 constitution moved the start of the term to the third Tuesday of the January following the election, and allowed governors to only serve six out of any nine years.^[10] The 1874 constitution lengthened the term to four years, and prohibited governors from succeeding themselves.^[11] The current constitution of 1968 changed this to allow governors to serve two consecutive terms, with no lifetime limit.^[12]

Under the earlier 1968 constitution, Milton Shapp was the first governor to serve two terms, and Tom Corbett was the first incumbent governor to lose a re-election bid.

If the office of governor becomes vacant through death, resignation, or conviction on impeachment, the lieutenant governor becomes governor for the remainder of the term; if the office is only temporarily vacant due to disability of the governor, the lieutenant governor only acts out the duties of governor.^[13] Should both offices be vacant, the president pro tempore of the state senate becomes governor.^[14] The position of a lieutenant governor was created in the 1874 constitution; prior to then, the speaker of the senate would act as governor in cases of vacancy. Originally, the lieutenant governor could only act as governor; it was not until the 1968 constitution that the lieutenant governor could actually become the sitting governor in that fashion. The office of governor has been vacant for an extended period once before, a 17-day gap in 1848 between the resignation of the previous governor and the swearing in of his acting successor. Governors and lieutenant governors are elected on the same political party ticket.^[15]

Parties

Anti-Masonic (1) Democratic (12) Democratic-Republican (6) None (1) Republican (26) Whig (2)

#		Took office	Left office	Party	Lt. Governor ^{[note 4]}		Terms ^{[note 5]}
1	Thomas Mifflin	December 21, 1790	December 17, 1799	None ^{[note 6]}	None		3 ^{[note 7]}
2	Thomas McKean	December 17, 1799	December 20, 1808	Democratic- Republican			3
3	Simon Snyder	December 20, 1808	December 16, 1817	Democratic- Republican			3
4	William Findlay	December 16, 1817	December 19, 1820	Democratic- Republican			1
5	Joseph Hiester	December 19, 1820	December 16, 1823	Democratic- Republican			1
6	John Andrew Shulze	December 16, 1823	December 15, 1829	Democratic- Republican			2
7	George Wolf	December 15, 1829	December 15, 1835	Democratic			2
8	Joseph Ritner	December 15, 1835	January 15, 1839	Anti-Masonic			1 ^{[note 8]}
9	David R. Porter	January 15, 1839	January 21, 1845	Democratic			2 ^{[note 9]}
10	Francis R. Shunk	January 21, 1845	July 9, 1848	Democratic			1+1⁄2 ^{[note 10]}
—	Office vacant	July 9, 1848	July 26, 1848	—			— ^{[note 11]}
11	William F. Johnston	July 26, 1848	January 20, 1852	Whig			1+1⁄2 ^{[note 12]}
12	William Bigler	January 20, 1852	January 16, 1855	Democratic			1
13	James Pollock	January 16, 1855	January 19, 1858	Whig			1
14	William F. Packer	January 19, 1858	January 15, 1861	Democratic			1
15	Andrew Gregg Curtin	January 15, 1861	January 15, 1867	Republican			2
16	John W. Geary	January 15, 1867	January 21, 1873	Republican			2
17	John F. Hartranft	January 21, 1873	January 21, 1879	Republican		None	2 ^{[note 13]}
17	John F. Hartranft	January 21, 1873	January 21, 1879	Republican		John Latta	2 ^{[note 13]}
18	Henry M. Hoyt	January 21, 1879	January 16, 1883	Republican		Charles Warren Stone	1
19	Robert E. Pattison	January 16, 1883	January 18, 1887	Democratic		Chauncey Forward Black	1
20	James A. Beaver	January 18, 1887	January 20, 1891	Republican		William T. Davies	1
19	Robert E. Pattison	January 20, 1891	January 15, 1895	Democratic		Louis Arthur Watres	1
21	Daniel H. Hastings	January 15, 1895	January 17, 1899	Republican		Walter Lyon	1
22	William A. Stone	January 17, 1899	January 20, 1903	Republican		John P. S. Gobin	1
23	Samuel W. Pennypacker	January 20, 1903	January 15, 1907	Republican		William M. Brown	1
24	Edwin Sydney Stuart	January 15, 1907	January 17, 1911	Republican		Robert S. Murphy	1
25	John K. Tener	January 17, 1911	January 19, 1915	Republican		John Merriman Reynolds	1
26	Martin Grove Brumbaugh	January 19, 1915	January 21, 1919	Republican		Frank B. McClain	1
27	William Cameron Sproul	January 21, 1919	January 16, 1923	Republican		Edward E. Beidleman	1
28	Gifford Pinchot	January 16, 1923	January 18, 1927	Republican		David J. Davis	1
29	John Stuchell Fisher	January 18, 1927	January 20, 1931	Republican		Arthur James	1
28	Gifford Pinchot	January 20, 1931	January 15, 1935	Republican		Edward C. Shannon	1
30	George Howard Earle III	January 15, 1935	January 17, 1939	Democratic		Thomas Kennedy	1
31	Arthur James	January 17, 1939	January 19, 1943	Republican		Samuel S. Lewis	1
32	Edward Martin	January 19, 1943	January 2, 1947	Republican		John C. Bell, Jr.	1⁄2 ^{[note 14]}
33	John C. Bell Jr.	January 2, 1947	January 21, 1947	Republican		vacant	1⁄2 ^{[note 15]}
34	James H. Duff	January 21, 1947	January 16, 1951	Republican		Daniel B. Strickler	1
35	John S. Fine	January 16, 1951	January 18, 1955	Republican		Lloyd H. Wood	1
36	George M. Leader	January 18, 1955	January 20, 1959	Democratic		Roy E. Furman	1
37	David L. Lawrence	January 20, 1959	January 15, 1963	Democratic		John Morgan Davis	1
38	William Scranton	January 15, 1963	January 17, 1967	Republican		Raymond P. Shafer	1
39	Ray Shafer	January 17, 1967	January 19, 1971	Republican		Raymond J. Broderick	1
40	Milton Shapp	January 19, 1971	January 16, 1979	Democratic		Ernest P. Kline	2 ^{[note 16]}
41	Dick Thornburgh	January 16, 1979	January 20, 1987	Republican		William Scranton, III	2
42	Bob Casey Sr.	January 20, 1987	January 17, 1995	Democratic		Mark Singel	2 ^{[note 17]}
43	Tom Ridge	January 17, 1995	October 5, 2001	Republican		Mark Schweiker	1+1⁄2 ^{[note 18]}
44	Mark Schweiker	October 5, 2001	January 21, 2003	Republican		Robert Jubelirer	1⁄2 ^{[note 19]}
45	Ed Rendell	January 21, 2003	January 18, 2011	Democratic		Catherine Baker Knoll^{[note 20]}	2
45	Ed Rendell	January 21, 2003	January 18, 2011	Democratic		Joe Scarnati^{[note 21]}	2
46	Tom Corbett	January 18, 2011	January 20, 2015	Republican		Jim Cawley	1
47	Tom Wolf	January 20, 2015	Incumbent ^{[note 22]}	Democratic		Mike Stack	2
47	Tom Wolf	January 20, 2015	Incumbent ^{[note 22]}	Democratic		John Fetterman	2

Succession[]

Other high offices held[]

This is a table of other governorships, congressional and other federal offices, and ranking diplomatic positions in foreign countries held by Pennsylvania governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Pennsylvania except where noted.

† Denotes those offices from which the governor resigned to take the governorship.

Governor	Gubernatorial term	U.S. Congress		Other offices held	Source
Governor	Gubernatorial term	House	Senate	Other offices held	Source
Joseph Reed	1778–1781			Delegate to the Continental Congress; elected to the U.S. House but declined his seat.	^[18]
John Dickinson	1782–1785			President of Delaware, Delegate to the Continental Congress from Delaware, Delegate to the Continental Congress from Pennsylvania	^[19]
Benjamin Franklin	1785–1788			Minister to France, Minister to Sweden	^[20]
Thomas Mifflin	1790–1799			President of the Continental Congress	^[21]
Thomas McKean	1799–1808			President of Delaware, President of the Continental Congress	^[22]
Simon Snyder	1808–1817			Some records say he was elected to the U.S. Senate, but some only say state senate. The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress has no record of a U.S. Senate term.	^[23]
William Findlay	1817–1820		S		^[24]
Joseph Hiester	1820–1823	H†			^[25]
George Wolf	1829–1835	H†			^[26]
William Bigler	1852–1855		S		^[27]
James Pollock	1855–1858	H			^[28]
Andrew Gregg Curtin	1861–1867	H		Ambassador to Russia	^[29]
John W. Geary	1867–1876			Governor of Kansas Territory	^[30]
William A. Stone	1899–1903	H†			^[31]
John K. Tener	1911–1915	H†			^[32]
George Howard Earle III	1935–1939			Ambassador to Austria†	^[33]
Edward Martin	1943–1947		S		^[34]
James H. Duff	1947–1951		S		^[35]
William Scranton	1963–1967	H		Ambassador to the United Nations	^[36]
Dick Thornburgh	1979–1987			U.S. Attorney General	^[37]
Tom Ridge	1995–2001	H		U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security	^[38]

Living former governors of Pennsylvania[]

As of December 2020, there are four former governors of Pennsylvania who are currently living at this time, the oldest governor of Pennsylvania being Ed Rendell (served 2003-2011, born 1944). The most recent death of a former governor of Pennsylvania was that of Richard Thornburgh (served 1979–1987, born 1932), on December 31, 2020.

Governor	Gubernatorial term	Date of birth (and age)
Tom Ridge	1995–2001	(1945-08-26) August 26, 1945 (age 76)
Mark Schweiker	2001–2003	(1953-01-31) January 31, 1953 (age 68)
Ed Rendell	2003–2011	(1944-01-05) January 5, 1944 (age 77)
Tom Corbett	2011–2015	(1949-06-17) June 17, 1949 (age 72)

Notes[]

^ Died in office.
^ As Vice President of the Supreme Executive Council, acted as president. Four vice presidents acted as president at various times; however, Bryan's lengthy term has caused his term to since be recognized as being equivalent to president. Contemporary sources listed him only as vice president, acting out the duties of president.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Resigned; no reason was recorded by the Supreme Executive Council.
^ The office of lieutenant governor was not created until the 1873 Constitution, first being filled in 1875.
^ The fractional terms of some governors are not to be understood absolutely literally; rather, they are meant to show single terms during which multiple governors served, due to resignations, deaths and the like.
^ The Federalist Party nominated Mifflin, but he himself carried no party label.
^ Mifflin was elected governor three times under the 1790 Constitution, having previously been elected once as President of the Supreme Executive Council.
^ Ritner was the last to serve before the 1838 constitution limited governors to serving six years out of any nine years; that constitution also changed the term to commence the next January from the election, extending Ritner's term by a month.
^ First governor to serve under the 1838 constitution.
^ Resigned due to illness; he died of tuberculosis only 11 days later.
^ Following Francis R. Shunk's resignation, an interregnum of 17 days occurred before the speaker of the state senate, William F. Johnston, was sworn in.
^ As speaker of the state senate, filled unexpired term, and was subsequently elected governor in his own right.
^ First governor under the 1874 constitution, which prevented governors from succeeding themselves and lengthened terms to four years. Since Hartranft was originally elected under the previous constitution, he was allowed to succeed himself. Hartranft's first term was shortened from three to two years to fit the electoral schedule of the new constitution.
^ Resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate. While official sources state Martin resigned on January 3, most contemporary sources reported his resignation as occurring on January 2.^[16]^[17]
^ As lieutenant governor, acted as governor for unexpired term.
^ First governor under the 1968 constitution, and thus eligible to succeed himself.
^ On June 14, 1993, Casey transferred executive authority to Lieutenant Governor Singel, and later that day underwent a heart-liver transplant operation. Singel acted as governor until Casey resumed the powers and duties of the office six months later on December 13, 1993. Because Casey never officially resigned, Singel was only an acting governor.
^ Resigned to be Director of the Office of Homeland Security.
^ As lieutenant governor, filled unexpired term.
^ Died in office.
^ As president pro tempore of the state senate, acted as lieutenant governor.
^ Wolf's second term began on January 15, 2019, and will expire on January 17, 2023; he will be term-limited.

References[]

General

"Governors Database: Pennsylvania". National Governors Association. National Governors Association. 2008. Archived from the original on March 16, 2011. Retrieved April 1, 2008.

Constitutions

"Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania". Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 1968. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
"1874 Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania" (PDF). Constitution Party of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 15, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
"1838 Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania" (PDF). Constitution Party of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 15, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
"1790 Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania" (PDF). Constitution Party of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 15, 2010. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
"1776 Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania" (PDF). Constitution Party of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 15, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2010.

Specific

^ "CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries". The Council of State Governments. June 25, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
^ PA Constitution article IV, § 7
^ PA Constitution article IV, § 15
^ PA Constitution article IV, § 12
^ PA Constitution article IV, § 9
^ 1776 Constitution § 3
^ 1776 Constitution § 19
^ 1790 Constitution article II, § 1
^ 1790 Constitution article IV, § 3
^ 1838 Constitution article II, § 3
^ 1874 Constitution article IV, § 3
^ PA Constitution article IV, § 3
^ PA Constitution article IV, § 13
^ PA Constitution article IV, § 14
^ "Executive Branch of the Several States". The Green Papers. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
^ "Martin Quits Today as Penna. Governor; Bell to Take Over". Gettysburg Times. January 2, 1947. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
^ Stevens, Sylvester Kirby (1964). Pennsylvania: Birthplace of a Nation. New York: Random House. p. 375.
^ "Joseph Reed". University of Pennsylvania Archives and Records Center. Archived from the original on 2010-06-13. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
^ "John Dickinson". Delaware's Governors. State of Delaware. Archived from the original on February 13, 1998. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
^ "Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
^ "Thomas Mifflin". U.S. Army. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
^ "Delaware's Governors". State of Delaware. Archived from the original on January 21, 1997. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
^ Wagenseller, George Washington (1919). Snyder County Annals Volume 1. Middleburgh, Pennsylvania: The Middleburgh Post. p. 8.
^ "Findlay, John". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
^ "HIESTER, Joseph". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
^ "WOLF, George". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
^ "Bigley, William". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
^ "Pollock, James". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
^ "Curtin, Andrew Gregg". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
^ "Kansas Governors". Kansas State Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
^ "STONE, William Alexis". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
^ "TENER, John Kinley". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
^ "Former U.S. Ambassadors to Austria" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
^ "Martin, Edward". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
^ "Duff, James Henderson". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
^ "History of USUN Ambassadors". United States Mission to the U.N. Archived from the original on September 18, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
^ "Dick Thornburgh". The Dick Thornburgh Papers. University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
^ "Tom Ridge, Homeland Security Secretary 2003 - 2005". Division of Homeland Security. Retrieved July 9, 2010.

External links[]

[died-8] Died in office.

[9] As Vice President of the Supreme Executive Council, acted as president. Four vice presidents acted as president at various times; however, Bryan's lengthy term has caused his term to since be recognized as being equivalent to president. Contemporary sources listed him only as vice president, acting out the duties of president.

[vp-resigned-10] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Resigned; no reason was recorded by the Supreme Executive Council.

[19] The office of lieutenant governor was not created until the 1873 Constitution, first being filled in 1875.

[20] The fractional terms of some governors are not to be understood absolutely literally; rather, they are meant to show single terms during which multiple governors served, due to resignations, deaths and the like.

[21] The Federalist Party nominated Mifflin, but he himself carried no party label.

[22] Mifflin was elected governor three times under the 1790 Constitution, having previously been elected once as President of the Supreme Executive Council.

[23] Ritner was the last to serve before the 1838 constitution limited governors to serving six years out of any nine years; that constitution also changed the term to commence the next January from the election, extending Ritner's term by a month.

[24] First governor to serve under the 1838 constitution.

[25] Resigned due to illness; he died of tuberculosis only 11 days later.

[26] Following Francis R. Shunk's resignation, an interregnum of 17 days occurred before the speaker of the state senate, William F. Johnston, was sworn in.

[27] As speaker of the state senate, filled unexpired term, and was subsequently elected governor in his own right.

[28] First governor under the 1874 constitution, which prevented governors from succeeding themselves and lengthened terms to four years. Since Hartranft was originally elected under the previous constitution, he was allowed to succeed himself. Hartranft's first term was shortened from three to two years to fit the electoral schedule of the new constitution.

[31] Resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate. While official sources state Martin resigned on January 3, most contemporary sources reported his resignation as occurring on January 2.^[16]^[17]

[32] As lieutenant governor, acted as governor for unexpired term.

[33] First governor under the 1968 constitution, and thus eligible to succeed himself.

[34] On June 14, 1993, Casey transferred executive authority to Lieutenant Governor Singel, and later that day underwent a heart-liver transplant operation. Singel acted as governor until Casey resumed the powers and duties of the office six months later on December 13, 1993. Because Casey never officially resigned, Singel was only an acting governor.

[35] Resigned to be Director of the Office of Homeland Security.

[36] As lieutenant governor, filled unexpired term.

[37] Died in office.

[38] As president pro tempore of the state senate, acted as lieutenant governor.

[39] Wolf's second term began on January 15, 2019, and will expire on January 17, 2023; he will be term-limited.

[1] "CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries". The Council of State Governments. June 25, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2014.

[2] PA Constitution article IV, § 7

[3] PA Constitution article IV, § 15

[4] PA Constitution article IV, § 12

[5] PA Constitution article IV, § 9

[6] 1776 Constitution § 3

[7] 1776 Constitution § 19

[11] 1790 Constitution article II, § 1

[12] 1790 Constitution article IV, § 3

[13] 1838 Constitution article II, § 3

[14] 1874 Constitution article IV, § 3

[15] PA Constitution article IV, § 3

[16] PA Constitution article IV, § 13

[17] PA Constitution article IV, § 14

[18] "Executive Branch of the Several States". The Green Papers. Retrieved April 30, 2008.

[29] "Martin Quits Today as Penna. Governor; Bell to Take Over". Gettysburg Times. January 2, 1947. Retrieved April 30, 2008.

[30] Stevens, Sylvester Kirby (1964). Pennsylvania: Birthplace of a Nation. New York: Random House. p. 375.

[40] "Joseph Reed". University of Pennsylvania Archives and Records Center. Archived from the original on 2010-06-13. Retrieved July 13, 2010.

[41] "John Dickinson". Delaware's Governors. State of Delaware. Archived from the original on February 13, 1998. Retrieved July 9, 2010.

[42] "Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved July 9, 2010.

[43] "Thomas Mifflin". U.S. Army. Retrieved July 9, 2010.

[44] "Delaware's Governors". State of Delaware. Archived from the original on January 21, 1997. Retrieved July 9, 2010.

[45] Wagenseller, George Washington (1919). Snyder County Annals Volume 1. Middleburgh, Pennsylvania: The Middleburgh Post. p. 8.

[46] "Findlay, John". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved July 9, 2010.

[47] "HIESTER, Joseph". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved April 30, 2008.

[48] "WOLF, George". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved April 30, 2008.

[49] "Bigley, William". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved July 9, 2010.

[50] "Pollock, James". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved July 9, 2010.

[51] "Curtin, Andrew Gregg". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved July 9, 2010.

[52] "Kansas Governors". Kansas State Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2010.

[53] "STONE, William Alexis". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved April 30, 2008.

[54] "TENER, John Kinley". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved April 30, 2008.

[55] "Former U.S. Ambassadors to Austria" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved July 9, 2010.

[56] "Martin, Edward". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved July 9, 2010.

[57] "Duff, James Henderson". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved July 9, 2010.

[58] "History of USUN Ambassadors". United States Mission to the U.N. Archived from the original on September 18, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2010.

[59] "Dick Thornburgh". The Dick Thornburgh Papers. University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved July 9, 2010.

[DHS-60] "Tom Ridge, Homeland Security Secretary 2003 - 2005". Division of Homeland Security. Retrieved July 9, 2010.

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show v t Governors and presidents of Pennsylvania
Presidents (1777–1790)	Wharton Bryan Reed Moore Dickinson Franklin Mifflin
Governors (since 1790)	Mifflin McKean Snyder Findlay Hiester Shulze G. Wolf Ritner Porter Shunk Johnston Bigler Pollock Packer Curtin Geary Hartranft Hoyt Pattison Beaver Pattison Hastings Stone Pennypacker Stuart Tener Brumbaugh Sproul Pinchot Fisher Pinchot Earle James Martin Bell Duff Fine Leader Lawrence Scranton Shafer Shapp Thornburgh Casey Ridge Schweiker Rendell Corbett T. Wolf

show v t Chief executives of the United States
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show v t Benjamin Franklin
President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788), Ambassador to France (1779–1785), Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)
Founding of the United States	Join, or Die. (1754 political cartoon) Albany Plan of Union Albany Congress Hutchinson Letters Affair Committee of Secret Correspondence Committee of Five Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Franco-American alliance Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Staten Island Peace Conference Libertas Americana Treaty of Paris, 1783 Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly Postmaster General Founding Fathers
Inventions, other events	Franklin's electrostatic machine Bifocals Franklin stove Glass armonica Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart Lightning rod Kite experiment Pay it forward Associators 111th Infantry Regiment Junto club American Philosophical Society Library Company of Philadelphia Pennsylvania Hospital Academy and College of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Contributionship Union Fire Company Early American currency Continental Currency dollar coin Fugio cent United States Postal Service President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society Master, Les Neuf Sœurs Gravesite
Writings	Silence Dogood letters (1722) A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain (1725) The Busy-Body columns (1729) Pennsylvania Gazette (1729–1790) Poor Richard's Almanack (1732–1758) The Drinker's Dictionary (1737) "Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745) "The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747) Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc. (1751) Experiments and Observations on Electricity (1751) Birch letters (1755) The Way to Wealth (1758) Pennsylvania Chronicle (1767) Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One (1773) Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775) A Letter to a Royal Academy (1781) Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America (1784) "The Morals of Chess" (1786) An Address to the Public (1789) A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks (1789) The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (1771–1790, pub. 1791) Bagatelles and Satires (pub. 1845) Franklin as a journalist
Legacy	Franklin Court Benjamin Franklin House Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology Benjamin Franklin Parkway Benjamin Franklin National Memorial Franklin Institute awards medal Benjamin Franklin Medal Royal Society of Arts medal Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington Treaty of Paris (1783 painting) Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky (1816 painting) Boston statue Philadelphia statue Washington D.C. statue Jefferson Memorial pediment In popular culture Ben and Me (1953 short) Ben Franklin in Paris (1964 musical play) 1776 (1969 musical 1972 film) Benjamin Franklin (1974 miniseries) A More Perfect Union (1989 film) Liberty! (1997 documentary series) Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series) Benjamin Franklin (2002 documentary series) John Adams (2008 miniseries) Sons of Liberty (2015 miniseries) Refunding Certificate Franklin half dollar One-hundred-dollar bill Franklin silver dollar Washington–Franklin stamps other stamps Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin Franklin College, Yale University Franklin Field Mount Franklin State of Franklin Sons of Ben (Philadelphia Union) Ships named USS Franklin Ben Franklin effect
Related	Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment The New-England Courant The American Museum magazine American Revolution patriots Syng inkstand
Family	Deborah Read (wife) Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter) Francis Franklin (son) William Franklin (son) Richard Bache Jr. (grandson) Benjamin F. Bache (grandson) Louis F. Bache (grandson) William Franklin (grandson) Andrew Harwood (great-grandson) Alexander Bache (great-grandson) Josiah Franklin (father) Jane Mecom (sister) James Franklin (brother) Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother) Peter Folger (grandfather) Richard Bache (son-in-law) Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)
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